NILES' REGISTER-MARCH 5, 1825-LIBERATION OF PERU. Discord, misery, discontent and personal interest | baggages and horses, the garrisons remaining in any had spread their bane through every part of the coun- part of the territory, and other forces and articles try. Peru seemed to exist no more-all was dissolv-belonging to the Spanish government. ed! Under these awful circumstances, the congress appointed me a dictator to save the relics of their last hopes. The loyalty, the constancy, and the valor of the army of Colombia, have performed this wonderful undertaking. The Peruvians, when a civil war was raging, acknowledged the legitimate government, and have rendered immense services to the country; while the troops who protected them, have covered themselves with glory on the fields of Junin and Ayacucho. Factions have disappeared from the soil of Peru. This capital has recovered forever its sweet liberty. Callao is invested, and must be given up by capitulation. Peruvians! Peace has succeeded to war; union to discord: order to anarchy; and happiness to misfortune! But never forget, I beseech you, that, for these blessings, you are indebted to the illustrious victors of Ayacucho. Peruvians! The day on which your congress will meet will be a day of glory! the day that will consummate the most fervent wishes of my ambition-Do not ask more! (Signed) BOLIVAR. Extraordinary Gazette of the government of Lima, Wednesday, 22d December, 1824. LIBERATING ARMY, Head quarters at Ayacucho, 10th Dec. 1824. TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE LIBERATOR. Second-Every individual belonging to the Spanish Third-Any individual belonging to the Spanish Answer-Granted. Fourth-No one shall be accountable for his former opinions, nor for his particular services in the king's cause, nor those known as smugglers: in this particular they will be entitled to the rights of all the articles of this treaty: Answer-Granted: if, by their conduct, they do not disturb the public order, and if they conform to the laws. Fifth-Any inhabitant of Peru, either European or American, ecclesiastic or merchant, land-owner or workman, wishing to remove to another country, will be at liberty so to do by virtue of this convention, and to take with him his family and property-he will be protected by the state until his departure, and if he prefers to remain, he will be considered a Peruvian. Answer-Granted: with regard to the inhabitants of the country to be delivered, and agreeably to the conditions mentioned in the preceding article. Most excellent sir: The treaty which I have the honor to transmit to your excellency, signed on the field of battle, where the blood of the liberating army has secured the independence of Peru, becomes the guarantee of the peace of the republic, and is the Sixth-The state of Peru will also respect the promost brilliant result of the vietory of Ayacucho. The united army feels the liveliest satisfaction in presenting to your excellency all the territory of Peru, which has submitted to your authority, before five months perty of the Spaniards who may be absent from the campaign. All the royal army, all the provinces it territory-they will be at liberty, for the period of occupied in this republic, all its places, artillery, three years, to dispose of their property, which will magazines, and fifteen Spanish generals, are the be considered in the same point of view as that of Answer-Granted: as in the preceding article, protrophies which the united army offers to your excel-Americans, unwilling to go to the peninsula, although lency, as a token worthy the illustrious savior of they may have property in that country. be hostile to the cause of the freedom and indepenPeru; who, from Junin, pointed out to the army the dence of America-in the event of which, the go field of Ayacucho as the spot to cover themselves with vided the conduct of these individuals will, in no way, vernment of Peru reserves to itself the privilege glory. acting freely and discretionary. God preserve your excellency, ANTONIO JOSE DE SUCRE. P. S. I had forgotten to inform your excellency of remarkable circumstance. According to the rolls taken from the enemy, it appears they had 9,310 men on the field of battle, while the liberating army had Only 5,780. (Signed) SUCRE. Seventh-The term of one year will be granted to cle-their property will be subjected to the ordinary all the interested parties, in order to avail themduties, but that of individuals belonging to the army selves of the stipulations embraced in the fifth artito be free of duties. Answer-Granted. Eighth-The state of Peru will acknowledge the Don Jose Canterac, Lieutenant general of the royal armies of his Catholic majesty, being charged with the supreme command of Peru, in the absence of his debts contracted by the administration of the Spaexcellency, the vice king D. JOSE LA SERNA, Wound-nish government in the territory thereof to the preed and taken prisoner in the battle fought this day, sent day. after having taken the advices of the generals and chiefs, re-united after the bloody battle of Ayacucho, &c. &c. has thought it convenient to propose and to regulate with the general of division, Antonio Jose de Sucre, commanding in chief the united army of Peru, the conditions contained in the following articles: Answer-The congress of Peru will decide with regard to this article what will be most convenient to the interests of the republic. Ninth All the individuals employed in public offibe comprehended under the articles 2d and 5th. ces, will be continued therein if it be their desire; Answer-Those of the meritorious will be continuotherwise, those preferring to leave the country will First-The territory, garrisoned by the Spanish Tenth Every individual belonging to the army, or troops in Peru, as far as the Desaguadoro, shall be de-ed in their offices if the government should think prolivered to the united liberating army, with the parks per, of artillery, chests, and all the military magazines. Answer-Granted: and will also be included in the in the government's employ, who may wish to be delivery all the remainder of the Spanish army, the lerazed from the rolls and to remain in the country, will be at liberty so to do: and in that case their | Eleventh-The town of Callao will be delivered to the united liberating army, and its garrison will be included in the articles of this treaty. Answer-Granted: but the town of Callao, with all her colors and military articles, shall be delivered to the liberator, and be subject to his disposal on or before twenty days. Twelfth-Superior officers of both armies will be sent to the provinces for the purpose of delivering and receiving the archives, magazines, appurtenances, and the troops, deposited in and stationed at, the different garrisons. Answer-Granted: the same formalities will be ob served at the delivery of Callao. The provinces will be delivered to the independent authorities in fifteen days, and the places the most remote in all the present month. Thirteenth-The vessels of war and merchantmen in the ports of Peru, will be allowed the term of six months, from the date of the ratification of this treaty, to get their stores and provisions on board, to enable them to depart from the Pacific. Answer-Granted: but the ships of war will only be permitted to make preparations for their voyage, without committing any act of hostility, cither there or on quitting the Pacific-they being obliged to leave all the seas of America without touching at any port of Chili, or any other port in America, which may be occupied by the Spaniards. Fourteenth-Passports will be granted to the ships of war and merchantmen for their uninterrupted navigation from the Pacific to their ports in Europe. Answer-Granted: Agreeably to the preceding ar ticle. Fifteenth-All the chiefs and officers made prisoners at the battle of this day, will be set at liberty from this moment, as well as the prisoners taken in anterior actions by either of the armies. Answer-Granted: and the wounded will be taken care of until they shall be able to dispose of themselves. Sixteenth-The generals, chiefs and officers will retain the use of their uniforms and their swords-and will also retain in their service such assistants as correspond with their rank, and their servants. Ansicer-Granted: but, during their stay in the ter ritory, they will submit to the laws of the country. Seventeenth-To those individuals of the army who may have come to the determination, with regard to their future destination, agreeably to this treaty, leave will be granted them to re-unite with their families their other interests, and to remove to the place they may have chosen; in which case they will be furnished with passports so that they may not be molested in any of the independent states until their arrival at their places of destination. Inaugural Address. At a quarter before 12 o'clock, the president elect, accompanied by the president of the United States, and escorted by a considerable body of gentlemen, composed of strangers and citizens, and the military of the District, repaired to the capitol, where he was received by the committee of arrangement of the se nate, and conducted into the senate chamber; from whence he proceeded, with the senate, to the hall of the house of representatives, attended by the heads of departments, the marshal of the District of Columbia, and the gentlemen selected as his associates, for the officers of the day, and the mayors of the three corporations of the District. The president of the senate, with the secretary of the senate, were placed on the right of the chair; the ex-president on his right, and the speaker of the house of representatives, with the clerk of that house, on his left; the heads of departments were seated on the right, and the foreign ministers, with their suits, on the left of the chair. The judges of the supreme court occupied a table in front of the chair. The senate filled the seats immediately in front; members of congress, including the judges of the circuit court of the District of Columbia, with their officers, and such persons as, by the standing rules of congress, are admitted to seats within the chambers, occupied seats on the floor. Officers, civil, military and naval, were also admitted in the lobbies and upon the floor of the hall, ADDRESS DELIVERED BY JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, On being sworn into office, as president of the United In compliance with an usage, coeval with the existence of our federal constitution, and sanctioned by the example of my predecessors in the career upon which I am about to enter, I appear, my fellow citizens, in your presence, and in that of heaven, to bind myself by the solemnities of a religious obligation, to the faithful performance of the duties allotted to me, in the station to which I have been called. In unfolding to my countrymen the principles by which I shall be governed, in the fulfilment of those Answer-Granted. duties, my first resort will be to that constitution, Eighteenth-Any doubt that may arise in the stipula-which I shall swear, to the best of my ability, to pretions of the articles of the present treaty, will be in-serve, protect and defend. That revered instrument terpreted in favor of the individuals of the Spanish army. Answer-Granted: this stipulation will depend on the good faith of the contracting parties. And having concluded and ratified this treaty, which is hereby approved, there will be made four copies of the same, two of which will remain in the power of each of the parties whose signatures are hereto affixed,&c. Delivered and signed, with our hands, on the field of Ayacucho, the 9th of December, 1824. JOSE CANTERAC. ANTONIO JOSE DE SUCRE. enumerates the powers, and prescribes the duties, of the executive magistrate; and, in its first words, declares the purposes to which these, and the whole action of the government, instituted by it, should be invariably and sacredly devoted-to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to the people of this union, in their successive' generations. Since the adoption of this social compact, one of these generations has passed away. It is the work of our forefathers. Administered by some of the most eminent men, who contributed to its formation, through a most eventful period in the annals of the world, and through all the vicissitudes of peace me, to observe that the great result of this experiment and war, incidental to the condition of associated upon the theory of human rights, has, at the close of man, it has not disappointed the hopes and aspira- that generation by which it was formed, been crowntions of those illustrious benefactors of their age and ed with success equal to the most sarguine expectanation. It has promoted the lasting welfare of that tions of its founders. Union, justice, tranquility, the country, so dear to us all; it has, to an extent, far common defence, the general welfare, and the blessbeyond the ordinary lot of humanity, secured the ings of liberty-all have been promoted by the gofreedom and happiness of this people. We now re-vernment under which we have lived. Standing at this ceive it as a precious inheritance from those to whom point of time; looking back to that generation which we are indebted for its establishment, doubly bound has gone by, and forward to that which is advancing, by the examples which they have left us, and by the we may, at once, indulge in grateful exultation, and blessings which we have enjoyed, as the fruits of their in cheering hope. From the experience of the past, two great political parties which have divided the labors, to transmit the same, unimpaired, to the suc- we derive instructive lessons for the future. Of the ceeding generation. splendid talents, spotless integrity, ardent patriotism In the compass of thirty-six years, since this great opinions and feelings of our country, the candid and national covenant was instituted, a body of laws enact- the just will now admit, that both have contributed ed under its authority, and in conformity with its pro-and disinterested sacrifices, to the formation and adThe revolutionary wars of Euvisions, has unfolded its powers, and carried into practical operation its effective energies. Surbordinate de- ministration of this government; and that both have partments have distributed the executive functions in required a liberal indulgence for a portion of human their various relations, to foreign affairs, to the re-infirmity and error. venue and expenditures, and to the military force of rope, commencing precisely at the moment when the A co-ordinate depart-government of the United States first went into opethe union, by land and sea. ment of the judiciary has expounded the constitution ration under this constitution, excited a collision of and the laws; settling, in harmonious coincidence sentiments and of sympathies, which kindled all the with the legislative will, numerous weighty questions passions, and embittered the conflict of parties, till of construction which the imperfection of human lan- the nation was involved in war, and the union was guage had rendered unavoidable. The year of jubi-shaken to its centre. This time of trial embraced a lee since the first formation of our union has just period of five-and-twenty years, during which, the elapsed; that of the declaration of our independence policy of the union, in its relations with Europe, conis at hand. The consummation of both was effected stituted the principal basis of our political divisions, by this constitution. Since that period, a population of four millions has multiplied to twelve. A territory, bounded by the Mississippi, has been extended from New states have been admitted to the union, in numbers nearly equal to those of the first confederation. Treaties of peace, amity and commerce, have been concluded with the principal dominions of the earth. The people of other nations, inhabitants of regions acquired, not by conquest, but by compact, have been united with us in the participation of our rights and duties, of our burdens and blessings. The forest has fallen by the axe of our woodsmen-the soil has been made to teem by the tillage of our farmers; our commerce has whitened The dominion of man over physical nature has been extended by the invention of our artists. Liberty and law have marched, hand in hand. All the purposes of human association have been accomplished as effectively as under any other government on the globe; and at a cost, little exceeding, in a whole generation, the expenditures of other nations in a single year. sea to sea. every ocean. and the most arduous part of the action of our federal government. With the catastrophe in which the wars of the French revolution terminated, and our own subsequent peace with Great Britain, this baneful no difference of principle, connected either with the weed of party strife was uprooted. From that time, theory of government, or with our intercourse with foreign nations, has existed, or been called forth, in force sufficient to sustain a continued combination of parties, or give more than wholesome animation to public sentiment, or legislative debate. Our political creed is, without a dissenting voice that can be heard, that the will of the people is the source, and the happiness of the people the end, of all legitimate government upon earth-That the best security for the beneficence, and the best guaranty against the abuse of power, consists in the freedom, the purity, and the frequency of popular elections-That the general government of the union, and the separate uncontroled within their respective spheres, uncongovernments of the states, are all sovereignties of litrolable by encroachments upon each other-That mited powers; fellow servants of the same masters, Such is the unexaggerated picture of our condition, the firmest security of peace, is the preparation, durunder a constitution founded upon the republicaning peace, of the defences of war-That a rigorous principle of equal rights. To admit that this picture economy, and accountability of public expenditures, has its shades, is but to say that it is still the condition should guard against the aggravation, and alleviate, of men upon earth. From evil, physical, moral and when possible, the burden of taxation-That the mili power-That the freedom of the press and of relipolitical, it is not our claim to be exempt. We have tary should be kept in strict subordination to the civil suffered, sometimes by the visitation of Heaven, through disease; often by the wrongs and injustice of gious opinion should be inviolate-That the policy of other nations, even to the extremities of war; and, our country is peace, and the ark of our salvation, lastly, by dissentions among ourselves-dissentions, union, are articles of faith upon which we are all perhaps, inseparable from the enjoyment of freedom, agreed. If there have been those who doubted whebut which have more than once appeared to threaten ther a confederated representative democracy were a the dissolution of the union, and, with it, the over-government competent to the wise and orderly ma throw of all the enjoyments of our present lot, and all nagement of the common concerns of a mighty nation, our earthly hopes of the future. The causes of these dissentions have been various, founded upon differences of speculation in the theory of republican government; upon conflicting views of policy, in our relations with foreign nations; upon, jealousies of partial and sectional interests, aggravated by prejudices and prepossessions, which strangers to each other are ever apt to entertain, those doubts have been dispelled. If there have been projects of partial confederacies, to be erected upon the ruins of the union, they have been scattered to the winds. If there have been dangerous attachments to one foreign nation, and antipathies against another, they have been extinguished.suaged the animosities of political contention, and Ten years of peace, at home and abroad, have asIt is a source of gratification and of encouragement to blended into harmony the most discordant elements of public opinion. There still remains one effort of by that eminent citizen, at the time of his first inducmagnanimity, one sacrifice of prejudice and passion, tion to this office, in his career of eight years, the into be made by the individuals throughout the nation, ternal taxes have been repealed; sixty millions of the who have heretofore followed the standards of poli- public debt have been discharged; provision has been tical party. It is that of discarding every remnant of made for the comfort and relief of the aged and indirancor against each other; of embracing, as country-gent, among the surviving warriors of the revolution; men and friends; and of yielding to talents and virtue the regular armed force has been reduced, and its alone, that confidence which, in times of contention constitution revised and perfected; the accountability for principle, was bestowed only upon those who bore for the expenditures of public moneys has been made the badge of party communion. more effective; the Floridas have been peaceably ac The collisions of party spirit, which originate inquired, and our boundary has been extended to the speculative opinions, or in different views of admi-Pacific ocean; the independence of the southern na nistrative policy, are, in their nature, transitory. tions of this hemisphere has been recognised, and reThose which are founded on geographical divisions, commended, by example and by council, to the poadverse interests of soil, climate, and modes of do- tentates of Europe; progress has been made in the mestic life, are more permanent, and, therefore, per- defence of the country, by fortifications and the inhaps, more dangerous. It is this which gives inesti-crease of the navy-towards the effectual suppression mable value to the character of our government, at of the African traffic in slaves-in alluring the aboonce federal and national. It holds out to us a per-riginal hunters of our land to the cultivation of the petual admonition to preserve, alike and with equal soil and of the mind-in exploring the interior reanxiety, the rights of each individual state in its own gions of the union, and in preparing, by scientific regovernment, and the rights of the whole nation, in searches and surveys, for the further application of that of the union. Whatever is of domestic con- our national resources to the internal improvement cernment, unconnected with the other members of of our country. the union, or with foreign lands, belongs exclusively In this brief outline of the promise and performto the administration of the state governments.ance of my immediate predecessor, the line of duty, Whatsoever directly involves the rights and interests for his successor, is clearly delineated. To pursue of the federative fraternity, or of foreign powers, is, to their consummation those purposes of improveof the resort of this general government. The du- ment in our common condition, instituted or recomties of both are obvious in the general principle, mended by him, will embrace the whole sphere of though sometimes perplexed with difficulties in the my obligations. To the topic of internal improvedetail. To respect the rights of the state government, emphatically urged by him at his inauguraments is the inviolable duty of that of the union: tion, I recur with peculiar satisfaction. It is that the government of every state will feel its own obli- from which I am convinced that the unborn millions gation to respect and preserve the rights of the whole. of our posterity, who are in future ages to people this The prejudices every where too commonly entertain-continent, will derive their most fervent gratitude to ed against distant strangers, are worn away, and the jealousies of jarring interests are allayed by the composition and functions of the great national councils, annually assembled from all quarters of the union, at this place. Here the distinguished men from every section of our country, while meeting to deliberate upon the great interests of those by whom they are deputed, learn to estimate the talents, and do justice to the virtues of each other. The harmony of the nation is promoted, and the whole union is knit to gether by the sentiments of mutual respect, the habits of social intercourse, and the ties of personal friendship, formed between the representatives of its several parts, in the performance of their service at this metropolis. the founders of the union; that in which the beneficent action of its government will be most deeply felt and acknowledged. The magnificence and splendor of their public works are among the imperishable glories of the ancient republics. The roads and aqueducts of Rome have been the admiration of all after ages, and have survived, thousands of years, after all her conquests have been swallow. ed up in despotism, or become the spoil of barbarians. Some diversity of opinion has prevailed with regard to the powers of congress for legislation upon objects of this nature. The most respectful deference is due to doubts, originating in pure patriotism, and sustained by venerated authority. But nearly twenty years have passed since the construction of the first national road was commenced. The authority for its construction was then unquestioned. To how many thousands of our countrymen has it proved a benefit? To what single individual has it ever proved an injury? Repeated liberal and candid discussions in the legislature have conciliated the sentiments, and approximated the opinions of enlightened minds, upon the question of constitutional power. I cannot but hope that, by the same process of friendly, patient and persevering deliberation, all constitutional objections will ultimately be removed. The extent and limitation of the powers of the general government, in relation to this transcendently important interest, will be settled and acknowledged, to the common satisfaction of all; and every speculative scruple will be solved by a practical public blessing. Passing from this general review of the purposes and injunctions of the federal constitution, and their results, as indicating the first traces of the path of duty, in the discharge of my public trust, I turn to the administration of my immediate predecessor, as the second. It has passed away in a period of profound peace; how much to the satisfaction of our country, and to the honour of our country's name, is known to you all. The great features of its policy, in general concurrence with the will of the legislature, have been-To cherish peace while preparing for defensive war-To yield exact justice to other nations, and maintain the rights of our own-To cherish the principles of freedom and of equal rights, wherever they were proclaimed-To discharge, with all possible promptitude, the national debt-To reduce, within the narrowest limits of efficiency, the military force-To improve the orga- Fellow-citizens, you are acquainted with the pecu nization and discipline of the army-To provide and liar circumstances of the recent election, which sustain a school of military science-To extend equal have resulted in affording me the opportunity of adprotection to all the great interests of the nation-To dressing you at this time. You have heard the expopromote the civilization of the Indian tribes; and-Tosition of the principles which will direct me in the proceed in the great system of internal improvements within the limits of the constitutional power of th union. Under the pledge of these promises, mad a fulfilment of the high and solemn trust imposed upon me in this station. Less possessed of your confidence, in advance, than any of my predecessors, I am deeply conscious of the prospect that I shall stand, through the intervention of his excellency governor nication for travelling canoes, which saves a circui- Eighteenth Congress-2d Session. pass this portage, and compelled to keep the shore of SENATE. February 25. The president communicated a report from the secretary of the treasury, on the memorial of the chamber of commerce of the city of New York, with a report from the collector of the port of New York, showing the difficulties that arise in the discharge of his duties in relation to drawbacks. The report was read. Mr. Chandler, from the committee on the militia, to whom was referred the report of the secretary of war, together with an abstract of infantry tactics, submitted the following resolution. He observed, they had been at great expense in furnishing the militia with arms, and were of opinion, they should be furnished with the means to make use of them, for the benefit of the country. It was now too late in the session to bring in a bill for the purpose, and it was the object of the resolution to obtain suficient information to act on it at the ensuing session. Resolved, That the secretary of war be directed to advertise, for three months, in the National Intelligencer, that he will receive, at any time before the first day of December next, sealed proposals for printing 40,000 copies of the abstract of infantry tactics, which was reported to the senate by the secretary of war, on the 3d day of February instant, to be delivered at the war department, bound in boards, and that be, the secretary, will state, in his advertise mente, as near as may be, the size of the work, the number of pages and plates, which it will contain, and report such proposals as he may receive, to the senate, in the first week of the next session of congress. The resolution was read, considered, and agreed to. The gentleman whom I employed to visit this locality, (Mr. George Johnston, an intelligent trader), left this place early in the month of May last, and has vein of ore is about one fathom in width, rising, with a returned within a short time. He reports, that the broken, hackly surface, out of the water, and that it extends in a straight line through the rock, inland, dipping a little in its course; which is distinctly mark ed by its green color, strongly contrasted with the adjacent rocks. He further represents, that this part of the lake is accessible to vessels of considerable burthen, whose anchorage is sheltered by an island, where they may lie in safety from the prevailing north-west winds. No experiment has been made to determine the richness of the ore. It appears, from external characters, to be the compact malachite of authors, which is stated generally to yield, at the mines of Cornwall and Saxony, from 56 to 70 per cent. of copper, the remainder being chiefly carbonic acid and water. It is consequently among the number of those ores of copper,which are profitably wrought in the large way. It may be pertinent to add to the foregoing remarks, that I have succeeded, in the course of the present The senate proceeded, as in committee of the whole, season, in procuring from lake Superior, a mass of (Mr. Lowrie in the chair), to consider the act autho-native copper, weighing forty-two pounds, which is rizing the occupation of the Oregon river. very pure and malleable, and contains small points of Mr. Benton moved an amendment, providing an ad-native silver. This mass is from the banks of the ditional paymaster, and extending the time allowed for the officers to send in their accounts; which was agreed to; and then, (on account of the temporary absence of the chairman of the committee), the bill was laid on the table. The senate then, as in committee of the whole, proceeded to consider the bill making an appropriation to appoint commissioners to treat with the Chippewa Indians, for the right of discovering and working certain copper mines supposed to be on the south side of lake Superior. Mr. Dickerson make a few remarks against the bill, to whom Mr. Benton replied, and in the course of his argument, read the following letter form Henry R. Schoolcraft: Sault Ste. Marie, July 28, 1824. SIR: Having on a former occasion been requested to communicate such information as I possessed respecting the existence of copper on the shores of lake Superior, I now take the liberty to transmit to you, Ontonagon; but is no part of the great mass well Hon. John C. Calhoun, secretary of war. The senate, then, as in committee of the whole, After Mr. Lloyd, of Mass. had explained the advantages of the measure proposed, and the rejection of an amendment offered by Mr. Hayne, the bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading. The bill, as amended, authorizing the subscription of stock in the Chesapeake and Delaware canal company, was read a third time, passed, and returned to the house. Yeas 19, nays 11. |