taria, exostræ, globi incendiarii, granatæ, saucissæ, coronæ et serta ignea, tormentorum bellicorum fulcimina lignea, sclopetariorum furcillæ, coramina ad pulveris ac plumbi mensuras reponendas apta, pulvis pyrus, funes incendiarii, sal nitrum, glandes, longiores hastæ, gladii, cassides, galeæ, lorica, bipennes, sarissæ, equi, ephippia, bulgæ, quibus sclophi inseruntur, baltei, aliaque hujus farinæ ad bellum spectantia.

The next following article of the treaty, which excludes provisions from the list of Contraband of War may be considered to have the consent of all the Nations of Europe, so far indeed as it recognises the Right of a belligerent Power to confiscate the merchandise enumerated, if it is being carried to a blockaded port :

ART. XIII. Sub ejusmodi mercibus prohibitis sive de Contrebande minime comprehenduntur triticum, frumentum et alia grana, legumina, olea, vina, sal aut generaliter alia ulla; quæ aliæ omnes res vendibiles atque merces, quæ in præcedenti articulo expressæ non sunt, libertate fruuntur; eritque illorum transportatio, etiam in ipsa loca Coronæ Hispanicæ inimica, excepta Lusitania, prout dictum fuit, et urbibus locisque obsidione cinctis, circumclusis, aut invasis, permissa 12.

42 The Latin version of this Treaty will be found in Schmauss, Corpus Jur. Gent. Academium, p. 683; the French version is in Dumont, Traités, Tom. VI. Pt. II. p. 266

ART. XII. En ce genre de marchandises de contrebande s'entend seulement estre comprises toutes sortes d'Armes à feu, et autres assortissemens d'icelles; comme canons, mousquets, mortiers, pétards, bombs, grenades, saucisses, cercles poissez, affusts, fourchettes, bandolières, poudres, mesches, salpestre, balles, picques, espées, morions, casques, cuirasses, hallebardes, javelines, chevaux, selles de cheval, fourreaux de pistolets,

baudriers, et autres assortissemens servans à l'usage de la Guerre.

ART. XIII. Ne seront compris en ce genre de Marchandises de Contrebande, les fromens, bleds, et autres grains, legumes, huiles, vin, sel, ny généralement tout ce qui appartient à la nourriture et sustentation de la vie ; mais demeureront libres, comme toutes autres marchandises et denrées non comprises en l'article précédent; et en sera le transport permis, mesme aux lieux ennemis de la Couronne d'Espagne, sauf en Portugal, comme il a été dit, et aux villes et places assiegées, bloquées ou investies.

$132. The Dutch were not slow to follow the example of the Hanse Towns, and of Spain, and in 1662 concluded a treaty at Paris, with Louis XIV, whereby they agreed to limit the catalogue of Contraband of War to the articles enumerated in the Treaty of the Pyrenees. England and Sweden on the other hand kept themselves aloof, as they had agreed by a treaty concluded at Whitehall on 21 Oct. 1661, Treaty of to maintain the more severe rule. It was provided in 1661. by Art. XI of that Treaty, as follows:

Cautum tantummodo sit interim ne merces ullæ vocatæ contrabandæ, et specialiter nec pecunia nec commeatus, nec arma, bombarda cum suis igniariis et aliis ad eas pertinentibus, ignes missiles, pulvis tormentarins, fomites, alias lunten, globi, cuspides, enses, lanceæ, hastæ, bipennes, tormenta, tubi catapultarii, vulgo mortaria, inductiles sclopi, vulgo petardæ, glandes igniariæ, missiles, vulgo granadæ, furcæ sclopetariæ, bandaliers, salpetræ, sclopeti, globuli seu pilæ quæ sclopetis jaculantur, cassides, galeæ, thoraces loricatæ, vulgo cuirasses, et similia armaturæ genera, milites, equi, omnia ad instruendos equos necessaria, sclopethecæ, balthei et quæcunque alia bellica instrumenta, uti nec naves bellicæ et præsidiariæ hostibus suppeditanda devehantur ad alterius hostes, sine periculo, quod prædæ cedant absque spe restitutionis. Neque confœderatorum alteruter sinat ut suorum cujusquam operâ hostes aut perduelles alterius utantur, navesque vendantur, commodentur, ullove modo usui sint alterutrius hostibus aut perduellibus, ad ejus incommodum aut detrimentum; alterutri autem confœderatorum ejusve populo subditive cum alterius hostibus commercium habere, iisque merces quascunque (de quibus supra exceptum non est,) advehere licebit, idque, sive ullo impedimento, nisi iis in portubus, locisque, qui ab altero obsidentur; quod si acciderit, vel obsessoribus bona sua divendere vel ad alium quemvis portum non obsessum libere se conferre permissum est 13.

It will be observed, however, that whilst these two

43 Dumont, Traités, Tom. VI. Pt. II. p. 385.

Whitehall

Powers agreed to consider money, provisions, and ships, as prohibited articles, and so far in respect of Contraband of War adhered to the stricter practice, they proposed to adopt a more lenient rule in regard to cargoes going to besieged and blockaded towns, as instead of such cargoes, if captured on their way to such towns, being subject to Confiscation, they were made liable to Preemption only on the part of the captors. The provisions of this Treaty were renewed between Sweden and Great Britain in other treaties of Commerce concluded respectively in 1664, 1665, and 1666 Sweden, however, in the year 1667 concluded a treaty at the Hague (16 July 1667) with the United Provinces, under which, in order to put an end to all controversy as to what merchandise should be regarded as Contraband of War, the two Nations agreed to adopt the catalogue already referred to, as having been introduced by France into her treaties with Spain and the United Provinces 45. Great Britain very shortly afterwards, by the Treaty Treaties of of Breda (31 July 1667), entered into the same Madrid in system of concert as to Contraband of War with the United Provinces, having previously, by the Treaty of Peace and Commerce, concluded with Spain at Madrid, on March 14, 1667, agreed with that Power to adopt the rule of the Treaty of the Pyrenees. At Treaty of last, by the Treaty of St. Germain en Laye (24 Feb. 1677), Great Britain and France came to a common

Breda and

1667.

St. Ger

main en Laye of 1677.

44 The Treaties of 1664 and 1665 are referred to in the first article of the Treaty of 1666. Dumont, Traités, Tom. VI. Pt. III. p. 83.

45 Art. III. Ut vero evitentur penitus atque amoveantur controversiæ et disceptationes, quæ ob designandam jam dictam mercem

de Contrabanda oriri aliquando possent, convenit utrinque, ac pro re rata habitum est, hoc in numero duci et censeri oportere arma quævis ad vim tam propulsandam quam inferendam apta, præsertim, &c. Schmauss, Corp. Jur. Gent. Acad. p. 891.

understanding on the subject of Contraband in these

terms:

Item. L'on pourra faire trafic pendant la Guerre des mêmes marchandises que l'on peut négocier en temps de Paix à la reserve de celles de Contrebande, qui sont expliquées dans l'article suivant.

ART. III. Les marchandises défendues et de Contrebande sont les canons et leurs assortimens, armes à feu, poudre, mèches, boulets, picques, épées, lances, hallebardes, pertuisannes, bombes, mortiers, pétards, grénades, fourches de mousquets, bandoulières, salpêtres, balles, casques, morions, cuirasses, et autres armes semblables. Est encore prohibé sous le dit nom, le transport de gens de guerre, de chevaux, de harnois, de fourreaux de pistolets, de baudriers, et assortimens façonnez et formez à l'usage de la guerre.

ART. IV. Au nombre de marchandises de contrebande et défendues ne sont comprises les marchandises suivantes : sçavoir, les étoffes et manufactures de laine, lin, soye, coton, et de quelque autre matière que ce soit : toutes sortes d'habits et vestemens, et les étoffes et sortes desquelles on les fait, or et argent monnoyé et non monnoyé, estain, fer, plomb, cuivre, charbon, blez, orges, et autres grains et legumes, tabac, espiceries, chairs salées et fumées, poisson sec et salé, fromage, beurre, bière, huile, vin, sucre, sels, et tout ce qui appartient à la nourriture et sustentation de la vie. Ne seront aussi compris dans les marchandises défendues, les cotons, chanvres, lins, poix, cordages, voiles, anchres, mats, planches, poultres et bois travaillé de toutes espèces d'arbres, et qui peut servir à construire des vaisseaux ou à les radouber; et demeureront les dites marchandises libres, de même que toutes les autres généralement qui ne sont comprises dans l'article précédent.

Free traffic in all the above articles was secured to the merchants of either Nation, not merely between neutral and enemy ports, but from one enemy port to another enemy port. "Ne pourra néammoins ledit transport être fait aux villes et places assiégées, ou bloquées, ou investies 46"

46 Dumont, Traités, Tom. VII. Part I. p. 327. PART II.

S

Treaty of
Whitehall

of 1689.

48

133. It will be convenient to notice in the present place the provisions of the Treaty of Whitehall (22 August 1689) concluded between Great Britain and the United Provinces. Lord Liverpool" speaks of it as a convention between the two allied Powers "to prohibit totally the commerce of neutral Powers with France;" and Dr. Phillimore condemns it as an attempt to enforce a doctrine, that neutral States are not entitled to carry on, upon their own account, a trade with a belligerent. But this convention, if carefully examined, will be found to be not an agreement between the two Powers to revive the ancient practice, which was fast falling into desuetude, of forbidding by proclamation all commerce whatsoever between neutral merchants and the ports of a belligerent Power, but a compact between the two Powers to establish a blockade of all the ports, harbours, and roadsteads, of the French King49, and to notify their resolution to all neutral States. It is not surprising that Puffendorf 50 was of opinion that this Convention was justifiable, for under the more lenient practice of the present century a blockade of all the ports, harbours, and roadsteads of the

47 Discourse on the Conduct of the Government of Great Britain in respect to Neutral Nations. London, 1801, p. 37.

48 Phillimore's Commentaries on International Law, Vol. III. p. 238.

49 "Il est nécessaire qu'on employe toutes ses forces, et particulièrement qu'on passe en sorte que tout commerce et trafficq avec les sujets dudit Roi très Chrétien soit effectivement rompu et interdit, pour ôter au dit Roi et à ses sujets les moyens de fournir à une guerre, qui pourra

autrement par sa durée estre très nuisible, et causer une grande effusion du sang Chrestien, et sa dite Majesté de la Grande Bretagne et les dits Seigneurs Estats Généraux ayant pour mieux y parvenir ordonné à leurs flottes de faire voile vers les Costes de France, et de bloquer tous les Ports, Havres et Rades dudit Roi très Chrétien." Dumont, Traités, Tom. VII. Part II. p. 238.

50 See a Letter of Puffendorf, in Groningii Bibliotheca Universalis Librorum Juridicorum, p. 105.