Suggestions for Study. -1. Practice for accuracy and speed. 2. Write the declension of nox, Gen. nóctis, f., night, and mōns, Gen. móntis, m., mountain.

278. I-Stem Nouns: How Recognized. - The following nouns have i-stems:

1. Masculine and feminine nouns in -is or -ēs not increasing in the Genitive; 1

2. Monosyllables ending in -s or -x (after a consonant); also nox, Gen. noctis, f., night;

3. Neuter nouns in -e, -al, -ar;

4. All nouns in -ns or -rs.

NOTE.

A few i-stem nouns (masc. and fem.) have in the Accusative singular both -em and -im.

Of these the most important are:

sion ends in ā, which appears in -ārum of the Genitive plural; that of the Second Declension ends in -o, which appears in -ōrum of the Genitive plural. Similarly nouns of the Third Declension with -ium in the Genitive plural are said to have i-stems.

1 A noun "increases" in the Genitive if in the singular the Genitive has more syllables than in the Nominative. Thus hostis, Gen. hostis, does not increase in the Genitive, while miles, Gen. militis, does increase.

279. The Gender of Nouns with I-Stems. 1. Nouns ending in s or x (after a consonant) are generally feminine: as mēns, mentis, f., mind; pars, partis, f., part; but mōns, montis, mountain, and pōns, pontis, bridge, are masculine.

2. Nouns ending in ēs (not increasing in the Genitive) are feminine : : as nūbēs, nūbis, f., cloud; famēs, famis, f., hunger, famine.

3. Nouns ending in Is (not increasing in the Genitive) are masculine or feminine: as ignis, ignis, m., fire; turris, turris, f.,

tower.

4. Nouns ending in e, al, ar are neuter: as mare, maris, n., sen; animal, animālis, n., animal; calcar, calcāris, n., spur.

SECOND SECTION

281. The Manner of an Action. The manner of an action may be expressed in English by an adverb, thus: He defended the city bravely. Instead of the adverb bravely, we may say with bravery. Similarly, instead of very-bravely, we may say with-great-bravery.

Thus, in place of an adverb and equivalent to it, we often use in English a prepositional phrase to express the manner of an action. Latin does the same, thus : Urbem fortissimē (adv.) defendit, He defended the city very-bravely; Urbem cum magnā fortitudine defendit, He defended the city with-great-bravery.

NOTE. The preposition cum may be omitted only if an adjective (or limiting Genitive) is used with the noun in the phrase expressing manner. Thus: He answered with great dignity, Cum magna dignitāte (or Magnā dīgnitāte) respondit.

282. Rule.

The manner of an action is expressed by the Ablative with cum; but cum may be omitted if an adjective (or limiting Genitive) is used with the noun expressing manner.

TRANSLATION EXERCISES

283. A. 1. Mentem sānam (sound) in corpore sānō habēre dēbeō. 2. Cūr consules in hanc partem urbis ascenderunt? 3. Dux militum cum hostibus proelium committere parat; nautae multās nāvēs in mare iam trāxērunt, et hostes nostrōs repellent. 4. Multa nocte (late at night) ille custos pontis

ob aegritudinem vigilāre non poterat. 5. Qua de causa sunt multa animalia in silvis et montibus?

2. Many birds had

B. 1. The consul's slave will lead these animals across the bridge to yonder 2 high mountains. been seen among the clouds by the citizens of our city. 3. When the Romans (had) climbed the mountain, they fought with great bravery; at last night made an end of the battle. 4. Those towers surpass your ship in height. 5. Meanwhile at night many fires had been seen on the top of the mountain.

284. Derivation Exercise. Give the meaning of "urbanity," "civics," 99 66 immortality," and "marines." Use each in a sentence.

1 traduco, I lead across, takes two accusatives.

2 ille.

THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES · COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE

FIRST SECTION

285. Preliminary Review.-1. Write the declension of hostis, marking long vowels and the accent. 2. Decline (orally), giving the gender and stem of each, nūbēs, animal, urbs, nox, mōns. 3. Repeat the declension of these nouns. Can you give them in one minute?

286. Third Declension Adjectives. Adjectives of the Third Declension are divided into two classes, those with consonant stems, and those with i-stems. Those with i-stems are by far the more numerous.1

The adjectives with i-stems, like i-stem nouns, have in the Genitive plural -ium; in the Ablative singular always -i (never -e like most of the i-stem nouns); in the Accusative plural the masculine and feminine forms have both -ēs and -īs; the neuter Nominative and Accusative plural ends in -ia.

Adjectives of the Third Declension are also classified according to the number of forms in the Nominative singular. A few adjectives in -er have no ending in

1 In this book the only Third Declension adjective with a consonant stem is vetus, m., f., n., old, Gen. veteris (cf. “veteran”).