of appellee's tracks was necessary, it is to be noted as a significant fact the act under which the company was organized requires no such assent. The only limitation imposed by that act is the assent of the municipality whose street is sought to be used for such purpose. (Sec. 20, chap. 114, Rev. Stat.) The same is true of horse and dummy railways. (Sec. 3, chap. 66, Rey. Stat.) The general rule unquestionably is, that in the absence of any special statutory provision requiring such assent, it will not be necessary. Of course, in towns, cities, or villages organized under the general Incorporation law, which requires such assent, or under special charters containing a provision similar to that in the general İncorporation law, this general rule does not apply, and the assent of the requisite number of the abutting property-owners will be required, as well as that of the municipality.

The proposed road, when completed, is to be used solely "for the purpose of transferring, in railroad cars, freight between the different depots, warehouses, elevators, manufactories, etc., that are or may be on its line, or may be reached by its lateral tracks," and the point is made that a company whose line of road is limited to a single street, and whose proposed business is so circumscribed, does not come within the purview of the act authorizing the incorporation of railway companies by general law. The argument is, that the legislature, in providing a general law on the subject, must have intended to include only such companies as would perform the ordinary functions of common carriers, and as the company in question does not propose to receive shipments of freight generally, or carry passengers at all, it is contended the appellee is not, within the meaning of the act, a railway company, and hence its supposed organization was unauthorized, and all acts done under it are illegal and void. The proposed business of this company is clearly such as is usually, if not uniformly, done by railway companies, and we are aware of no rule of law requiring a railway track to be of any particular length, or that it should extend beyond the limits of a particular town or city, though most railroads certainly do.

Nor do we see anything in the objection that the business of the company is to be limited to the carrying of freight offered in cars only. Every common carrier has the right to determine what particular line of business he will follow. If he elects to carry freight only, he will be under no obligations to carry passengers, and vice versa. So if he holds himself out as a carrier of a particular kind of freight, or of freight generally, prepared for carriage in a particular way, he will only be bound to carry to the extent and in the manner proposed. He will nevertheless be a common carrier.

2 Rob. Prac. 525.

The decree of the circuit court being in conformity with the views here expressed, we perceive no ground for disturbing it. Decree affirmed.

STATE OF NEW JERSEY

v.

DRUMMOND et al.

(46 New Jersey Law Reports, 644.)

Platforms laid by a railroad company along its track, for freight or passengers, are not of such character, or ordinarily so essential to the enjoyment of the franchise of the company, that they may not, in subservience to the public necessity, be removed in laying a public road.

An owner dedicating his land to public use, may place such limitations upon the gift, and subject it to such conditions and restrictions as he shall determine, and its acceptance will be subject to such conditions and imposed limits.

By the act of March 25th, 1881 (Pamph. L. N. J., p. 291), it is declared unlawful to lay a public road across a railroad within five hundred feet of an existing public road crossing the road-bed and track of the railroad. Held, that the burden was upon the company to show the existence of a crossing within the prohibited distance, and that it failed in making such proof.

IN error to the Supreme Court.

John S. Applegate for the plaintiff in error.

Chilion Robbins and F. G. Burnham for the defendant in error.

KNAPP, J.-This litigation has its origin in proceedings to lay a public road in Asbury Park. In matters of procedure, the requirements of the Road act seem to have been observed by all concerned in any duty respecting the particular road, no error appearing therein. But, in laying out the road, it was made to cross the railroad track of the plaintiff in error, near to one of its depots, and, to some extent, the road interfered with and made necessary the removal of certain platforms laid for passengers and freight. Plaintiff in error asserts that this was an illegal exercise of power by the surveyors, to the injury of the railroad company. In the act concerning roads, there is found a provision protecting dwelling-houses, market-houses or other public buildings from removal, in laying out roads. Rev., p. 1010, § 79. But, under no reasonable interpretation can the structures disturbed in laying out this road, be brought within the letter or spirit of this law.

The question of fact whether the platforms were outside or within the line of the company's railway, is of very little impor tance in this case. Conceding it to be proved that they are entirely within the railroad line, they are not of such character or so essential to the enjoyment of the franchises of the company, that they may not, in subservience to the public necessity and convenience, be removed out of the way of a public road.

The right of railroads and common highways to cross each other

exists from necessity, and is indisputably established. M. & E. R. R. Co. v. Central R. R. Co., 2 Vroom, 205. And the claim cannot be yielded so that every unimportant erection on the roadway of a railroad, because useful or convenient to the company, shall suffice to bar off the important right of the people of the state to multiply and extend their common highways as necessity or public convenience may require. And our law has placed with the surveyors of the highways and chosen freeholders, on review, jurisdiction to determine, finally, whether such convenience and necessity exist. It was not unlawful to remove these platforms so far as was necessary in laying the road.

It is further objected that the road is laid within five hundred feet of another public road crossing the track and roadbed of the plaintiff in error, and is therefore forbidden to be laid by the terms of the act of March 25th, 1881. Pamph. L., p. 291. By that act, it is declared unlawful to lay a public road across a railroad within five hundred feet of an existing public road-crossing of the roadbed and track of such railroad. A proviso excludes from its operation incorporated cities.

I shall not attempt to follow counsel in their discussion of the question whether Asbury Park, which is incorporated as a borough, is a city within the meaning of the act just referred to. It is quite obvious that the characteristics which marked the distinction between boroughs and cities in England, are not present with us to serve such purpose. The legislature, in conferring special corporate functions upon the towns of the State, has designated them as boroughs or cities with little reference to population, and apparently without regard to any recognizable quality or attribute belonging to the corporation created, or any peculiarity distinguishing the legislation defining their powers and privileges. City or borough would therefore seem to be, with us, nothing more than a title conferred by the legislature.

I readily assent to the view that exemption from the restrictions found in the purview of the statute, would be more appropriate to the larger than the smaller towns, but I should hesitate to say that a borough, so called, of any or what size, can be considered as within the term "incorporated city." Town is generic. Of the genus, cities and boroughs are species. Had the exception been "incorporated towns," Asbury Park would be in it, but when an act of legislation speaks of "incorporated cities," the most obvious, if not necessary subjects of the application of such a law, are localities that are cities by legislative designation.

But these reflections are not necessary in this case, as I agree with the Supreme Court that the facts, under the proofs, do not bring the case within the operation of the act referred to.

Monroe avenue was a dedicated street, but was separated in two parts by the intervening width of the plaintiff's railroad. The

railroad company placed planking on its track, so that travellers could cross from one part of the avenue to the other. The nearest part of the planking was not within five hundred feet of the new road. The plaintiff claims that the preparation mentioned for crossing its road, and the public use of it acquiesced in, was evidence of dedication of its roadway to public use as a thoroughfare joining the separate parts of the avenue, and such dedication was to the full width of the avenue. This would bring the two streets within the interdicted distance.

Now, I think that, where one owning lands at the end of a public street does or suffers acts indicative of an intent to carry such street over such lands, the strong presumption against him and in favor of the public would be in favor of uniformity and against the intent to cut down the dimensions of the extended road. It would be highly reasonable to attribute to him such design in the absence of some unequivocal sign disclosing a different purpose. But an owner dedicating his lands to public use, has the undoubted right to place such limitations upon the gift, and subject it to such conditions and restriction as he shall determine, and its acceptance will be subject to such conditions and imposed limits. Woolwich on Ways, 13, 14; Stafford v. Coyney, 7 B. & C. 257. The grant of an easement in lands for a highway may prescribe its width and extent. If the intention to create such easement is to be proved by user, fences or other marks of boundary set for the purpose would define the extent of the dedication. The Supreme Court had before it no other evidence of the intent to dedicate any part of the railroad for a street, or of the width intended to be devoted to the public use, than the act of the company planking a narrow carriageway across its tracks, and the use of such planking by the public thereafter without objection. While this was evidence of an intent to dedicate a public right of passage across its track, of the width of the plank, the company could, at any time, have averred the design to grant no further, and with probable success, upon this evidence. Public officers of the borough would have been in great risk of committing a trespass, had they, on behalf of the public, attempted to go upon the railroad and extend the crossing to the width of the other parts of the avenue. In this condition of the evidence, the court below were fully warranted in holding that the plaintiff in error had shown a limited dedication of its road-bed.

But if the evidence left the matter in any doubt, the result should have been the same. The plaintiff in error, to defeat the public right to have the new road, was required clearly to prove the fact which it relied upon to gain that end, and could not justly expect to be aided in that purpose by a too favorable interpretation of evidence of its own creation. If its design was as claimed here, such design could have been made entirely certain.

The error in the assessment was properly disposed of by the court below, in sending it back for correction.

The judgment of the Supreme Court should be affirmed.

Highways Laid out Across Railroads.-When a highway is laid out by proper authority across a railroad company's right of way, this is not such a taking of property as entitles the company to damages. Sixth Avenue R. Co. v. Kerr, 45 Barb. 138; Albany Northern R. Co. v. Brownell, 24 N. Y. 345; Boston & Albany R. Co. v. Greenbush, 52 N. Y. 510; City of Hannibal v. Hannibal & St. J. R. Co., 49 Mo. 480; Iron R. R. Co. v. Norton, 19 Ohio St. 229; Little Miami & C. & X. R. Cos. v. Dayton, 23 Ohio St. 510; Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co. v. Lake, 71 Ill. 333; Philadelphia & Reading R. Co. v. City of Philadelphia, 47 Pa. St. 325; Bridgeport v. New York & N. H. R. Co., 36 Conn. 255; Gilman v. Haverhill, 1 Am. & Eng. R. R. Cas. 20. But see to the contrary, Old Colony & F. R. Co. v. Plymouth Co., 14 Gray, 155; Grand Junction R. & D. Co. v. County Commrs., 14 Gray, 553; Boston & Me. R. Co. v. Middlesex, 1 Allen, 324.

Manner of Laying out Highways Across Railroads.—It is well settled that the crossing must be so made as to occasion the least possible inconvenience to the railroad company. Northern Central R. Co. v. Baltimore, 46 Md. 425; Milwaukee & St. Paul R. Co. v. Faribault, 23 Minn. 167; City of Hannibal v. Hannibal & St. J. R. Co., 49 Mo. 480.

When it appears that the only way in which a highway can be laid out across a railroad track without serious interference with the company, is by means of a viaduct or bridge, the same must be constructed. Northern Central R. Co. v. Baltimore, 46 Md. 425.

A railroad track is regarded as improved land in so far that the company is entitled to notice of an intent to lay out a highway across it. Road in Lancaster City, 68 Pa. St. 396.

Bridges and Approaches.-A railroad company cannot be compelled by law to make and keep in repair bridges over its tracks rendered necessary by highways crossing the railroad laid out subsequent to the construction of the road. State v. Wilmington & W. R. Co., 74 N. C. 143.

A railroad company cannot be compelled by law to make the approaches to a highway crossing its tracks. Old Colony & F. R. R. Co. v. Plymouth Co., 14 Gray, 155; Illinois Central R. Co. v. Bloomington, 76 Ill. 447.

And even if there is a right reserved to compel the building of bridges, there is no right to compel the building of approaches thereto. City of New Haven v. New York & N. H. R. Co., 39 Conn. 128. Or to compel the keeping of such approaches in repair. London & N. W. R. Co. v. Škerton, 5 B. & E. 559.

Appropriation of Railroad Track Lengthwise for Highway. When a highway is so constructed as to appropriate part of a railroad track lengthwise, the company is entitled to damages. Crossley v. O'Brien, 24 Ind. 325.

Appropriation of Station Grounds for Highways. A railroad company is entitled to damages whenever a part of its land used for station purpose or for any other purpose except a right of way, is appropriated for a public highway. Phila., W. & B. R. Co. v. Philadelphia, 9 Phila. 563; Albany Northern R. Co. v. Brownell, 24 N. Y. 345.

And see Sackett v. Town of Greenwich, 38 Conn. 525.