peace. 2. In an open place these Gallic horsemen are not equal to our cavalry, because they have been in arms a very short time. 3. These tribes, by bringing up supplies, helped (lit. gave help to) the Romans. 4. By sending all your cavalry to the bridge you will be able to capture both the island and the hill without great difficulty. 5. Many famous commanders have waged disgraceful wars for the sake of increasing their own fame. 503. Derivation Exercise, Type I.-Form from the verb root of porto, with different prefixes, five English verbs, and five nouns. 504. THE SUEBI, THE LARGEST TRIBE OF THE GERMANS Each canton furnishes 1000 warriors. Suēbōrum gēns est longe maxima et bellicōsissima (most warlike) Germanōrum omnium. There is no private ownership of land among the Suebi. Their food is mainly milk and meat. They wear the skins of animals. They sell the spoils of war. They do not import horses. Ex Hi centum pāgōs (districts) habēre dicuntur. Reliqui, qui domi mānsērunt, se atque illōs alunt (support); hi annō post in armis sunt, illī domi remanent. Sic neque agricultura nec ratio atque usus belli intermittitur. Sed apud eōs nihil est privātī ac sēparātī (separate) agrī, neque longius annō remanere unō in locō colendi causă licet. Neque multum vivunt frumentō sed maximam partem (for the most part) lacte (on milk) atque pecore, et vēnandī (hunting) cupidi sunt; quae rēs et cibi genus et cotidiana exercitātiō (daily exercise) et libertās vītae- nihil enim contrā voluntātem (wish) faciunt—immānem (enormous) corporum magnitudinem efficiunt. Loca frigidissima (very cold) incolunt; nulla tamen vestimenta habent praeter pellēs (skins); magna corporis pars est aperta. In fluminibus sẽ lavant (bathe). Suēbi continenter cum finitimis gentibus bellum gerunt. Mercatoribus quae bellō cepērunt venditant. Galli equis delectantur et magnō pretiō equōs important. Suēbī vērō parvis et defōrmibus (unshapely) equis, qui apud eōs nāti sunt (are raised), utuntur (use). Hi equi parvi ex cotidiānā exercitātiōne summī labōris1 sunt. 1 summī labōris, (capable) of very great endurance; predicate Genitive of quality or description. Salūs populi suprēma lēx esto. (From the Twelve Tables, quoted by Cicero) Let the safety of the people be the supreme law CHAPTER LIX DEPONENT VERBS ABLATIVE WITH CERTAIN DEPONENT VERBS CUM-TEMPORAL CLAUSES CUMCIRCUMSTANTIAL CLAUSES. CUM-CAUSAL CLAUSES FIRST SECTION 505. Deponent Verbs. Numerous verbs are Passive in form, but Active in meaning (e.g. hórtor, I urge). These verbs are called deponent, because they put aside their Active forms; thus the principal parts of hortor are: hórtor, I urge, hortárī, to urge, hortátus sum, I urged, or I have urged. Deponent verbs, however, have five Active forms; thus the Active forms of hórtor are Present Participle, hórtāns, urging; Future Participle, hortātūrus, -a, -um, about-tourge; Future Infinitive, hortātūrus (-a, -um) esse, to-be about-to-urge; Gerund, hortándi, etc., of urging, etc.; also the supine (not used in this book), hortátum (Acc.), hortátü (Abl.), to urge. The Perfect Participle is Passive in form, but usually Active in meaning, thus: hortátus, -a, -um, having-urged. NOTE. - Since the Perfect Participle of a Deponent verb is usually Active in meaning, it is used in the same way as the Perfect Active Participle in English, thus: Hortātus mīlitēs Caesar signum dedit, Having-urged the soldiers, Caesar gave the signal. Deponent verbs have only one form with Passive meaning, the Future Passive Participle, thus: hortándus, -a, -um, about-to-be-urged (e.g. Militēs hortandi sunt, The soldiers are about-to-be-urged, or The soldiers must be urged). 506. Exercise. Write the five forms with active meaning, and the one form with passive meaning, of each of the Deponent verbs in 507, with the meanings. (See pages 337-338.) pursue closely pérsequor, -i, persecutus sum persecute, pursue follow forth, escort prosequor, -ī, prosecutus prosecute follow closely talk, speak sum súbsequor, -1, subsecútus sum lóquor, lóqui, locútus sum talk with, converse cólloquor, I, collocútus be born nation, tribe, race arise, rise sum náscor, náscī, nátus sum órior, -Írī, órtus sum pátior, pátī, pássus sum subsequent eloquent, elocution colloquial natal orient, oriental allow, suffer patient, passive 508. The Ablative with Certain Deponents. Five Deponent verbs (and their compounds) are used with the Ablative: útor, frúor, fúngor, pótior, and véscor. Thus: Lībertāte fruimur, We enjoy liberty. NOTE. -Two of these, fúngor, I perform, and véscor, I feed upon, are not used in this book; but the complete list should be learned now for future convenience. 509. Cum-Temporal Clauses. A Temporal clause with cum, when, while, has the Indicative if the clause refers to present or future time. Thus: Cum eum vidēbō (vīWhen I (shall) see (or shall derō), rem tōtam expōnam, have seen) him, I shall explain the whole matter. If the clause refers to past time, the Perfect Indicative is used to express the thought of the clause as a fact at a definite past time. Thus: Cum equitātum hostium vīdērunt, nostrī in eōs impetum fēcērunt, When they saw the cavalry of the enemy, our (men) made an attack upon them. 510. Cum-Circumstantial Clauses. With the Imperfect and Pluperfect tenses the cum-clause, especially in narration, regularly has the Subjunctive, if the clause is felt merely as giving an idea of the circumstances (not a past fact at a definite past time). It is then called a Cum-circumstantial clause. The Subjunctive mood expresses the clause as subordinate in the thought. Thus: Cum Rōmae essem, Forum saepe vidēbam, When I was in Rome, I often saw the Forum. Here the Cum-circumstantial clause may be translated: when I was at Rome, or since I was at Rome, or being at Rome. 511. Cum-Causal Clauses. Cum, meaning since, because, introducing a Causal clause, has only the Subjunctive. Thus: Cum in urbe sim, templum vidēre possum, Since (Because) I am in the city (or Being in the city), I can see the temple. A Cum-causal clause is often best translated by a participial phrase. NOTE. In classical Latin the Imperfect and Pluperfect tenses in a cum-clause are practically always in the Subjunctive, the clause being felt as circumstantial. |