He held the office again in 1636 and 1644. He was one of the first colonists, and was sent to England as the colony's agent in 1623 and in 1635. The second time he was imprisoned by Archbishop Laud on the charges of having performed marriage as a magistrate, and taught in the church, being only a layman. He was born in Worcestershire, England, October 19, 1595, and died at sea May 8, 1655, while on a voyage between Jamaica and San Domingo, having been appointed by Cromwell one of the commissioners to superintend an expedition against the Spaniards in the West Indies.

--

1633. THE Dutch West India Company built wind and water mills; one on Governor's Island, and two on Manhattan Island.

Van Twiller, the governor of the settlement at Manhattan, rebuilt the fort in such close proximity to one of the wind-mills, that it intercepted the south-east wind, and made the mill almost useless.

1633. THE first school in the city of New York was started by the Reformed Dutch Church.

1633. THE first settlement in Connecticut was made by the Dutch on the Connecticut River, near the site of Hartford.

A fort and a trading-house, called the House of Good Hope, were built, and two cannon were mounted. This land was bought by Wouter Van Twiller, governor of New Netherlands, of Sassacus, chief of the Pequots, on June 8. The Dutch retained possession after Hartford was settled for some years, and then sold out; the point is still called Dutch Point.

1633. CAPTAIN WILLIAM HOLMES, of Plymouth, Massachusetts, sailed up the Connecticut with building-materials to erect a trading-house.

Though the Dutch threatened him from their fort, he passed safely, and put up his house some distance above them.

1633. SALT was exported from Virginia to Massachusetts. 1633.- WINDSOR, Connecticut, was the first town settled in the state.

William Holmes, of the Plymouth colony, with his associates, in October built a trading-fort on the Connecticut, just below the Farmington River. Afterwards the settlers brought their families and made a permanent settlement.

1633.A TRADING-STATION established by the Plymouth colony at Machias, was rifled by a French vessel.

The station was almost at the entrance of the Bay of Fundy. The French gave notice that they would not allow any settlement or trading-station to be established by the English east of Pemaquid Point, lying about midway between the Penobscot and the Kennebec.

1634, FEBRUARY 24. A colony for Maryland, under the leadership of Leonard Calvert (a son of the first Lord Baltimore), arrived at the Chesapeake.

They came in two ships, the Ark and the Dove. They settled at an Indian village, on the northern bank of the Potomac, which the owners were about to

desert, and called it St. Mary's. On the Indian fields they raised this year a crop of corn. A cargo of this was sent in the early fall to Massachusetts, with friendly letters from Calvert and Harvey the governor of Virginia. The magistrates were suspicious of them as coming from a Catholic settlement, and when the vessel sailed, the master was charged "to bring no more such disordered persons.”

1634, MARCH. By order of the court, a market was set up in Boston.

It was to be kept on Thursdays, the day for the weekly lecture.

1634, APRIL 1.—By the Massachusetts council Mr. Israel Stoughton had permission given him "to build a myll, a ware, and a bridge over Neponsett River, and to sell alewives he takes there at five shillings the thousand."

It was also agreed that Stephen Dean, whose mill was probably a pounding-mill, should surrender his privilege as soon as a grinding-mill should be set up.

1634, MAY 14.-Twenty-five delegates, chosen by the freemen of the towns in Massachusetts, of their own motion, appeared in the general court and claimed a share in making the laws.

Their claim was allowed, and their names appear on the records of the court, with the magistrates.

At this first meeting of the representatives of the people of Massachusetts, the governor and assistants sitting with them, it was voted, "That none but the general court hath power to make and establish laws," or "to raise moneys and taxes;" also," that none but freemen should have any vote in any town in any action of authority, or necessity, or that which belongs to them by virtue of their freedom, as receiving inhabitants, laying out lots, &c."

Finally it was arranged that an annual meeting of all the freemen should elect the officers, and that at the other three meetings during the year, the freemen should be represented by delegates chosen from the towns. At the election Dudley was elected governor. Winthrop presented his accounts, which showed that he had been a loser by the tenure of his office.

1634, SEPTEMBER 4.- The general court voted money to build a fort in Boston harbor; ordered the fort in the town armed, and voted to construct other forts at Charlestown and Dorchester.

News had been received of the appointment in England of a special commission, with Archbishop Laud at its head, to which was given full power over the American plantations, to revise the laws, to regulate the Church, and to revoke charters. The charter was written for, and there was a report that a governor-general for New England had been already commissioned. The general court appointed five commissioners "to consult, direct, and give command for the managing and ordering of any war that might befall for the space of a year next ensuing, and till further order."

1634, NOVEMBER 27.-Zwanendal was sold back to the West India Company for fifteen thousand six hundred guilders ($6240).

1634. THREE companies who had settled at Dorchester, Watertown, and Newtown, applied to the general court of Massachusetts for leave to move and settle on the Connecticut River.

Though the request was refused, some went and chose Wethersfield as the spot, and it has always been regarded as the first settled town in Connecticut.

The application was renewed the next year and granted, but the removal of the whole party did not take place until 1637, and they divided between Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield.

1634.- SAMUEL COLE opened the first public house of entertainment in Boston, and the first shop was opened by John Cogan.

1634. THE small-pox committed great ravages among the Indians.

It almost exterminated the remains of the tribes about Massachusetts Bay, which were left by its former ravages before the arrival of the colony.

1634. THIS may be taken as the date of the erection of the first saw-mill in America. In this year, or the next, the tract of land upon which it was situated became the property, by purchase, of Mason, who bought a tract of land extending three miles in breadth along the Newicheuannock, or Salmon Falls River, a part of the Piscataqua, from its mouth to its head, "including the saw-mill which had been built at the falls of Newicheuannock."

A letter from Captain Mason to Ambrose Gibbons, who had the management of the mill, dated May 5, 1634, states that he had sent men and provisions with Mr. Jocelyn to set up two mills; and Gibbons in reply writes on the 22d of July, that "the carpenters began about the mill," and advises him to send "a stock of iron-work to be put away with his boards from the mill."

The clapboards, which had been previously exported, were either split out with wedges, or were sawn by hand-saws.

1634.-VIRGINIA was divided into eight counties.

These were Elizabeth City, Warwich, James City, Charles City, and Henrico, on the north bank of the James River, Isle of Wight on the south bank, York, on York River, and Accomac on the eastern shore.

1634. BREBEUF and Daniel, two Jesuit missionaries in Canada, with a party of Hurons, ascended the Ottawa River, reaching the Manatouline, or Georgian Bay, the eastern projection of Lake Huron.

The French called it Lake Iroquoise, and on its borders and tributaries soon established six missions. Their establishment created much interest among the Catholics.

1634. THIS year a water-mill was erected at Watertown, Massachusetts.

It stood on Mill Creek, an artificial canal at the head of tide water on the Charles River, at the first fall, whence the water was conducted from a stone dam

across the river, into what is supposed to be the oldest artificial mill-race in the country, and which has been in uninterrupted use ever since. This mill is supposed to have been built at the joint expense of Edward How and Matthew Cradock. A grant of land was made to it this year, and in August Edward How sold one half of it to Thomas Mayhew for two hundred pounds, on bond and mortgage, he, Mayhew, having purchased the other half from Cradock's agent. Mayhew sold the whole of it to Deputy Governor Thomas Dudley for four hundred pounds. How's mortgage not being paid, he afterwards claimed it, and in 1641 the court decided that the mill at Watertown belongs to Mr. Dudley, and not to Mr. How, who sued for it. In 1653 it was rated at one hundred and forty pounds for the support of the clergy.

1634.- TWENTY-ONE ships arrived this year at Massachusetts Bay.

They brought a "great store of passengers and cattle."

1635.- NEWBURYPORT, Massachusetts, was settled, but continued until 1764 to form a part of Newbury.

During the Revolution, the people of the town were distinguished for their patriotism; the first tea destroyed in the county was here, it having been taken from the powder-house, where it had been placed for safe-keeping, and burned in the public square. The expedition to Quebec sailed from here; the first privateer was fitted here, and the first volunteer company to join the Continental army marched from here. In the war of 1812, Newburyport was noted for the spirit of its privateers. It was always famous in ship-building. Vessels were built as early as 1680; and in 1766 there were at one time seventy-two vessels on the stocks. The first printing-press used in the town was one for the Newburyport Herald, and was bought for forty dollars from Benjamin Franklin. On the 24th of May, 1851, a city charter was granted the town.

1635.A JESUIT college and school for Indian children was established at Quebec.

1635.- SPRINGFIELD, Massachusetts, was settled by emigrants from Roxbury.

The settlement was called Agawam originally; but in 1638, William Pynchon was elected governor, and the name was changed to Springfield (the name of his former residence in England), in compliment to him. In 1652 Pynchon returned to England, but his son John remained in Springfield, and, in 1662, built the well-known "Pynchon House," the first brick house in the valley, and which was often used as a place of refuge from the attacks of the Indians. The house was not demolished until 1831. In 1675, during King Philip's War, the settlement was destroyed. The government armory here was commenced during the Revolution. In 1787 it was during Shay's Rebellion attacked by his party. In 1794 it was formally established. The town grew but slowly until 1838, when the opening of the Western Railroad, making it the focal point of three railroads, -the Western, the New Haven, and the Connecticut Valley, - gave it an impetus, since when it has rapidly increased, and in 1852 received a city charter. In addition to the national armory, there are several private factories for fire-arms, extensive machine factories, a car manufactory, artillery-carriage factories, rubber, woollen, and cotton mills.

1635. CONCORD, Massachusetts, was settled.

The town has always been a prominent one, bearing an active part in all the colonial wars, and, as early as 1767, bitterly opposed the usurpations of the home government, and during the Revolutionary war sent one hundred and seventy-four men to the army, though its entire population was only thirteen hundred. Here the first skirmish of the Revolution took place, on the 19th of April, 1775. Harvard College was moved to Concord during the time the college buildings were occupied by the American army besieging Boston in 1775, but returned to Cambridge in June, 1776.

1635.- HARTFORD, Connecticut, was settled by emigrants from Cambridge, Dorchester, and Watertown, Massachusetts, who first called it Newton, but changed the name in 1636.

The original deed having been lost, the land was repurchased from the Indians in 1670. In 1637 the Pequot War broke out; in 1638 a public school was opened, and in 1643 the town voted the teacher a salary of sixteen pounds a year. In 1644 the court ordered the establishment of an inn. In 1650 the first code of laws was drawn up by Roger Ludlow, who reduced the number of capital offences from the one hundred and sixty under the English law to fifteen. In 1764 the first printing-office was started by Thomas Green. In 1784 the city was incorporated, and, though the legislature meets at Hartford alternately with New Haven, the state offices and records are kept at Hartford. It is now the sole capital of Connecticut, and new capitol buildings are in process of erection.

1635. THE council for New England of the Plymouth Company surrendered their charter to the king, after dividing their territories into twelve principalities among eight associates.

The king was requested to issue to these eight associates proprietary charters. Gorges was to go to New England as governor-general, but the ship intended for him broke in launching, and the design was abandoned. This accident was esteemed in New England a signal instance of a special providence. Mason commenced a suit of quo warranto against the charter of Massachusetts. Winslow, who had gone to England as an agent for the Plymouth settlement, was arrested and detained four months in prison on the charge of having presumed, while a layman, to preach and perform the marriage ceremony.

1635. THE French from Acadie sent an armed vessel, and captured the trading-station established by the Plymouth colony at the Penobscot.

In August the Plymouth colony sent two ships to recover their trading-station from the French. Being unsuccessful, they returned, and Plymouth applied to the general court of Massachusetts for aid, which the court offered to give if Plymouth would pay the expense. The plan fell through, therefore, and the French continued to hold possession of the station.

-

1635, NOVEMBER 3. The general court of Massachusetts passed a sentence of banishment against Roger Williams.

The charge was having "broached and divulged divers new and dangerous opinions against the authority of the magistrates, as also writ letters of defamation both of the magistrates and churches." Permission to remain until spring was