the kind farmer with-stories. 5. The disloyal inhabitants will attack the loyal with-weapons.

THIRD SECTION

TRANSLATION EXERCISES

83. A. (See 21.) 1. Rōmāni benigni servōs saepe liberābant. Manlius, amicus Fabi agricolae, dominus benignus erat.

fidis praemia saepe dăbat.

Servis

2. Manlius in Gallia ad Rhenum in oppido magnō habitābat. Oppidum ad silvam magnam erat. Oppidum tēlis oppugnabant. Periculum magnum erat.

3. Feminae in templo erant et auxilium implōrabant.

4. Proelia multa erunt. E silvis incolae inimici aderunt et oppidum oppugnabunt. Occupabuntne oppidum? 5. Incolae oppidum amant et servaof a Roman bunt. Oppidum est patria incolarum. B. (See 34.) 1. We shall call the

Mooring Ring

servants. They will praise the master's farmhouse.

2. Will the farmer's slaves carry grain into the town to-day? 3. Fabius, a friend of Manlius, was present. Many farmers were present and were praising the temple.

4. The Germans (Germāni) were occupying many towns of Gaul.

5. The allies at once gave aid to the inhabitants of Gaul.

84. The first bridge built across the Tiber was the Sublician Bridge, constructed entirely of wood. In time ancient Rome had nine others. Among these was the Fabrician Bridge, which united the city with the island in the Tiber; it was built in 62 B.C. and is the oldest stone bridge in the world that is still in use. The Mulvian Bridge, three miles above the city, was the scene of the arrest by Cicero's order of the ambassadors of the Allobroges carrying documents which proved the guilt of Catiline and his fellow conspirators (cf. 516); here too occurred the flight and death of Maxentius, from whom Constantine, after his famous vision of the cross, won the great battle which made him Emperor (cf. page 110).

Down stream half a mile below the last of the bridges was the harbor of Rome, at whose quays were moored the ships which brought Rome's vast foreign commerce (cf. Revelation xviii. 11-19).

Vēra amicitia est inter bonōs

·True friendship is between the good

CHAPTER VIII

FIRST CONJUGATION: PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF VOCŌ

PLUPERFECT

AND FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE OF SUM

FIRST SECTION

85. Preliminary Review. -1. Decline terra, puella, hortus, equus, templum, perīculum, socius, auxilium, bonus (-a, -um), agricola bonus, amīcus bonus, oppidum parvum. 2. Conjugate the Present, Imperfect, Future, and Perfect tenses of vocō, laudō, culpō, sum, adsum. 3. Review the Translation Exercises (83) for oral and written work. Prepare for a speed test.

86. Pluperfect (Past Perfect) Indicative Active. — Like the English "Past Perfect," the Latin Pluperfect vocáveram, I-had-called, vocáverās, you-had-called, etc., expresses the action of the verb as completed prior to some past time. It is formed on the Perfect stem vocav- by adding -eram, -erās, etc. In the same way, this tense of laudō, I-praise, is (laudāveram) laudáveram, I-had-praised, laudáverās, you-had-praised, etc.

87. Future Perfect Indicative Active. The Future Perfect Indicative Active vocáverō, I-shall-have-called, vocáveris, you-will-have-called, etc., expresses the action of the verb as completed at some future time. It is formed on the Perfect stem vocav- by adding -erō, -eris, etc. In the same way, this tense of laudō, I-praise, is (laudāv + erō) laudáverō, I-shall-have-praised, laudáveris, you-will-havepraised, etc.

88. The Pluperfect (Past Perfect) and Future Perfect Indicative Active of the First Conjugation are as follows:

1. vocāverāmus, we-had-called

Singular

I-shall-have-called

you-will-have-called he-will-have-called

3. vocáverit,

Plural

1. vocāvérimus, we-shall-have-called

2. vocāverātis, you-had-called || 2. vocavéritis, you-will-have-called 3. vocaverant, they-had-called 3. vocaverint, they-will-have-called

89. The Pluperfect and Future Perfect Indicative of sum are as follows:

90. Suggestions for Study.

See 74. 1. Conjugate the Pluperfect and Future Perfect tenses of amō, laudō, culpō, pugnō, and adsum. 2. Write, in a column, the first person singular of each tense of vocō and sum. Such a view of all the tenses for the same person is called a synopsis (from the Greek, a-view-together).

SECOND SECTION

91. Exercise. (a) Pronounce and give the person, number, tense, and meaning of the following verbs: 1. vocaverant, vocaverint, fueramus, fuerimus, dederātis, laudāveram, culpăverō, culpăvisti, dedit. 2. pugnabant, pugnāvērunt, pugnāverant, pugnaverint, oppugnabunt, expugnavimus, līberāvistis, adfuerunt, adfuero, occupaverās.

Aquila

(b) Pronounce and translate each sentence; give the person, number, and tense of each verb, and conjugate the tense:

1. Agricolae multi frumentum in oppidum portant, portabant, portābunt, portāvērunt, portāverant, portāverint.

2. In hortō parvō agricolae benigni rosae multae sunt, erant, erunt, fuērunt, fuerant, fuerint. 3. Puella parva, filia agricolae fīdī, feminae rosam magnam dat, dabat, dăbit, dedit, dederat, dederit.

(A Military Standard)

4. Oppidum parvum tēlis oppugnabunt. Numerus incolārum est magnus. Expugnābuntne oppidum? Adsuntne in oppidō multi?

5. Populus Romānus templa multa aedificavit et multōs deōs implōrāvit.