1659, OCTOBER 19.- Mary Dyre, William Robinson, and Marmaduke Stephenson were condemned to death, in Boston, as Quakers who had returned after banishment.

The two men were hanged. Mary Dyre was reprieved on the gallows; and the next spring, having returned, she was hanged June 1. She was a resident of Rhode Island, as were others persecuted by Massachusetts.

1659. A VERSION of the Psalms, in one of the Indian languages, was printed this year by Green, at the Cambridge press, in Massachusetts.

1659. A COMPANY from Massachusetts explored the Hudson River, with a view to settlement.

Stuyvesant refused to let them ascend the river, but yielded when the commissioners supported their request.

1659. THE death of Cromwell and the accession of his son was learned by the Virginia assembly by a letter from the Supreme Council in England.

The assembly voted to submit to his highness Richard, and accept the letter as "an authentic manifestation of their lordships' intentions for the government of Virginia."

1659. NORWICH, Connecticut, was settled by a company from Saybrook, Connecticut, headed by Major John Mason and the Reverend James Fitch.

Uncas, the Indian chief, together with his sons, made a deed to Mason and thirty-four associates of nine square miles of land for the sum of seventy pounds. The town was placed on the Thames River, and is now divided into Chelsea Landing, Greeneville, and Norwich. It is a great manufacturing centre, principally of cotton goods, though some woollen, paper, and machinery are made.

1659. THE assembly of Connecticut legislated respecting grist-mills, ordering a toll-dish "of just a quart," and others of different sizes, to be sealed for each mill in the colony, and also a proper strike" for the grain.

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Four years after, the toll of such mills was established at one twelfth part of Indian corn, and one sixth part of other grain, for grinding. About the same time, by order of the court, "the soldiers of Middletown are abated of one of the ordinary trainings, that they may help him that carries on the mill there, up with his heavy worke."

1659.

THE war between the Five Nations and the Indians of Canada broke out afresh.

The French missions were deserted in consequence.

1659.- THE Abbé Montigny, the first bishop of New France, arrived at Quebec.

The island of Montreal had been given in fief to the seminary of St. Sulpice at Paris, and a deputation from it arrived at Montreal, and commenced the build

ing of a hospital there. A convent was also built for the daughters of the congregation to give an education to poor girls.

1660. A MILL was erected at Woolwich, on the Kennebec, which was settled this year.

1660.THE assembly of Connecticut exempted sheep from taxation, and it was ordered that ground should be cleared for their pasturage.

1660.- ELIZABETHTOWN, New Jersey, was settled, and tanneries were established there.

1660. WILLIAM BEEKMAN, Vice-director of the colony on the Delaware, wrote to Stuyvesant at New Amsterdam, complaining of the price of salt as "exceedingly tough, asking three to four guilders for a single schepel" (three pecks).

1660. THE assembly in Virginia ordered that all writs should issue in their name.

News having been received of the troubles in England which led to the restoration, the assembly resolved that as there was now in England "no resident, absolute, and generally confessed power," they assumed it "until such command and commission came out of England as shall be by the assembly judged lawful."

1660.- SIR WILLIAM BERKELEY was elected governor of Virginia.

He had lived in retirement eight years. He was given authority to select his secretary and counsellors, subject to the approval of the assembly. His salary was made seven hundred pounds out of the export duty, fifty thousand pounds of tobacco, and the customs on Dutch vessels from New Netherland. This was afterwards increased by a bushel of corn in the ear from each tithable, and the tobacco raised to sixty thousand pounds. The erection of a state house was authorized, and the governor given power to press, for this service, ten men "of the ordinary sort of people." An embassy was sent to New Netherland to ratify a treaty of commerce, and an address to his Majesty was sent by an agent, asking "for a pardon to the inhabitants." Charles II. at his coronation is said to have worn a gown made from silk raised in Virginia. The Quakers were charged that, contrary to law, they daily gathered congregations, "teaching and publishing lies, miracles, false visions, prophecies and doctrines, endeavoring and attempting thereby to destroy religious laws, communities and all bond of civil society." Therefore shipmasters bringing Quakers to the colony were fined one hundred pounds, and the Quakers were to be imprisoned until they left, and returning were to be treated as felons. No one should entertain a Quaker, allow an assembly of them, or purchase a Quaker book. In Maryland, while religious toleration was re-established, Quaker preachers were to be whipped as "vagabonds, who dissuade the people from complying with military discipline, from holding offices, giving testimony, and serving as jurors."

1660.CHARLES II. sent a letter to Maryland, requiring them to submit to Philip Calvert, who had been commissioned as governor by Lord Baltimore.

The letter was written at Lord Baltimore's request. Fendal, the governor, had

thrown off the proprietary authority, and declared the lower house the sole source of authority. He was tried for treason, found guilty, and then pardoned. The people submitted quietly to Calvert.

1660. SEVERAL returned Quakers were sentenced to death in Massachusetts.

Only one was executed. The restoration in England made the authorities more cautious.

1660, JULY.-The ship which brought the news of the restoration in England to Boston brought also two of the judges of Charles I., fleeing for their lives.

These were Whalley and Goffe, who were afterwards joined by Dixwell. The first two remained for some time openly in Boston. Eventually they were forced to conceal themselves, but the three passed the balance of their lives in New England, despite the efforts made for their capture.

1660, DECEMBER. - The general court of Massachusetts adopted an apologetical address to the king, and another to the parliament. They gave excuses for the execution of the Quakers, and prayed for the undisturbed enjoyment of the political and religious institutions of the colony.

1660. THE Society for Propagating the Gospel, &c., sent over another press and printer, Marmaduke Johnson of London, who was a much more capable worker.

The second press was intended to be occupied with printing Eliot's Indian version of the Bible.

Marmaduke Johnson, soon after the completion of the first edition of the Bible, was dismissed, but was allowed to retain, at cost, the supply of printing material which was sent over with him. With these he printed several works on his own account, the last of which was dated 1674. He died 1675.

1661. THE selectmen of Portsmouth, this year, granted permission to Captain Pendleton "to set up his wind-mill upon Fort Point, toward the beach, because the mill is of such use to the public."

1661. THE general court of Connecticut gave the liberty to Mr. Winthrop "to find a place to set up a saw-mill where it may not prejudice the farms or plantations already given out." 1661. AUGUST. Charles II. was formally proclaimed at Boston, Massachusetts.

All disorderly manifestations were forbidden.

1661, SEPTEMRER 9. Charles II. sent an order to the authorities of Massachusetts that the capital and corporeal punishments of the Quakers should cease; and that those who were obnoxious should be sent to England.

1661. THE English parliament passed an act entitled "An Act for the Encouraging and Increasing of Shipping and Navigation."

Chapter 18 read: "That from and after the first day of April, 1661, no Sugars, Tobacco, Cotton, Wool, Indigo, Ginger, Fustic, or other dyeing woods of the growth, produce, or manufacture of any English Plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, conveyed, or transported from any of the said English Plantations, to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty, etc., etc." These enumerated articles were the chief products of the colonies, and as others, such as coffee, hides, skins, iron, corn, lumber, &c., became of importance, they were added to the list. The culmination of this restrictive policy of the colonial industry was reached in 1663.

1661. ON the west side of the Connecticut, at Hatfield, a grist-mill was built this year by Goodman Meakins.

By an agreement with the town of Hadley, on the other side of the river, all their grinding was to be done there, provided he kept his part of the contract, and "made good meale." Next year the people of Hadley agreed with two persons to carry their corn over the river, and bring back the meal ground, twice a week, for which they were to have three pence a bushel, payable in wheat at three shillings and sixpence a bushel, or Indian corn at two shillings three pence a bushel.

1661. DIRCK DE WOLFF, a merchant in Amsterdam, obtained a grant from the Dutch authorities of the exclusive right for seven years to make salt in the New Netherlands.

Conyen (now Coney) Island was granted him for this purpose, and his agents erected pans there; but the jurisdiction of the island being claimed by the English residing at Gravesend, on Long Island, the works were destroyed by them. The project therefore was abandoned. The high price of salt this year, it having sold at New Amsterdam for twelve guilders (four dollars and eighty cents) the bushel, was probably the inducement for commencing its manufacture.

1661. THE price of imported Holland bricks in New Amsterdam was four pounds sixteen shillings a thousand, payable in beaver skins.

There were at this time several brick and tile manufactories in the province. The accounts of the patroon show that in the Van Rensselaer colony, below Albany, yellow bricks made there sold, between 1630 and 1646, for fifteen florins a thousand.

1661. A mint is said to have been set up in Maryland, but nothing is reliably known about it.

1661. THE New Testament was issued this year from the press at Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1661. THE regicides Goffe and Whalley took refuge from the officers in search of them in an old mill in the vicinity of New Haven, Connecticut.

1661. SCHENECTADY, New York, on the Mohawk River, was settled by Arent Van Corlear, and the same year a fort was built.

In 1690, the Indians and French massacred all the able-bodied settlers, sparing only sixty old people and children; again, in 1748, the settlement was captured. In 1798, Schenectady was incorporated as a city.

1661. MASSASOIT died.

He left two sons, Wamsutta, called Alexander, and Pometacom or Metacomet, called Philip. The first of these succeeded his father, but in 1662 was arrested by Captain Josiah Winslow, by order of Plymouth colony, to be carried to Plymouth, on a charge of conspiracy. On the way he was taken ill, and died. Philip then succeeded him.

1661. THE general court of Massachusetts, with the elders, issued a declaration of rights.

It claimed for the freemen power to choose all the officers; to fix the terms of admission for new freemen; to set up all sorts of officers, and prescribe their duties; to exercise all legislative, executive, and judicial authority through them; to defend themselves from aggressions; and reject injurious impositions.

1662.THE general court of Massachusetts instituted a censorship of the press by appointing two licensers to watch it, and determine what books should be issued.

These two licensers were Daniel Gookin and the Rev. Jonathan Mitchell. This legislation was induced by the publication of some works which were deemed to be of an heretical tendency. The order instituting the censorship was, however, repealed in May of the next year.

1662. chusetts.

The second fulling-mill was built at Watertown, Massa

It was built by Thomas Agar. He sold it the next year to Thomas Leveran, a cloth-maker, from Dedham, England.

1662. JOHN HEYMAN, of Charlestown, Massachusetts, received permission to make ropes and lines.

1662. THE assembly of Rhode Island declared that wampum was no longer a legal tender, and that taxes and costs of court should henceforth be paid " in current pay," which was the silver coinage of Massachusetts.

Thirty shillings of New England silver were equal to twenty-two shillings and sixpence sterling.

1662. — A JESUIT seminary was established at Quebec.

1662.—THE Company of New France resigned their rights to the crown.

It was reduced to fifty-five associates, and was impoverished and discouraged. 1662. THE legislature of Virginia legislated for the encouragement of various branches of industry.

The exportation of hides was forbidden under a penalty of a thousand pounds of tobacco for each hide exported. Tanneries were to be erected in every county at the expense of the county, and a provision of tanners and shoemakers to be made. A bounty of two pounds of tobacco was made for each dried hide, and shoes were to be sold for thirty and thirty-five pounds of tobacco for the six largest sizes. Also, that after the 1st of September, 1663, no salt should be imported into the county of Northampton, "under penalty of confiscation of ship and