alone.

Each house has its own chamber in which to hold its sessions.

Compensation of the Members.-The compensation of the Senators and that of the Representatives is the same, both receiving $1,500 for a regular session and $500 for a special session, regardless of the length of either. To this must be added $50 worth of stationery, $100 worth of postage stamps, and mileage at the rate of 20 cents per mile each way.

The Senate.-The Senate has fifty members,—one for each senatorial district,-who serve four years. One-half of them are elected every two years. A Senator must be twenty-five years old; he must have been a citizen of the State four years and a resident of his district at least one year immediately before his election. (For Apportionment of the State into Senatorial Districts, see Constitution, Article 2, Section 16.)

The presiding officer of the Senate is the LieutenantGovernor. He is not a member, and therefore can vote only in case of a tie. The Senate elects one of its own number president pro tempore, who appoints the committees and presides in the absence of the Lieutenant-Gov

ernor.

The House of Representatives.-According to the Constitution of the State, the House consists of about two hundred members, the exact number being determined by dividing the population of the State as given by the latest United States census, by 200. The quotient thus obtained is called the "ratio of population." The number of Representatives to a county is determined by dividing the "ratio of population" into its population; but each county is entitled to at least one Representative (See Constitution, Article 2, Section 17).

He

The term of office of a Representative is two years. must be twenty-one years old, while his other qualifications are the same as those of a Senator. The presiding officer, or speaker, is a member of the House of Representatives and he is chosen by them at the opening of the session. He appoints the committees and has a vote on all questions.

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.

The Constitution provides that the executive department shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of the Commonwealth, Attorney-General, Auditor-General, Secretary of Internal Affairs, and Superintendent of Public Instruction. Three of these the Secretary of the Commonwealth, the Attorney-General, and the Superintendent of Public Instruction are appointed by the Governor; the others are elected by the people. Added to the eight executive officers required by the Constitution, are others created by acts of Assembly for the purpose of assisting the Governor and the other chief executive officers in administering the government. They are the AdjutantGeneral, the State Librarian, the Superintendent of Public Buildings and Grounds, the Superintendent of Public Printing and Binding, the Superintendent of Banking, the Factory Inspector, the Insurance Commissioner, the Secretary of Agriculture and his assistants-the Director of Farmers' Institutes, the Economic Zoölogist, the Commissioner of Forestry, and the Dairy and Food Commissioner. Besides these administrative officers created by statute, there is also a number of State Boards, viz., of Agriculture, of Public Charities, of Health, of Pardons, of Mine Inspectors, of Medical Examiners, of

Pharmaceutical Examiners, of Dental Examiners, of Veterinary Examiners, the Live Stock Sanitary Board, and others of minor importance. Nearly all of these assistant State officers are appointed by the Governor, for a term of four years. The names of the various boards indicate the duties to be performed by them.

The Governor.-In the Governor is vested the supreme executive power of the State. His first and great duty is to study the wants of the State, lay them before the General Assembly and point out the means which in his opinion may be used to provide for them. He is also to guard the State against violent shocks and threatened dangers. When the laws of peace are violated in any part of the State to such an extent that the sheriffs can not keep order, he must call out the militia to quell the resistance and restore order. The Constitution makes him the commander-in-chief.

The chief powers incidental to the office of Governor are to approve or veto every bill passed by the General Assembly; to appoint certain officers and fill certain vacancies; to remit fines and forfeitures; to grant reprieves; to grant commutations and pardons, on recommendation of the Board of Pardons; to call both houses or the Senate alone into extra session; and to adjourn them both in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, to such a time as he shall think proper, not exceeding four months.

The Governor's term of office is four years, and he cannot succeed himself. He must be thirty years old, a citizen of the United States, and must have been a citizen of the State for seven years next preceding his election. His salary is $10,000 a year and a free residence in the Executive Mansion at Harrisburg.

The Lieutenant-Governor.-This officer, as the name indicates, takes the place of the Governor in case of the death, resignation, removal, or disability of the latter, and his qualifications and term of office are therefore the same as those of the Governor. He presides over the sessions of the Senate, but has no vote unless the Senate is equally divided, because he is not a member of that body. He is a member of the Board of Pardons. His salary is $5,000.

The Secretary of the Commonwealth.-No officer of the State stands in closer relation to the Governor than the Secretary of the Commonwealth. Nearly all the official documents of the former pass through his hands, because a record of them must be kept in the State Department. The Secretary is the keeper of the State seal, and he affixes it to all such documents as the law requires, and countersigns them. To him as custodian are entrusted all laws passed by the Assembly, together with the veto messages of the Governor; all bonds of officers commissioned by the Governor; the returns of National, State and county elections; and the records of all commissions, appointments, corporations chartered for profit, death warrants, respites, pardons, etc. He too is a member of the Board of Pardons. In the State's relations to other States and to the United States, the Secretary of the Commonwealth performs the same duties as the Secretary of State in the President's Cabinet.

The term of office is four years unless the Governor chooses to remove him. His salary is $4000. He also gets fees and extra compensation on various State boards, so that his salary is the highest paid by the State, amounting to $15,000 and over.

The Attorney-General. The Attorney-General is the attorney for the State and as such he is the legal adviser of

the Governor and of the heads of the various departments. In lawsuits to which the State is a party, he represents the State. He is a member of the Board of Pardons and an official visitor of the State penitentiaries.

His term of office is four years, but the Governor may remove him at any time. The salary is $3,500 and fees.

The Auditor-General.-He makes an annual examination of the State treasury and settles all accounts between the State and any person, officer, department, association, or corporation. He has power to compel persons to settle their accounts, to examine witnesses under oath, and to commit them to prison if they refuse to testify or to produce any books, papers or documents. The fiscal year closes November 30th, and immediately thereafter, he publishes a report of the State's finances.

The Auditor-General is elected for three years and he cannot succeed himseif. His salary is $4,000 and extra compensation for services on State boards.

The State Treasurer.-The duty of this officer is to receive and receipt for all moneys paid into the State treasury and to pay all warrants drawn by the proper officers. He furnishes the Auditor-General a statement on the first day of each month, showing the condition of the treasury, and he makes an annual report to the General Assembly.

Owing to the responsible nature of this office, its incumbent is under bond to the amount of $500,000. The term of office is two years and it cannot be held two successive terms by the same person. The salary is $5,000, exclusive of compensation for extra services.

The Secretary of Internal Affairs.-This office, before the Constitution of 1873 had been adopted, was known as the Surveyor General's, and it includes therefore, among other things, the records of original deeds and surveys of all