not cease to protect. Under the presidency of Mr. Adams, we may expect measures not less energetic, but more in conformity with wise and moderate po pense of levees, and reclaim thousands of acres from Judge Woodward, in reply, observes-"Governor Jay, of New York, many years ago, having, at anterior periods, devoted great attention to a canal uniting the Atlantic to the Pacific, spoke of the difference in the height of the water, on the two sides of the isthmus, as being only five feet. Whatever the real difference may be, great physical changes would, undoubtedly, ensue from a junction of the two oceans. I would an-ment, and cannot fail to mortify the cabinet of St. ticipate severe and deleterious sickliness, in the first instance, gradually succeeded by the consequences you mention, and eventual healthiness. Perhaps the current setting constantly east into the Mediterranean, and that setting constantly west round Cape Horn, would be destroyed. "If the operation should be conducted through the lake Nicaragua, instead of through the isthmus, perhaps the effects and results, as relates to physical changes, would be greatly reduced." editor of the Etoile, accuses us of having invoked From the Paris Constitutionel, of March 29-"The war, and, agreeably to his view, the cabinet of Europe now enjoys that profound peace which nothing can shake or interrupt. What we have said, we still continue to affirm, that Great Britain and Russia, are already, in a degree, in diplomatic hostilities; there can be no doubt on that subject. The correspondence and acts of the two cabinets, already exhibit evident proofs on that head; still more, every speech of Mr. Canning bears hard on the Russian governPetersburg. The holy alliance looks upon the movements of Great Britain with a very suspicious and jealous eye. Do not the British ministerial gazettes, even of yesterday, speak with great arrogance, insinuating that Austria will take great care how she gives umbrage to Great Britain, and that France was too much occupied with her intestine quarrels, to have any influence upon any political question whatever. This is mortifying language for a Frenchman to hear let our ministerial newspapers come out and disown such attacks from foreign ministerial papers." "Madrid, March 3. "Some coolness seems to have arisen between the cabinets of St. James and the Tuilleries, relative to the prolonged occupation of Spain, and it is said Corunna and Saragossa are to be evacuated, and the garrisons in the other places are to be so reduced, that only fourteen thousand French troops will remain." FOREIGN NEWS. Many artificers have left England for the purpose of working the Mexican mines, abundantly supplied with steam engines and other apparatus. THE STATE OF EUROPE, (says the Paris Journal des Debats, of the 21st March), is remarkable. A short time ago, a word from England shook it to its centre; now it is alarmed by the silence of Russia. The alliance of crowned heads, which the revolutions of Spain had cemented, seems to dissolve before those powerful opposing interests which follow subdued revolutions. The independence of Greece, the independence of Brazil, the independence of all the world, is the subject of debate in the councils of kings, and may soon be contested on the field of battle. Differeat interests and the different powers seem, after a truce of ten years, preparing for a new contest. The universe is in labor; what will it bring forth? The future will soon show. We have not hitherto endeaCharles Richard Vaughan has been appointed mivored to pry into its mysteries. It is enough to re-nister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to the United States. collect that lord Liverpool lately said, peace will not be eternal. One thing is plain, that every state is fortifying its frontiers or strengthening its institutions, to enable it to influence the decisions of fortune. The same paper, of the 27th, has the following article-"It is the new world that now furnishes us the most important news. The maintenance of peace, and the establishment of reasonable and solid governments, are the two great objects of American policy-if it be already permitted to talk of an American policy, such as the Monroes, the Adamses, and the Bolivars could establish, by mutual understanding and support. But as it is evident that the United The rail-roads now projected, if carried into effect, States should be at the head of this policy, and that would consume iron to the value of 28 millions sterEngland does not wish to lose her influence in Brazil, ling! The 111 miles of road, planned between Birnothing can, as yet, be said concerning the intimate mingham and Liverpool, will require 60,000 tons of nature of the foreign relations diplomatically estab-iron for the rails alone, at the cost of $40,000l. lished from one end to the other of the new world. "All these states agree on two points: to repel the influence of Spain, and to live in harmony with each other. But the real statesmen have yet a third principle, that of not gratuitously provoking war with the European powers. "This is the principle which triumphed in the congress at Washington. The nomination of Mr. Adams to the presidency proves that the majority of congress is opposed to any offensive war, and rejects all schemes of aggrandizement to be obtained by force of arms or usurpation. If general Jackson had succeeded, we should, perhaps, have seen the island of Cuba occupied by an American force, under the plausible pretext of keeping in check the pirates, whom the Spanish government of the Havana does Mr. Stratford Canning was about to return from Russia from his special mission, which had relation solely to an adjustment of the differences between the United States and Russia, on the subject of navigation in the Pacific, in which he had wholly succeeded. The cotton market opened heavily at Liverpool at the beginning of the week ending March 24-but, at the close of it, was brisk at the former prices. The British house of commons has more than six hundred members; but questions of much interest are sometimes decided when only 60 or 80 are present. The coronation of George IV. cost one million and fifty-eight thousand five hundred and fifty-five dollars. His majesty's robes were charged at the sum of nearly one hundred and ten thousand dollars. Our Indian finance, (says a London paper), never was in so high and palmy a state. The estimated revenue of 1823, amounted to 22,213,6231. while, five years before, it was only 18.375.8201. shewing an increase in that short period of no less than 3,837,803.; nor has the charge increased in proportion; for, after paying the whole interest of the Indian debt, there is a clear surplus of above two millions and a quarter sterling. Coinage-The return from the mints states, that, in the year 1823, there were 13,209lbs. 1oz. 13dwts. 17grs. of gold imported, the value of which, in money, was, 617,1977. Is. 9d. In 1824, there were, 100,385lbs. Toz.| 1823 1824 1.759,748 10s. O France. The law granting indemnity to French emi- The number of English and French steam engines now in operation in France, would appear incredible to persons who remember what it was only a few years ago. At Lyons, and in the neighborhood, there are, at this moment, upwards of 100. At Rouen, and other manufacturing towns, they are in the same proportion. [This shews the march of scientific power in France, and may, in part, account for the "freedom of trade" in England!) The total value of silk goods made in France does not exceed 4,200,000l. of which about 1,200,000l. is exported, the trade having of late rather diminished. Spain. The king of Spain has just authorized the printing of the autographical journal of Christopher Columbus, and those of several other illustrious navigators, which have been preserved in the Escurial, with the most religious care, but which no one has hitherto been allowed to peruse. This publication will be very serviceable to geographical science. Portugal, it is reported, has agreed to acknowledge the independence of Brazil-for which the latter is to pay the sum of 1.1,500,000 sterling. Poland. The emperor of Russia has issued a proclamation, convoking the Polish diet, and admonishes the members not to spend their time in useless de bates. Greece. It now appears certain that Patras was surrendered to the Greeks, by capitulation, on the 6th February. Maidstone, states that, since that vessel had been on Africa. A letter from an officer of the British ship the coast, nearly 2000 poor wretched slaves had been released. "One vessel, of 120 tons, had 336 men and high; the women had a place 9 feet aft, 18 feet forward boys, and 141 women and girls; the men's room was only about 20 feet square and three feet two inches med into a space of 20 feet square. When the ship and 4 feet high; thus, 336 men and boys were cramwas boarded, the women were on their knees crying for mercy, and 50 of the men in silence awaiting their final doom, (for so the Portuguese traders had assured them); but when, by means of an interpreter, they were assured of protection of their lives, and of inthe transition from despair to joy was overwhelming; tended location of a spot where they would be free, they knelt down, they wept, they kissed the feet, the hands and the dress of every by-stander; the scene was touching and overpowering." are perishing as well as the Europeans. cles laid before them at the opening of their session. Buenos Ayres. The congress have adopted the artiThe congress declares itself constituent, or formed for the purpose of adopting a new mode of government, in place of the confederacy established at the proposed must be accepted by the provinces, before declaration of independence. The constitution to be it can be adopted. For the present, the government of Buenos Ayres is invested with all powers necessary for negotiating with other nations, &c. as plenipotentiary from Great Britain, and Mr. Gar- to establish themselves on the banks of the La Plata, under date of 31st, says, that a brig had arrived from Colombia. Carthagena papers, to the 26th March, are received at New York. A letter from that place, London, a few days before, with half a million of dolof the presidency, and two replies from the president lars. The papers contain Bolivar's third resignation of the Colombian senate. Under date of Bogota, Egypt. Alexandria, Feb. 5-The arrival of gen. Boyer congress on the evening of the Sth, and before a large February 11th, the latter says, that he convoked the and gen. Livron, appears calculated to produce a great and most solemn audience, made known the purport amelioration in the military system of the Egyptian of Bolivar's letter. The question was put to vote, government. They have been well received by the and the resignation was not accepted: being opposed Pacha, who has assigned to gen Boyer an allowance by 21 senators and 52 representatives; when the hall of 40,000 francs a year, with 8,000 francs indemnity. He moreover receives food for 16 persons and forage for 20 horses, four shawls a year, horses to replace those that fall off, a considerable supply of sugar, coffee and tobacco, and re-payment for lodging. Gen. Livron receives 20,000 francs and other things in portion. Already 164 Spanish, French and Italian officers, have arrived, since November, to fill up vacancies, and fifty physicians and surgeons are busy in establishing hospitals, and training pupils. After having delivered to the Pacha 500 muskets, sent him by the French government, general Boyer proceeded to Cairo, and from thence to the training-camp. pro An accurate printed list of the vessels that arrived at Alexandria, and sailed from that port in 1824, is a very interesting document. The arrivals in 1824 were 1,290, (in 1923 only 933), sailed 1,199; so that 91 remained in the port on the 1st January, 1825. Among the ships arrived were 600 Austrian, including 42 Tuscan, under the Austrian flag, (in 1823 only 351); 111 French, (in 1823, 52); 251 English, (including lonian and American); 100 Russian, (in 1823, only 59); 77 Sardinian; 70 Spanish; 47 Swedish; 14 Neapolitan: 19 Danish; 5 Dutch; 2 from the Papal states. rang with acclamations. The citizens appeared in great numbers in the streets, and expressed corresponding sentiments of approbation. A minister had arrived at Bogota from Guatamala, and was formally received by the vice president. lists of manumitted slaves are published in the papers. reduction of Callao. It was to be attacked by sea royal troops in Upper Peru, has announced his un- Quebec, from Canton, with teas and other China British Commercial Regulation. We have lately heard a great noise as to what the British government are about to do in the relaxation of their restrictive laws, and many have been much deceived by the clamor that has been made settlements in North America. The loans to them would be, in fact, beneficial to ourselves, and withthe United States. He concluded with moving two out the proposed change, we could not compete with resolutions, viz: America, and other places in America and the West Indies, and other parts of the world," and also an act of the 4th year of his present majesty, for regulating the warehousing of goods." on the subject. When these things that are talked the 2d and 4th years of his present majesty, "for regu1. "That it is expedient to amend several acts of of are done, we shall be able to esteem them right-lating the trade between his majesty's possessions in fully: but, in the mean time, it is sufficient to say that, so far as we understand the matter, "the freedom of trade" will not be allowed as to the importation of any article,jon the payment of moderate duties, except such as, for one reason or another, 2. "That the duties imposed by two acts of the 2d cannot come into competition with like articles of British product or manufacture, unless in respect between his majesty's possessions in America, and year of his present majesty, for regulating the trade to a few and unimportant articles. When Britain other places in America, and the West Indies, and agrees that a barrel of American flour may be sent between his majesty's possessions in America and to England and therein consumed, as payment for English calicoes, we shall begin to think that the the West Indies, and other parts of the world, or by government and people are really in favor of "the an act of the 4th year of his present majesty, to freedom of trade," because, by means of their amend the last mentioned act, shall cease and determine; and that the duties hereinafter mentioned enormous capital and great industry and skill, shall be paid in lieu thereof." The plan was warmly they feel perfectly able to meet the competition approved by the opposition. of the world. And then, they will deprecate those very restrictions by others, which enabled themselves to take this lofty and imposing attitude!† FROM THE NEW YORK STATESMAN. FROM THE NEW YORK AMERICAN. Mr. Huskisson, after carrying through, on the 21st March, his resolution for opening the trade of the On the 21st of March, the house of commons call-British colonies to all nations, followed up his plan, ed up the subject of the colonial trade, on motion of on the 25th, by proposing very large reductions on Mr. Huskisson, who submitted two propositions- the duties now existing in England on various manuIst. the necessity of revising their colonial policy-factured articles and raw materials. The speech in 2dly, to inquire into the duties on foreign commerce, which he explained and justified these resolutions, is and whether some improvement might not be made in too long for our insertion; but the substance of it may their navigation laws. be gathered from the summary below, taken from Bell's Weekly Messenger, from which same paper, we annex an explanatory statement of the nature and probable effects of the contemplated changes. After mentioning the commerce of England with Ireland and the West Indies, Mr. Huskisson said, the American government required that their productions should be admitted into the colonies on the same terms as the staple commodities of our own country. Such a demand had never been made before in any commercial transaction; the British government did not suspend the intercourse. If the American government did not relax in their demand, he hoped that the West Indies would do without the trade to America; though he trusted that would not be the case. We should be as just to the growing powers of Europe as to the growing trade of America. He would extend the warehousing system to the colonies. The United States had derived much benefit from this system. A free trade would be more advantageous to the mother country than the most rigid monopoly. The system would be of the utmost advantage to their *Some modification of the corn laws is spoken of. A letter from Liverpool, dated March 28, says-This morning we have a communication from London from a friend of ours, who states that Mr. Curwen, (one of the agricultural members of the house of commons), said he would, on presenting, that day, a petition to the house, from a number of corn dealers in London, move, that foreign grain be admitted in future at a fixed duty; he intimated that he had had a good deal of conversation with the rest of the agricultural members, and also with Mr. Huskisson, on the subject, and he thought that the motion would be carried; he intends to propose that, for the first three or six months, that the duty on wheat shall be 25s. per quarter, and that afterwards it shall be fixed at 20s. on barley 10, and on oats 6s. per quarter. 1. The first prohibitory duty to be reduced is that on cotton worked goods. The existing duties upon the importation into England of all foreign cotton manufactures, are 75l., 671. 10s. or fifty guineas per cent. on their value. These duties are now to be reduced to ten pounds per cent. In practice, the principal effect of this duty will be, that it will remove all difference of price between India and Scotch muslins, and, as a necessary consequence, will extirpate all smuggling. We may all remember the time when India muslins and French silks were articles of the first cost; and we have all lived to see the time when even women scarcely know the difference between these foreign fabrics and our own. Still, so absurd is fashion, and so eager to be duped, that it is impossible to visit any of our watering places in the summer season, without seeing the numerous frauds practised in these articles; that is, by persons selling our own fabrics for smuggled articles, and imposing them upon the credulous at higher prices. Upon this subject, moreover, Mr. Huskisson made a brief statement, which proves the enormous growth of our cotton manufactories. In 1765, the import of cotton wool for our manufactories, (and all that we use must be got by importation), was only 3,350,000 pounds weight. In 1825, the import of the same article is 150 millions of pounds weight. 2. The next staple of the country are our woollen manufactures. The existing duties on the importation of foreign woollen goods, are fifty pounds on one hundred pounds worth of goods. This is now to be reduced to fifteen pounds on the hundred pounds, I do not know in what manner the British policy Upon this subject, Mr. Huskisson made a similar can be better illustrated than by relating the follow-statement to show the growth of the manufacture. In ing vulgar story: two negroes clubbed their cents to get a glass of grog-one of them, having drank off a full-half of its contents, cried "hem-he too trong, put in more water," that he might have a chance for another "pull;" but the other said "top, top, a little let me cry hem too!" 1769, we imported two millions pounds weight of raw wool beyond what we import at present; and, in addition to this, we now export 1,595,000 pounds weight for the use of foreigners. 3. Our third manufacture is linen. Here the existing duties ascend from forty pounds to one hundred and eighty pounds on the one hundred pounds value of the foreign goods. These duties are to be reduced to twenty-five pounds, an amount which we consider to be still too high. But Ireland is concerned in this manufacture, and it cannot be denied, that, from some cause or another, Ireland is behind,even France, Russia and Germany, in all her manufacturing skill and habits. 4. The next reduction is on foreign books and foreign paper. In these, the existing duty is immense, and is to be reduced on books to six pence per pound, and on paper to three pence. That is to say, about four pence a volume. 5. The next reduction is on foreign wine bottles, which now pay a duty, (on the bottle merely), of eighteen pence per bottle. This duty is to be reduced to three pence per bottle; that is to say, the price of Burgundy, Chainpaigne, and other wines, usually imported in bottles, will hereafter be reduced to fifteen pence in the bottle, by the removal of this duty only. We must here add, that every one seems to Jament, that we have still so far adhered to the absurd Methuen treaty, as to put a higher duty on French than on Portuguese wines. It seems to be the common opinion, that the duty on both wines ought to have been equalized; and that government would have lost nothing, and the country would have gained much, if the duty on both had been reduced to two shillings and six pence per gallon. Taxes are the sole cause of such a large portion of our countrymen fixing their residence abroad. 6. The next reduction is on French looking glasses and mirrors-this is from eighty pounds to twenty. This reduction can only be productive of good. It will improve the manufacture at home, by giving, for a short time, superior samples from abroad; for what reason can be assigned, why the French should exceed us in this commodity? 7. The same observation applies to the next reduction on earthenware and French china, which is to be reduced from seventy-five pounds to one per cent. s. The next reduction is in French gloves, to thirty per cent., instead of the absolute prohibition now existing. their position from the 14th to the 19th of November, at Talavero, San Jeronimo, and Andahuaylas, while the enemy continued to manoeuvre on our right. On the evening of the 18th, I learned that the greater part of the enemy's forces were on their way to Huamanga, and I gave orders to the army to put itself in march to go in search of them. On the 19th, our light troops had an encounter with the enemy on the bridge of Pampas; and, on the 20th, on reaching Uripa, some Spanish troops were descried on the heights of Bombon. A squadron of hussars and the first company of rides, were detatched, under the command of colonel Silva, to reconnoitre, and, on their being discovered to consist of three companies of chasseurs, they were dislodged and compelled to compass the river Pampas, where the whole of the royalist army was discovered, which had most completely cut off our communication, by placing itself in our rear. As it was difficult to pass the river, and impossible to force the enemy's positions, our army halted at Uripa, the Spaniards being in Concepcion, and in sight of us. The 21st, 22d and 23d, in all our skirmishes with the enemy, we had the advantage. On the 24th they broke up their camp, and directed their march towards Vilcas. Heaman, and our army, took up a position on the heights of Bombon, where it remained until the 30th, when, having learned that the enemy were coming in the night, on the right bank of the Pampas, by way of Uchubambas, to out-flank us, I passed over to the left bank to protect our rear. The royalists, on perceiving our movement, quickly repassed to the left bank of the Pampas; but we had reached Matara on the morning of the 2d of December, before the Spanish army made its appearance on the heights. Although our position was unfavorable, we offered battle, which was refused by the enemy, who were posted on some broken rugged ground, not only difficult of approach, but almost inaccessible. On the 3d they made a movement, indicating an intention to engage, and we again offered battle; but as they continued their march toward the lofty heights, on our right, I suspected some attack was meditated on our rear. Before, it had been of little consequence to the army to have the enemy in our rear; but our position at Matara, besides being bad in itself, was otherwise unfavorable to us, and it, therefore, became necessary to continue our retreat to Tambo Cangallo. The time at which we commenced our Such is the boon which Mr. Huskisson has now march, very fortunately gave us an opportunity of conferred upon the trade and commerce of the coun- getting through the difficult pass of Corpaguayco, betry; and we hesitate not to say, that a very few years fore the arrival of the main body of the enemy; but will pass before the community will reap the most the latter had sent forward carly in the morning and large and ample benefits from this liberal system. with great secrecy, five battalions and four squadThe freedom of trade is the life of trade; the more rons to occupy this dangerous pass. The infantry of free it is, the more will it spread itself and enlarge our advanced guard, under general Cordova, and that its dimensions and its benefits. National monopoly of the centre, under general Lamar, had already has the same general effects as individual monopoly.cleared the pass, when the enemy's detachment made It narrows the market, diminishes the demand and a brisk attack on the battalions Vargas, Vencedor, impairs the quality of the article. When a people and rides, who covered the rear, under general become satisfied with articles of inferior quality, Lara. The two former were enabled to make a there is no inducement to the manufacturer to attempt charge on the right, and open a way at the point of improvement; the public is satisfied, and he gains the bayonet; but the rifles, who were disadvantagehis profit. But where the presence of foreign arti-ously situated, had to sustain the fire of the artillery, cles of superior workmanship, (if there be any such), calls forth the public taste for such articles, and where the manufacturer must come up to the foreign sample, or concede the market, his emulation will soon improve the domestic manufacture, and reach, at least, an equality with the foreigner. 9. The next is in foreign iron, from six pounds ten shillings per ton to one pound ten shillings. And the last and tenth is, in foreign copper, from fifty-four pounds to twenty-seven per ton. and encounter the whole force of the enemy; displaying, however, that firmness and intrepidity, for which this corps has ever been distinguished, it, at length, effected its retreat. Our cavalry, under general Miller, passed by Chonta, protected by the fire of the regiment of Vargas, although it still was much incommoded by the fire of the enemy. This unfor+ tunate action cost the liberating army more than 300 men; our park was entirely lost, and one or two pieces of artillery; but it, in the end, gained Peru her liberty. On the 4th, the enemy, elated with their success, detached five battalions and six squadrons along the heights to the left, to come round the quebrada, showing thus an inclination to engage; the broken ground in the pass of Corpaguayco allowed of a very strong defence; but the army were desirous, at any risk, to hazard a battle. Abandoning, therefore, to them the uneven ground, I posted myself in the middle of the extensive plain of Tambo Cangallo. The Spaniards ascending the broken ground, prosecuted their march with rapidity toward the lofty mountains to our right, avoiding an encounter, which operation was an evident proof to me that the object of the enemy was to manoeuvre and not to fight; this plan was the only one I had to fear, because the Spaniards alone could advantageously adopt it, as they knew the valor of their troops to consist in their heels, whilst ours, on the contrary, was in their hearts. 1 and 2 of Jerona, 2 of imperial, 1 of the 1st regiment, that called Fernandinos, and the squadron of Halberdiers of the viceroy. Observing that the corps in the centre were not then drawn up in order, and that the attack on our left was becoming scrious, I directed general Cordova to charge with the columns under his command, under the protection of the cavalry of gen. Miller, at the same time reinforcing gen. Lamar with the battalion Vencedor, and afterwards with that of Vargas. The Rifles were kept in reserve, to rally the combatants and lend their assistance where it might be required; gen. Lara was always at hand wherever his presence was necessary. Our right division marched, arma a discretion, till within a hundred paces of the enemy; when, being charged by eight Spanish squadrons, they fired; to drive them back, and cut them to pieces with our cavalry, was the work of an The infantry continued their charge un I thought it, therefore, necessary to act under this persuasion, and on the night of the 4th, the army instant. marched to the village of Guaychao, passing to quc-dauntedly, and every thing gave way before them. brada, of Acocro, and thus altering our direction. On the afternoon of the 5th, we continued our march to Acos-Vinchos and the enemy to Tambillo, keeping always in sight of each other. On the 6th we reached the village of Quinua, and the Spaniards, by a forced march on our left, placed themselves in our rear, on the formidable heights of Pacaycasa: they prosecuted their march, on the 7th, by the impenetrable pass of Iluamanguilla, and on the following day reached the elevated mountains on our right, whilst we remained in our camp; on the afternoon of the Sth, they posted themselves on the heights of Condercunca, within the distance of a cannon-shot from our camp; some guerilla parties who came down, skirmished this evening, and the artillery continued its fring. In the meantime the enemy, penetrating on our left, threatened the right of gen. Lamar, and were placing themselves between the latter and gen. Cordova in the front, when the hussars of Junin, executing with great gallantry their orders to charge these battalions on the flanks, they were completely routed. Vencedor and the battalions Nos. 1, 2 and 3, of the Peruvian legion, marched boldly upon the other corps of the right division of the enemy, which having drawn itself up behind the ravines, still made a show of resistance; but the forces on our left, being reinforced, made a desperate charge, and the rout was complete throughout. Gen. Cordova climbed, with his troops, the formidable heights of Condurcunca, where the viceroy La Serna was taken prisoner; gen. Lamar avoided, in The morning of the 9th beheld these two armies the pursuit the difficult quebradas on his flank, and drawn up in order of battle to decide the destinies of gen. Lara, marching in the centre, decided the fate a nation. Our army formed an angle; the right com- of the day. The troops of gen. Cordova, fatigued posed of the battalions Bogota, Voltigeros, Pichin- with the attack, received orders to retire, and were cha and Caracas, under the command of general Cor-replaced by gen. Lara, who was to unite in the purdova: the left, of the battalions No. 1, 2, 3, and the Peruvian legion, under general Lamar; in the centre, the grenadiers and hussars of Colombia, under general Miller: and in reserve, the battalions Rifles, Vencedor and Vargas, under the command of general Lara. In reviewing them, I recalled to them their triumphs, and cries of "long live the liberator," "long live the republic," resounded along the lines. Never was enthusiasm painted in stronger colors on the countenances of soldiers. The Spaniards, on their side, perfectly masters of the plain of Ayacucho, and, with forces double in number to our own, considered victory as certain. Our position, though commanded, was advantageous, inasmuch as we had our flanks defended by ravines, and in front, the cavalry of the enemy could not act uniformly and with advantage. The greater part of the morning was spent in skirmishes of the light troops, and in cannonading; the enemy planted five pieces of artillery at the foot of the hill, and were forming their columns at the time I was reviewing the line of tiradores. I gave these orders to force the position where this was taking place, and this was the signal for engaging. The Spanish columns were then seen to descend the hill with great rapidity; the battalions Cantabria, Centre, Castro, Ist imperial and two squadrons of hussars, with six field pieces, passing along the quebrada to our left, pressing their attack with great vigour in that direction. in the centre, were drawn up the battalions Burgos, Infanter Victoria, Guias, No. 1 and 2 of the first regiment, the left of the latter being strengthened by three squadrons of the regiment La Union, that of San Carlos, the four squadrons of the grenadiers of the guard, and five field pieces before mentioned; and, on the heights to our left, the battalions suit with Lamar on the heights of Tambo. The fruits of the victory now were more than 1000 prisoners, amongst them 60 chiefs and officers, 14 pieces of artillery, 2500 muskets, many other implements of war, and the enemy put to flight, and cut to pieces in all directions-when general Canterac, commander inchief of the Spanish army, accompanied by gen. Lamar, presented himself before me to demand a capitulation. Although the resistance made by the enemy would have justified me in demanding their uzconditional surrender, I thought it worthy of Americau generosity to concede some honors to the vanquished, who, for fourteen years, had conquered in Peru, and the stipulations contained in the enclosed treaty, which I have the honor to forward to your excellency, were concluded on the field of battle: by it, the whole of the remains of the Spanish army have been surrendered, together with all the territory of Feru, occupied by their arms, all the garrisons, stores, military magazines, and the fortress of Callao, with its provisions, stores, &c. There remain, consequently, now in the power of the liberating army, the lieut. gens. La Serna and Canterac, major-gens. Valdez, Carratala, Monet and Villalobos, the brig. gens. Eedovo, Ferraz, Camba, Somocursio, Cacho, Atero, Landazuri, Vigil Pardon, and Tur, with 16 colonels, 68 lieutenant-colonels, 484 majors and other officers; more than 2,000 prisoners; an immense quantity of muskets, all their military chest, ammunition, and, in fact, all the military 1500 killed and 700 wounded, stores they possessed. have been, in the battle of Ayacucho, the victims of Spanish obstinacy and rashness. Our loss is 370 killed and 009 wounded. According to the muster-rolls taken from the enemy, it appears that their disposable force, on this |