CirrusDavid K. Lynch, Kenneth Sassen, David O'C. Starr, Graeme Stephens Oxford University Press, 24. 1. 2002. - 504 страница Cirrus clouds are high, thin, tropospheric clouds composed predominately of ice. In the last ten years, considerable work has shown that cirrus is widespread--more common than previously believed--and has a significant impact on climate and global change. As the next generation weather satellites are being designed, the impact of cirrus on remote sensing and the global energy budget must be recognized and accommodated. This book, the first to be devoted entirely to cirrus clouds, captures the state of knowledge of cirrus and serves as a practical handbook as well. Each chapter is based on an invited review talk presented at Cirrus, a meeting hosted by the Optical Society of America and co-sponsored by the American Geophysical Union and the American Meteorological Society. All aspects of cirrus clouds are covered, an approach that reaches into diverse fields. Topics include: the definition of cirrus, cirrus climatologies, nucleation, evolution and dissipation, mixed-phase thermodynamics, crystallinity, orientation mechanisms, dynamics, scattering, radiative transfer, in situ sampling, processes that produce or influence cirrus (and vice versa), contrails, and the influence of cirrus on climate. |
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... water and that air was colder aloft . He believed that warm , moist air convected upward and that the water vapor cooled , condensed , and ultimately froze at great heights to become hail . We do not know if Anaxagoras considered cirrus ...
... water and that air was colder aloft . He believed that warm , moist air convected upward and that the water vapor cooled , condensed , and ultimately froze at great heights to become hail . We do not know if Anaxagoras considered cirrus ...
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... water , has tremendous significance . It means that the temperature is probably well below freezing . If the temperature is below -41 ° C , then homogeneous nucleation takes place and no liquid can exist . The vapor pressure of water ...
... water , has tremendous significance . It means that the temperature is probably well below freezing . If the temperature is below -41 ° C , then homogeneous nucleation takes place and no liquid can exist . The vapor pressure of water ...
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Садржај
3 | |
11 | |
Ice Crystals in Cirrus | 41 |
Midlatitude and Tropical Cirrus Microphysical Properties | 78 |
Laboratory Studies of Cirrus Cloud Processes | 102 |
Cirrus and Weather A Satellite Perspective | 136 |
Satelllte Remote Sensing of Cirrus | 147 |
GroundBased Remote Sensing of Cirrus Clouds | 168 |
Radiative Transfer in Cirrus Clouds Light Scattering and Spectral Information | 265 |
On Cirrus Modellng for General Circulation and Climate Models | 297 |
GCM Simulations of Cirrus for Climate Studies | 310 |
Ice Clouds in Numerical Weather Prediction Models Progress Problems and Prospects | 327 |
Dynamical Processes in Cirrus Clouds A Review of Observational Results | 346 |
Dynamical Processes in Cirrus Clouds Concepts and Models | 375 |
Microphysical Processes in Cirrus and Their Impact on Radiation A Mesoscale Modeling Perspective | 397 |
Cirrus Climate and Global Change | 433 |
MolecularBackscatter Lidar Profillng of the VolumeScattering Coefficient in Cirrus | 197 |
Structural and Optical Properties of Cirrus from LIRADtype Observations | 211 |
Contrail Cirrus | 231 |
Subvisual Cirrus | 256 |
Cirrus The Future | 449 |
Chapter 2 Plates Cirrus Case Studies | 457 |
Index | |
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Чести термини и фразе
absorption aerosol aircraft albedo anvil Appl Atmos atmosphere backscatter calculated cirrus clouds climate cloud forcing cloud properties cloud top condensation contrails convective derived distribution droplets dynamical ECMWF effects emissivity equation extinction coefficient fallspeed Figure flux freezing Geophys global growth Hallett heating heterogeneous Heymsfield high cloud horizontal ice clouds ice crystals ice particles ice water content infrared ISCCP Lett lidar Liou measurements mesoscale Meteor method microphysical properties mid-latitude Minnis nucleation observations optical depth optical properties optical thickness parameterization parameters phase function Platt polarization precipitation probes processes profiles properties of cirrus radar radiance radiation radiative forcing radiative properties radiative transfer ratio regions relative humidity remote sensing retrieval satellite saturation scale scattering simulation solar spectra Starr stratospheric studies subvisual supersaturation surface Takano temperature thin cirrus tion tropical tropopause turbulence updrafts upper troposphere values velocity vertical W/m² water vapor wave wavelengths
Популарни одломци
Страница 449 - Sometime, we see a cloud that's dragonish, A vapour, sometime, like a bear, or lion, A tower'd citadel, a pendant rock, A forked mountain, or blue promontory, With trees upon't that nod unto the world, And mock our eyes with air : thou hast seen these signs ; They are black vesper's pageants.
Страница 449 - That which is now a horse, even with a thought The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct, As water is in water.
Страница 6 - Thin, white patch, sheet or layer of cloud without shading, composed of very small elements in the form of grains, ripples, etc., merged or separate, and more or less regularly arranged ; most of the elements have an apparent width of less than one degree.
Страница xvi - NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research...
Страница 39 - The polarization lidar technique for cloud research: A review and current assessment", Bull.
Страница 6 - Detached clouds in the form of white, delicate filaments or white or mostly white patches or narrow bands. These clouds have a fibrous (hairlike) appearance, or a silky sheen, or both.
Страница 8 - Heavy and dense cloud, with a considerable vertical extent, in the form of a mountain or huge towers. At least part of its upper portion is usually smooth, or fibrous or striated, and nearly always flattened; this part often spreads out in the shape of an anvil or vast plume. Under the base of this cloud, which is often very dark, there are frequently low ragged clouds either merged with it or not, and precipitation sometimes in the form of virga.
Страница 210 - Raman Lidar system for the measurement of water vapor and aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere", Appl.
Страница 295 - K. Umashankar and A. Taflove, "A novel method to analyze electromagnetic scattering of complex objects,
Страница 39 - Lidar backscatter depolarization technique for cloud and aerosol research.