years. He must be a native-born citizen and must have been a resident of the United States fourteen years.

Salary. The President's salary is $50,000 a year, payable in monthly installments of $4,166.66 each. Prior to 1873 it was $25,000.

Presidential Electors.-The Presidential electors are the persons who directly elect the President and Vice-President. Each State chooses as many Presidential electors as it has Senators and Representatives in Congress. The whole number constitutes the Electoral College. The Presidential electors of each State are frequently called the Electoral College of that State. The Electoral College of Pennsylvania consists of thirty-two members, at present; and the Electoral College of the United States, of four hundred and forty-seven members. Members of Congress and persons holding positions of profit or trust under the United States, are prohibited from serving as Presidential electors..

Nomination and Election of Presidential Electors.-Each political party in a State nominates a ticket of Presidential electors, at the State convention. A voter, as a rule, votes for all the candidates on his party's ticket, and, as a consequence, the Presidential electors chosen in a State are generally all of the same political party. Occasionally voters will "scratch" an electoral ticket and thereby elect a divided Electoral College in a State. In 1892 the electoral vote of five States was divided: In California and Ohio because the vote for the Cleveland and Harrison electors was so close; in Michigan because by act of Legislature each Congressional district voted separately for an elector; in Oregon because one of the four candidates for electors on the Populist ticket was also on the Democratic ticket, the result being three Republicans and

one Populist elected; in North Dakota because one of the two Populist electors who were elected cast his vote for Cleveland, this causing the electoral vote of the State to be equally divided between Cleveland, Harrison and Weaver.

The election for President and Vice-President, or rather for the Presidential electors, is held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, in the year when a President is to be chosen. Usually it is known by the next morning which political party has elected a majority of the Presidential electors; but the last act in the election of a President and Vice-President is still over three months in the future. The Presidential electors meet on the second Monday in January following their election, usually at the Capital of their respective States, and vote by ballot for candidates for President and Vice-President, one of whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State as themselves. Three lists of the persons voted for for each office are made, each list showing the number of votes each candidate has received. The electors sign, certify, and seal these lists, and deposit one with the judge of the district court of the United States for the district in which the electors meet. The other two are sent to the president of the United States Senate, one by mail, and one by special messenger.

Counting of the Votes.-On the second Wednesday in February following, both houses of Congress meet in joint convention, when the president of the Senate opens the sealed lists and the votes are counted. The persons receiving a majority of all the votes cast for President and Vice-President respectively are declared elected. person receives a majority of all the electoral votes cast for President, the choice of that officer devolves upon the

If no

House of Representatives, the selection being made from the three candidates receiving the highest number of electoral votes. Each State has but one vote, and a majority of the Representatives from each State casts the vote of that State. When a vote for President is taken in the House of Representatives, there must be present one or more members from at least two-thirds of all the States, and a majority of all the votes is necessary to a choice. At least one vote is taken every day, but if no choice is made before March 4th, the Vice-President serves as President. Only two Presidents have been chosen by the House of Representatives, Thomas Jefferson, for his first term, and John Quincy Adams.

Presidential Succession.-In case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability of both the President and VicePresident, the following line of succession has been provided for by Congress : Secretary of state, secretary of the treasury, secretary of war, attorney-general, postmastergeneral, secretary of the navy, and secretary of the interior.

President's Cabinet.—To aid him in the discharge of his duties, the President appoints a Cabinet, consisting of eight prominent men, to each of whom is entrusted some special department of the work of the President. The Cabinet is not provided for by the Constitution, but by several acts of Congress, giving the President the right to appoint these officers. The different departments have been established as follows: State, treasury and war departments, September, 1789; postoffice department, 1794; navy department, 1798; interior department, 1849; department of justice, 1870, although Congress had created the office of Attorney-General in 1789; department of agriculture, 1889. The salary of a Cabinet officer is $8,000 a year.

The Secretary of State.-The Secretary of State has in his charge all business between our own and other governments. He conducts the correspondence with our ministers and other agents in foreign countries, and with the representatives of other countries here. All communications respecting boundary and other treaties are also under the direction of this department, and a special clerk compiles and preserves all statistics relating to our foreign commerce. This department also files all acts and proceedings of Congress, and attends to the publication of the same and their distribution throughout the country.

The Secretary of the Treasury. This department has charge of all moneys paid into the Treasury of the United States, also of all disbursements, the auditing of accounts, and the collection of revenue. It supervises the mint and coinage of money, and has charge of the coast survey, including the erection and management of lighthouses. The marine hospitals of the government are under its direction, and it controls the regulation and appointments of all custom houses. It also supervises the lifesaving service, and has control of the National Board of Health.

The Secretary of War.-It has in its charge all business growing out of the military affairs of the government, attends to the paying of troops and the furnishing of all army supplies; it supervises the erection of forts, and all work of military engineering. This department has also in charge the publication of official records of the war, an enormous work, which has already taken a number of years. All the Archives captured from, or surrendered by, the Confederate Government are in charge of this

bureau of records. The Military Academy at West Point is under the War Department.

The Secretary of the Navy.-The Navy Department was at first included in the War Department, but in 1798 the two branches of the service were separated. It supervises the building and repairs of all vessels, docks, and wharves, and enlistment and discipline of sailors, together with all supplies needed by them. The Naval Academy at Annapolis is under the Navy Department.

The Secretary of the Interior. This department has charge of all matters relating to the sale and survey of the public lands; the adjudication and payment of pensions; the treaties with the Indian tribes of the West; the issue of letters patent to inventors, the collection of statistics on the progress of education, the supervision of the accounts of railroads, the investigation of labor troubles, and collection of statistics thereon. The Secretary of the Interior has also charge of the mining interests of the government, of the census of the United States, and of the receiving and arranging of printed journals of Congress, and other books printed and purchased for the use of the government.

The Postmaster-General.—He has the supervision of all the post offices of the country, their names, establishment and discontinuance of postoffices, the modes of carrying the mail, the issue of stamps, the receipt of the revenue of the office, and all other matters connected with the management and transportation of the mails. The duties of the head of this department have now a scope that would amaze the ghost of the first official appointed, could he be permitted to re-visit the scenes of his earthly labors.

The Attorney-General.-The Attorney-General is required