THIRD SECTION

TRANSLATION EXERCISES

93. Suggestions for Study. Be prepared for oral and written work.

A. (See 21.) 1. Multae rosae in hortō agricolae sunt. Hortus ad villam est. Puella est filia Fabi agricolae.

2. Filia parva fēminae rosās dăbit. Femina rosās laudāverat; laudaverit. Femina et rosās et puellam laudavit.

3. Feminam rosae delectabunt; delectaverint. Nōnne amātis rosās? Suntne rosae in hortō?

2. They will fight with weapons; they were fighting; they had fought. The barbarians will attack the town; they will have attacked; they had attacked.

3. The barbarian had wounded Manlius with a weapon.

4. Where is Italy? Is Italy a large country? Are there many towns in Italy?

5. The Romans built many wide roads in Italy; had built; were building. The eagle was the standard (signum) of the Romans.

Vir bonus patriam amat—A good man loves his country

CHAPTER IX

SECOND DECLENSION: NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -R. INDICATIVE OF POSSUM · COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE

FIRST SECTION

94. Preliminary Review. -1. Conjugate (testing your speed) the Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect tenses of vocō, laudō, culpō, sum, adsum. (Can you give these in three minutes ?) 2. Review the Translation Exercises (93).

A Roman Youth

(As a victorious charioteer)

95. Nouns Ending in -r. — The Second Declension includes a number of nouns ending in -r, the case ending -us of the Nominative singular being lost, thus áger-, m., field, púer-, m., boy, vir-, m., man. The Vocative singular has the same form as the Nominative; the other cases have the case endings of masculine nouns. Most nouns ending in -er in the Nominative and Vocative singular “lose the e "elsewhere,

thus Nom.

ágrō, etc.; a

the e," thus:

Dat. púerō, etc.

áger-, Gen. ágrī, Dat. few nouns in -er "keep Nom. púer-, Gen. púeri, It is necessary, there

fore, to bear in mind the Genitive

singular of each noun in -er in order to know the base. These nouns are declined on page 317.

Suggestions for Study.

Although these nouns offer but little difficulty, we should, for accuracy and speed, decline each noun several times.

It is necessary,

96. Adjectives in -er. Certain adjectives of the First and Second Declensions have no case ending in the Nominative singular masculine, thus liber-, m., libera, f., liberum, n., free, Gen. liberi, lfberae, lfberi; and aéger-, m., aégra, f., aégrum, n., sick, Gen. aégri, aégrae, aégri. Some adjectives in -er, "keep the e," others "lose the e." therefore, to bear in mind the Nominative singular feminine of each adjective in -er, in order to know the base. The Vocative of the masculine has the same form as the Nominative, thus: 0 free man! Vir liber! O free men! Virī līberī! O sick boy! Puer aeger ! O sick boys! Pueri aegri! These adjectives are declined on page 319.

97. Suggestions for Study. -1. Practice the declension of līber and aeger. 2. Like liber decline míser, m., mísera, f., míserum, n., wretched; like aeger decline púlcher, m., púlchra, f., púlchrum, n., beautiful. 3. Decline together vir liber, the free man, puer aeger, the sick boy, and ager lātus, the wide field.

98. The Indicative of Possum. We have already learned the Indicative of sum, I-am; now we come to póssum, I-am-able, or I-can. In conjugating the Present, Imperfect, and Future of póssum, bear in mind the forms of sum, as already learned; and remember that we have pos- before s, but elsewhere pot-, thus: pótěs, you-are-able (or thou-art-able), you-can (or thou-canst), póssumus, weare-able, or we-can. The stem of the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect is potu- (instead of potfu-). Learn the Indicative of possum (p. 336).

99. Suggestions for Study. -1. Conjugate carefully each tense, associating with each form its meaning. 2. Repeat, with meanings, the first person singular of each tense in order. 3. With the book closed, write, with meanings, the synopsis.1

100. Exercise. Pronounce and give the person, number, tense, and meaning: 1. potes, possumus, potestis, potuistis, poterās, potueras, potueritis, potuerātis. 2. potest, potuit, poterat, poterit, potuerit, potuerat. 3. poterō, potuerō, poteram, potueram, potui. 4. potuisti, poteris, potueris, poterimus, potuerimus, poteramus, potuerāmus. 5. poterant, potuerint, poterunt, possunt, potuērunt (-ēre), potuerant.

1 In this book synopses are called for in the first person.

2 The suffix -tia expresses a quality or condition: amīcítia, friendship, friendliness; puerítia, boyhood; iūstítia, justice.

3 Future Participle, about-to-be-away.

4 In numerous English words the prefix con- (also com- and col-) represents Latin cum (with, together); cf, combine, collect.

102. A Complementary Infinitive. In the English sentence, He is able to be present, or He can be present, the infinitive (to) be present modifies the expression he is able or he can, and completes its meaning. It is called a Complementary Infinitive (cf. cómpleo, I-complete). The sentence becomes in Latin: Adesse potest.1

103. Rule. In Latin, as in English, an infinitive is used with verbs meaning to be able, wish, dare, begin, etc., to complete their meaning. Such an infinitive is called a Complementary Infinitive.

104. Exercise.

Be prepared for oral and written work. 1. Femina benigna puerō aegrō rosās pulchrās dedit. Puer aeger rosās amat.

2. Hodie multi pueri aegri sunt neque in agris labōrāre pos

sunt.

3. Neque pueri neque puellae hodie in schola (school) esse poterunt: agricolis auxilium dăbunt.

4. Amici aut fidi aut infidi sunt; fidōs amicōs laudāmus. 5. Dominus servōrum non erat benignus: multi servi miseri in agris lātīs labōrābant. Dominum inimicum tēlis vulneravērunt; in magnō periculo fuit.

1 Cf. adesse potuit, (a) he-was-able to-be-present, or (b) he-could be-present, or (c) he-could have-been-present. In Latin the past time is indicated only by the auxiliary verb; in English it may be indicated as in (c) by the auxiliary verb and by the infinitive.