government." Sir Walter Raleigh's charter was considered forfeit, he being in prison on a charge of high treason.

1606, NOVEMBER 20.-James I. issued "Instructions for the government of Virginia."

In these he appointed a council, to be increased or altered at the king's pleasure, and authorized to appoint the local councils, which were reduced to seven members each. The local councils were to choose a president from among themselves, and had power to suspend him or any other member for good cause, and to fill vacancies till new appointments were sent from England. The president had a double vote. It was the special duty of the councils to provide that "the true word and service of God, according to the rites and services of the Church of England, be preached, planted, and used in the colonies and among the neighboring savages." Certain offences, triable by jury, were made capital, others could be tried by the councils and punished at their discretion. Their laws, not touching life or limb, were to remain until set aside by the king or the council for Virginia. Their trade and industry for the first five years were to remain common stock, or "two or three stocks at most," to be managed by a factor selected yearly by the local councils, and in England by committees appointed for that purpose.

1607.- PONTRINCOURT established at Port Royal the first permanent French settlement in America.

He had received a confirmation of the grant he had from De Monts.

1607. IN February, an expedition sent out by the Plymouth Company made a settlement on the coast of Maine at the mouth of the Kennebec.

This expedition was under the command of George Popham, and Raleigh Gilbert, a nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh. Popham was president of the council, and Gilbert was admiral. The next winter Popham died, and news having arrived of the death of Sir John Gilbert, Raleigh Gilbert returned to England, and the settlement was abandoned.

1607, MAY 13.-A settlement was made at Jamestown, Virginia, by an expedition sent out by the London Company.

The expedition consisted of one hundred and five men, in three ships, under the command of Christopher Newport. They ascended the Chesapeake Bay and the James River, and called the spot Jamestown. Bartholomew Gosnold and Captain John Smith were prominent men among the colonists, who suffered greatly the first season, and were saved from destruction by Smith, aided by Pocahontas. The encroachments of the river are rapidly making the promontory an island, and there are only a few ruins left of the original settlement, the major part having been burned to the ground in 1676 by Nathaniel Bacon during the insurrection.

1608. A SHIP from the London Company, under Captain Newport, brought a crown for Powhatan, with orders for his "crownation," and mechanics to make pitch, tar, glass, mills, and soapashes.

The council complaining that no gold or silver was sent, threatened that unless the expenses, two thousand pounds, were not repaid by the return cargo, the colony would be deserted. Captain John Smith returned "a plain and scholarly answer," and sent by the ship "trials of pitch, tar, glass, frankincense, and soapashes, with what wainscot and clapboard could be provided." The ship brought one hundred and twenty colonists. The first marriage in Virginia was that of John Laydon to Ann Barras.

1608. CHAMPLAIN established the post of Quebec on the St. Lawrence.

He had obtained an outfit from some merchants in St. Malo and Dieppe.

1609, MAY 23. A new charter was granted the London Company, and they were incorporated with the title "The Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and Planters of the City of London for the First Colony in Virginia."

By the new charter the treasurer was the chief executive officer, and he was elected by the stockholders, who also filled vacancies in the council. The council was named in the charter. The local council was replaced by a governor appointed by the council in England; the council was empowered to make laws for the colony, to conform "as near as might be" to the laws of England. Lord De la War was appointed governor.

1609, JULY 4. Samuel Champlain entered New York state from the settlement in Canada.

With two companions he accompanied a party of Canadian Indians in a war expedition, and discovered the lake which is named after him; and on the 30th of the same month, fought on its western shores a battle with a company of Mohawks and defeated them. This laid the foundations for the hatred of the Five Nations to the French, which lasted all through the years the French held power in America. The Five Nations - the Mohawks, the Oncidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas - had previously formed an alliance offensive and defensive against the other savages of the country.

1609, SEPTEMBER 9. Hendrich Hudson, in the service of the East India Company of Holland, visited America, and sailed up the river, called the Hudson, from his discovery of it.

His vessel was called the Half Moon, and he was engaged in an attempt to discover the north-west passage to India.

1609, OCTOBER.The settlement in Virginia is said to have had nearly five hundred persons, five or six hundred hogs, as many fowls, and some goats, sheep, and horses, and about thirty acres under cultivation.

The stock was all destroyed by the Indians and by the colonists for food. During this year they made three or four "lasts" of tar, pitch, soap-ashes, and made a trial of glass; sunk a well in the fort; built twenty houses; put a new roof to the church; made nets and seines for fishing; built a block-house for trading with the Indians; broke up and planted about forty acres of ground, and during their leisure made clapboards and wainscoting.

1611, AUGUST.-Sir Thomas Gates arrived at Jamestown with six ships, three hundred colonists, and one or two hundred cows, some swine, and an ample store of provisions.

Another settlement, called New Bermuda, was made at the junction of the Appomattox and the James.

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1611. THE use of the spade in the culture of tobacco was begun this year in Virginia, and the yield greatly increased by this improved culture.

1611. THE States General of Holland decreed that special privileges should be granted to all companies who would make settlements in the New Netherlands (New York), and open trade with the natives.

1612, MARCH 12.-A supplementary charter was granted the London Company.

By it the control of affairs was taken from the council and given to the body of the stockholders. Authority was also given the Company to raise money by lotteries. Subsequently about thirty thousand pounds were raised by this means.

1612. A SAMPLE of wine made from native grapes was sent to England from Virginia.

1612. THE first bricks were made at the settlement in Virginia.

In a pamphlet of this date, entitled The New Life of Virginia, occurs the following extract: "The spade-men fell to digging, the brick-men burnt their bricks, the company cut down wood, the carpenters fell to squaring, the sawyers to sawing, the soldiers to fortifying, and every man to somewhat. And to answer the first objection for wholesome lodging here, they have built competent and decent houses, the first story all of bricks, that every man may have his lodging and dwelling-place apart by himselfe."

1612. CAPTAIN ARGALL, in an expedition to the Potomac to obtain corn, found Pocahontas, and, enticing her on his vessel, carried her to Jamestown.

Her father claiming her, the dispute was healed, and the friendship of the Indians strengthened by her marriage, the next year, with one of the colonists, John Rolfe. From a son born of this marriage, descendants are still existing in Virginia.

1612. THE еearliest coinage for America is said to have been made for Virginia at Somers Islands, near the Bermudas.

The coin was of brass, having on one side the words "Sommer Island" and "a hogge, in memory of the abundance of hogges which were found on their first landing; on the reverse, a ship under sail firing a gun.

1613. CAPTAIN ARGALL, sailing from the settlement at Jamestown, upon an ostensible fishing voyage, attacked a French settlement called St. Saveur, on Mont Desert, an island near Penobscot Bay, which had just been established, and broke it up.

Some of the settlers were carried to Jamestown, and the governor and council sent Argall to destroy the French settlements in Acadie to the forty-sixth degree of latitude. This he did, destroying the buildings at St. Croix and at Port Royal. Port Royal is said to have cost the French more than one hundred thousand crowns. Returning to Jamestown, Argall stopped at Manhattan, where some Dutch traders had recently established themselves, and obliged them to float the English flag. After his departure they took it down, and the French soon returned to Port Royal.

1613. THE hundred acres originally allowed to all persons coming to Virginia, or bringing others there, were now reduced to fifty acres.

All the land in Virginia was subject to a yearly quit-rent of two shillings for each hundred acres. The workers were generally the indented servants of the Company, and a plantation cultivated by one hundred of these supported the governor. Tobacco sold for three shillings a pound.

1614.THE States General of Holland granted the monopoly of trade with the lands they claimed in America, to a company.

The company built a fort at Albany, another on the south-west part of Long Island, and subsequently one on the Connecticut River, the site of Hartford, and another at Nassau on the Delaware River. The territory was known as New Netherland. The Hudson River was first called the Mauritius, and came to be called the North River, in distinction from the Delaware, which was called the South River.

1614.- CAPTAIN ADRIEN BLOCK, at New York, having lost by fire the ship which he had brought from Amsterdam, built on the Manhattan River the "Onrest," or "The Restless," a yacht measuring thirty-eight feet in the keel, forty-four and a half feet in length, eleven and a half feet in breadth, and of sixteen tons burden.

In this small craft, which is supposed to be the first decked vessel built in America, a voyage of discovery was made through Hell Gate and the Sound; and Block Island, off Newport harbor, being discovered, was named in honor of the builder of the vessel.

1614.- CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH, who had recently returned from the settlement at Jamestown, sailed from England for "North Virginia," with two ships and forty-five men and boys, to make experiments upon a gold and copper mine.

They reached the Island Monahigan, on the coast of Maine, latitude 43° 30', in April, visited the Isles of Shoals, made an unsuccessful attempt at whale-fishing, and then, building seven small boats, thirty-seven men of the party engaged in fishing with great success. By this voyage Smith is said to have made fifteen hundred pounds. The map he drew of the country is said to have so pleased Prince Charles, on his return to England, that the name New England was then given to this section of North America.

In this voyage Thomas Hunt, whom Smith left behind in command of one of his ships, enticed twenty-seven of the natives on board, and capturing them, carried them to Spain and sold them as slaves.

1615.-JACOB ELKINS, sent out from Holland, ascended the Mauritius, or Hudson River, and built a fort, or trading-house, near the present site of Albany.

It was built at first on an island, and in a year or two was moved to the west bank of the river. From this point the Dutch came into relations with the Five Nations, the confederacy among the Indians, the fear of which extended through the other tribes even to the extreme south. The Dutch from this point are said to have furnished the Indians with fire-arms. The Five Nations were hostile to the French from the fact that they had assisted the Hurons and other northern tribes dwelling in the region of the St. Lawrence, between whom and the Five Nations there had long been a feud.

1615. THE Dutch built a fort or trading-station on the Island of Manhattan.

It was built by Corstiaensen, who had been sent out as chief commander by the Holland Company to explore the region.

1615, MARCH.The Plymouth Company sent out an expedition to begin a colony in New England.

The report given by Captain John Smith of the country was the cause for this. Captain Smith was put in command of the expedition. His ship was dismasted and had to put back to Plymouth. Starting again, he was captured by a French war-vessel and carried to Rochelle. The other vessel of the expedition, commanded by Thomas Dermer, continued the voyage, and returned in August with a profitable freight.

1615.- PHILIP III. gave a charter to new Vera Cruz.

1616.- CAPTAIN HENDRICHSON, in the "Onrest," explored nearly the whole coast from Nova Scotia to the capes of Virginia, and on his return to Holland presented to the authorities a map of the territory, and asked for a grant of the country, which was refused.

During this year eight ships were engaged in trading from New England.

Four of them were from London and four from Plymouth; their chief cargoes were fish and oil.

1617. CAPTAIN ARGALL, the new governor, arriving at Jamestown, found the colony declining, the public buildings and works fallen into decay, and only five houses habitable.

Tobacco was planted in the market-place, the streets, and all the vacant spaces. The price of tobacco was fixed this year, by an edict from the governor, at three shillings a pound, under penalty of the infringer serving as a slave of the colony for three years.

1619, APRIL 28.- Sir Thomas Smith ended his administration as treasurer of the affairs of the London Company, which he was charged with having ruined.

The settlement contained six hundred persons, and the Company had spent eighty thousand pounds, and was in debt four thousand more.