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No Political
Axes to Grind

The Christian Science Monitor-the international daily newspaper-has no political axes to grind. Its concept of its responsibility is not limited by partisan affiliations. Its endeavor is to support and protect every righteous activity expressed individually or nationally. It is also ready to risk the displeasure of even the most humanly powerful interests and systems, in order that the light of publicity shall penetrate their motives and actions.

The Regulation of Wages.. The Railway Control Bill.

395

The Housing Bills.....

395

An Hour of Light for an Hour of Night 396 The American Army in France...

396

The New Machine Gun...

397

For the World's Liberty..

397

Mr. Bryan Reaps......

397

The Archbishop of York. What Mr. McAdoes... Stopping The Outlook.....

398

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398

Cartoons of the Week...

399

The Packers.....

400

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The Christian Science Monitor is on general sale throughout the world at news stands, hotels and Christian Science readingrooms at 3c a copy. A monthly trial subscription by mail anywhere in the world for 75c, a sample copy on request.

THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE
PUBLISHING SOCIETY

What Is to Become of Our Reservoir of
Oil ?......

Lenten Lessons: III-A Leader of Men. 404
On Becoming a Mexican Bandit.... 404
Educating Women Voters..

405

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PIRITUAL SONG

Just Out. A New Song Book. Sample copy will demonstrate its value. Examination Copy Board 25c. Cloth c The Biglow and Main Co., New York - Chicago SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES MASSACHUSETTS

THE DIVINITY SCHOOL OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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Cambridge, Mass.

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The Lady Jane Grey School for Girls admits to

Vassar, Smith, Wellesley, Mount Holyoke. General Courses
Special courses for High School graduates. Music and
Domestic Science. Exceptional home life.
THE MISSES HYDE, ELLA VIRGINIA JONES, A.B., Principals

St. John's Riverside Hospital Training
School for Nurses

YONKERS, NEW YORK Registered in New York State, offers a 3 years' course general training to refined, educated women. Require ments one year high school or its equivalent. Apply to the Directress of Nurses, Yonkers, New York.

GIRLS' CAMPS

SARGENT CAMPS

for Girls

DR. D. A. SARGENT, President.

Illustrated Catalog. SECRETARY, Cambridge, Mass.

The Tooth Destroyer

Is That Germ-Breeding Film

All Statements Approved by High Dental Authorities

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Facts That Everyone
Should Know

Dental practice in late years has made enormous progress. Many old theories have been abandoned. Many new methods have been adopted, after long clinical tests.

This is one which refers to teeth cleaning. And dental authorities feel that everyone should know it. An evident fact is that old tooth-brushing methods have failed. Statistics show that tooth decay and pyorrhea have constantly increased. Tartar forms and teeth discolor-all despite the daily brushing. And dentists now know why.

The reason lies in a film-that slimy film. You can feel it. It constantly accumulates. It gets into crevices and hardens and stays. Even on smooth surfaces it accumulates.

That film absorbs stains and discolors. It hardens into tartar. It holds food particles which ferment and form acid. It holds the acid in contact with the teeth the cause of decay.

It harbors germs and breeds them-millions of them. They, with tartar, are the chief cause of pyorrhea. In various cases they enter the tissues and enter the stomach, causing many serious troubles. Nearly all tooth troubles and many others are now traced to that film on teeth.

Much of that film escapes the tooth brush. The ordinary dentifrice cannot dissolve it. Many kinds mal:e it more difficult to remove. That is why tooth cleaning has been so ineffective. But now a new-day dentifrice-called Pepsodent-acts directly on that film. It solves the problem of clean, safe teeth as nothing else has done. And now, having been accepted by able authorities, we urge you to prove it by a one-week test.

Pepsodent

REG. U.S.

The New-Day Dentifrice

Sold by Druggists in Large Tubes

THE PEPSODENT CO. Dept. 97, 1104 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago

A One-Week Test
Will Be a Revelation

Pepsodent is based on the fact that the film is albuminous matter. The basis of Pepsodent is pepsin, the digestant of albumin.

The object is to dissolve the film. Then to daily combat the film, preventing its accumulation.

Pepsin long seemed forbidden. It is useless unless activated. And the usual activating agent is an acid, harmful to the teeth.

But science has now solved that problem. It has discovered an activating method which is absolutely harmless. Five governments have already granted patents. That activating method is now used in Pepsodent.

Dental authorities have now submitted this Identifrice to three years of clinical tests. They have applied it in thousands of cases, carefully watching results.

Now that they have accepted it, we offer the product to everyone for home tests. And we urge its universal use.

Send the coupon for a One-Week Tube. Use it like any tooth paste-it is delightful. Then watch the results.

Note how clean your teeth feel after using. Mark the absence of the slimy film. Note how the teeth whiten as the fixed film disappears. Note how it polishes the teeth.

That 7-day test will be a revelation. You will know what clean teeth mean. You will know that your teeth's chief enemy -film-can be defeated daily. And we do not believe that you will ever again return to old teeth-cleaning methods. As a reminder, cut out the coupon now.

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VALENTINE'S

Val-Ename

An American product vastly superior to the finest imported enamels. It starts white and stays white.

Val-Enamel is very economical. A small quantity covers a great deal of surface, enabling the painter to furnish a superior job at a reasonable cost. It is washable. For dining-room, livingroom or bedroom, for kitchen, pantry or bathroom, for interior or exterior work, use Val-Enamel. Ask the Valspar dealer for it.

Copyright, 1918, Valentine & Co.

The Outlook

MARCH 13, 1918

Offices, 381 Fourth Avenue, New York

On account of the war and the consequent delays in the mails, both in New York City and on the railways, this copy of The Outlook may reach the subscriber late. The publishers are doing everything in their power to facilitate deliveries

THE REGULATION OF WAGES

Every now and then a new fact comes up which shows to what a startling degree we have departed in this country from the old industrial philosophy of the Manchester school of political economists. The theory of those economists was that all trade activities, including the relations of wage-workers to employers, should be governed by what they called the law of supply and demand. They contended that the sole function of government was to protect life and property, but that it was not to meddle in business or commerce, that the rule of industry was laissez faire, or let things alone. Occasionally to-day some loyal supporter of the Manchester philosophy struggles to make himself heard, but for all practical purposes the doctrine is obsolete, and the war has rapidly hastened its obsolescence. The United States Government is now regulating our coal, our food, our income, is fixing the prices we may receive for our wheat, and in England the Government is even telling manufacturers what they may make and what they may not make. The United States Government has already fixed eight hours as the legal length of a day's work for all laborers employed by it or by contractors working for it. It has now, by an Act just introduced into Congress, taken up the question of fixing wages. Twelve States in the past six years have established Minimum Wage Commissions, and as a result of the reports of these Commissions seven States have fixed the minimum rate of wages in certain employments.

A bill providing for the fixing of minimum wage rates for women in the various trades and occupations in the District of Columbia, known as the Trammell-Keating Bill, was introduced in the Senate and the House on March 1. Senator Park

Trammell, formerly Governor of Florida, is a progressive Southerner who is regarded as an exponent of the new industry era in the South. Representative Keating, of Colorado, has been a consistent advocate of measures in the interest of wage-earners, especially of women and children. He was one of the leading supporters in Congress of the Federal Child Labor Bill, the constitutionality of which law is now before the Supreme Court of the United States. The Trammell-Keating Bill for minimum wage-fixing cannot affect many women, for there are not many women wage-workers in the District of Columbia. But it is believed by those actively interested in improving factory conditions for women and children that, if passed, the bill will have great moral influence upon the country at large.

It will put the Federal Government on record as to the District of Columbia, over which it has complete control, it will establish certain Federal boards of inquiry, it will afford a means of collecting and arranging statistics as to working and living conditions of women throughout the country. For this reason the National Consumers' League, which has done so much for the improvement of the conditions of wage-working women, and which has been an influential factor in certain great Constitutional decisions of the Supreme Court in labor questions, is watching the progress of the Trammell-Keating Bill with keen interest and an earnest desire for its passage.

THE RAILWAY CONTROL BILL

Though the railways of the country have been for several weeks operated by the Federal Government, and have therefore ceased for the time being to be private enterprises, except that they are privately owned, they cannot be run without money,

and they cannot be taken without compensation for their use. Besides, there are a good many questions raised by Government operation that have to be settled by law. For example, how shall freight rates now be determined? So it was inevitable that a bill should be introduced and debated in Congress to provide the necessary legislation.

Such a bill has passed both houses of Congress. It was prepared in its original form in accord with the policy of the Administration that is now operating the railways. Such amendments as have been made to the bill in Congress have not materially changed its main purpose.

In its passage through each house it has been accepted as a war measure. There are many men in both houses of Congress who believe that Government operation of railways has come to stay; but these men, as well as those who believe or hope that the railways will go back to private operation, agree that the provisions of this bill should be regarded as temporary. Of course those who hope for the return to private management are emphatic on this point, but the believers in Government operation are equally emphatic, though on other grounds. We are in the midst of the war, say the Government operationists, and we cannot stop to debate and discuss and modify and perfect a measure suitable to provide for permanent Government operation. We must recognize that emergency legislation is necessarily imperfect, and that it is more important to get legislation quickly than it is to get it in the best possible form.

Both those who approve and those who disapprove Government operation as a permanent policy can agree on a measure that will provide for the Government operation necessary for the prosecution of the war. Afterwards we can discuss at great

length the provisions necessary for Government operation as a determined to use every effort to bring about permanent Govpermanent policy. There are some men in Congress who are ernment operation who would oppose this measure if they had these regard, for example, the compensation for the use of the to accept it as a precedent for permanent operation. Some of railways as provided in this bill to be unscientifically deter mined, and, though acceptable enough for a limited period, not at all acceptable as a permanent policy. Others hold that the transfer of the railways to the control of the President is tolerable and perhaps necessary in war time, but that for permanent operation the railways should be transferred to a distinctively determined administrative body.

When, therefore, in the Senate the proposal to remove the large majority it was decided that the provisions of this bill time limit from the bill was overwhelmingly defeated, and by a should expire eighteen months after the close of the war, the vote was no indication that the prevailing opinion in Congress is against permanent Government operation.

THE HOUSING BILLS

The first of the two Housing Bills has passed Congress and has been signed by the President. It makes a beginning of providing for housing the army of men who are flocking to yards where the new boats for Government use are being built. The other bill, if it becomes law, will make a beginning of providing for housing the army of men who are flocking to munitions and other plants where Government contracts are in

progress.

Each bill appropriates $50,000,000. The total sum is one-tenth of what Great Britain has already spent for a similar purpose.

And she is ready to spend a billion dollars more. The English are wiser in this respect than we are. What they have done was described in an article in last week's Outlook.

We are making but a deferred beginning at the problem; but it is better than the past delay. Senator Fletcher's bill, now law, authorizes the Emergency Fleet Corporation, acting under the Federal Shipping Board, to purchase land and houses for the use of employees in the shipyards in which there are now being constructed ships for the United States, to build and lease houses, to acquire land or houses by condemnation, and to make loans to corporations to provide houses.

The Federal Shipping Board, which was established by law late in 1916, operates and repairs ships already in existence. It does not build ships itself, but has created the Emergency Fleet Corporation to take over, with a capital of $50,000,000, the mapping out of the ship-building programme, the commandeering of ships already built or being built, the adjustment of the differences between capital and labor, and the building of new boats. Since, therefore, the Emergency Fleet Corporation builds ships, it is the natural agency to use in building the houses for the ship-builders.

Most workmen do not want to live at such barracks as the four at Hog Island, each with a capacity of 500 men; they are really big frame hotels. What they can now anticipate will be two thousand homes at that point. The workman wants to be near his work, but, as a rule, he does not want to live in a temporary kind of lodging. Hence we trust and expect that the Government will build in the best way-the ultimately economical way. If it does, the slums of Philadelphia may be emptied in favor of the homes at Hog Island.

The Director of Housing under the Federal Shipping Board is to be Mr. J. Rogers Flannery, a capable and earnest man, fully aware of the importance of his work.

AN HOUR OF LIGHT FOR AN HOUR OF NIGHT

Germany, Austria, Australia, Bermuda, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Holland, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, and Sweden have adopted the daylight saving plan, which consists in setting the clock forward one hour during certain of the spring, summer, and autumn months, and setting it back to standard time in the winter. The practical working of this plan is very simple. If at midnight at the close of April 30 next every clock and watch in the United States were set forward one hour, the man who rises at seven and breakfasts at 7:30 would still pursue his accustomed habits by the watch, but by standard or solar time he would rise at six and breakfast at 6:30. He would apparently be getting up, taking his breakfast, going to the office or store, and eating his midday and evening meals at just the hour he always had been, but he would actually have an hour more of the clear and refreshing daylight of the morning and a longer evening of sunlight after his day's work was done.

The countries that have tried this plan are completely satisfied with it. It not only gives more time for daylight work and pleasure, but it is of distinct economic value. It has led to the annual saving in fuel last year of $35,000,000 in Germany, $12,000,000 in England, and $10,000,000 in France. A British Parliamentary commission has reported, moreover, that this simple device for providing more daylight hours has resulted in a manifest saving of light and health. Last April bills were introduced into Congress providing for setting the clock forward on the last Sunday of April and setting it back the last Sunday in September. The Senate passed this legislation last June, but the House has debated and discussed it until about a month ago. A compromise has been reached between the Senate and House Committees, and the two bodies have now agreed, we believe, on legislation which, if passed, will make the period of daylight saving in this country to extend from the last of March to the last of October, a period of seven months. It is believed that if the daylight saving plan is adopted it will have a very beneficial effect on the production of food in this country during the coming summer. It has been said that many farmers, no matter what the clock may indicate, get up at dawn and work until dusk. This cannot be said of gardeners, especially of the

amateur sort, and there was an unprecedented number of them last summer-about three million. If there should be three million gardeners this summer, an extra hour of daylight for each one after the evening meal on the twenty-six working days of each of the seven months would add 546,000,000 working hours to the garden work of the country. Writing to The Outlook. Representative Borland, of Missouri, who is sponsor for the bill in the House, calls attention to the fact that the abovementioned stimulus to home gardens will help the transportation situation, for the nearer food is grown to the kitchen door the less demand there will be for cars to haul produce from distant points. He believes that the saving in coal thus effected will free many cars for use in other directions.

There has been some discussion as to why the daylight sav ing plan should not be made to cover the entire twelve months. The United States Chamber of Commerce and the American Railway Association are among some of the important organiza tions that want to see the plan adopted throughout the year. But the main thing is the saving of daylight in summer. One summer has gone by already since the plan was introduced into Congress because of debates and discussions. Is it not evident that the thing to do now is to adopt the daylight saving plan for the coming summer and reserve debates regarding its extension until the winter months? If such a debate in favor of an annual extension of the plan should come up next winter, we should vote strongly in the negative. It seems to us that the whole merit of the plan consists in applying it only to the summer months. Its merit consists in the fact that it gets people to do things earlier in the day under an agreement that they shall profess to deceive themselves into a belief that they are doing things just as they have always done them. This professed selfdeception can be solely accomplished by setting the clock for ward in the spring and setting it back in the autumn. There is, after all, so much of the children in us "grown-ups " that we have occasionally to sugar-coat our reforms by this kind of make-believe self-deception. The element of self-deception will be entirely taken out if we set the clock forward perma nently.

Some of our readers have asked us by what authority Congress can impose upon the individual citizen the necessity of setting his watch forward on a given date in March? The reply is that Congress has no such authority and is not endeavoring legally to compel any private citizen to follow the daylight saving plan. Under the Inter-State Commerce Law, however, Congress can regulate the railways, and the bill now in Congress provides that "all common carriers engaged in commen between the several States, or between a State and any of the Territories of the United States, or between a State or the Territory of Alaska and any of the insular possessions of the United States or any foreign country," shall arrange their movements and time-tables in accordance with the new standar time established by moving the clock forward one hour. Whe all the railways and steamship lines do this, every private citiz will have to follow, for, as a matter of fact, every citizen of the United States must set his watch in accordance with the ra way time of his immediate neighborhood.

THE AMERICAN ARMY IN FRANCE

The reports from France of the courage and skill of the American forces actually in the fighting line are good readi for all American patriots. It is now no secret that sections the line are held by Americans, stationed between Fren bodies of troops but acting independently. This state exists three, perhaps four, sectors of the general line. Our troops " aided in raids made by French contingents in which priso were taken and losses inflicted on the enemy, they have fered from vicious gas attacks directed solely at the Ameri line, and they have withstood by themselves attacks, one which was so stubbornly continued that the experts de whether it was a simple raid or had as its ultimate object capture and retention of a part of our line. In this partic action, which took place to the north of Toul on March Lieutenant Eadie, Lieutenant Hoover, and thirteen men w killed, while about ten men were wounded. The story of fight shows that the Americans used their automatic pis

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