by, the contending parties; with general International Law, or, in other instances, with that National Law which appears applicable according to the precepts of International Law.

31. The award must be given by a majority of votes, unless it is expressly stipulated in the Agreement that unanimity is indispensable; whether this majority shall be relative or absolute is a point to be settled by the tribunal itself, the whole of which is bound by the majority.

32. The award should be made in the form of a written document, prepared in duplicate, and formally delivered to the Agents of the parties affected thereby.

33. The points submitted to Arbitration, once the decision has been formally given, cannot be reconsidered without a new Agreement.

34. The Award is obligatory and without appeal; but its execution does not lie within the functions of the tribunal, that being a matter for the contending parties alone.

35. The decision of the tribunal, however, has for the contending parties the effect of a regular transaction, and binds them for the same reasons and on the same conditions as Treaties. They are, therefore, honourably to execute it as they would a Treaty by which they themselves had settled their respective rights as the Arbitrators have done for them.

36. But its reconsideration by the same tribunal may be demanded if the judgment has been based upon any erroneous or false document, or is the result of an error arising in the course of the trial.

37. An arbitral decision may be disregarded in the following

cases :

1. When the tribunal has clearly exceeded the powers given to it by the instrument of submission.

est établi entre les parties par les traités ou la coutume; le droit international général; et aux points en litige d'une autre nature, le droit national qui paraît applicable d'après les préceptes du droit international.

31. Le jugement doit être rendu à la majorité des voix, à moins que, dans les conditions de l'arbitrage, on n'ait expressément déterminé que l'unanimité serait indispensable.

Le tribunal décidera si la majorité doit être relative ou absolue. La majorité lie le tribunal entier.

32. La décision sera rendue sous la forme de sentence écrite, en double exemplaire; ceux-ci seront remis aux mandataires des parties.

33. On ne pourra pas admettre de demandes de correction ou de revision de la sentence sans une nouvelle convention.

34. La sentence est obligatoire et sans appel, mais les arbitres ne peuvent disposer d'aucun moyen pour contraindre les parties à s'y conformer. L'exécution de la sentence sera l'affaire des parties contestantes.

35. La décision des arbitres a pour les parties les effets d'une transaction régulière, et elle les oblige par les mêmes raisons et aux mêmes conditions que les traités; elles sont tenues de l'exécuter comme elles feraient d'un traité par lequel elles régleraient leurs droits respectifs comme l'ont fait les arbitres.

36. Mais il est reconnu le droit d'en demander la revision devant le même tribunal, si on a jugé sur un document faux ou erroné, ou si la sentence a été l'effet d'une erreur quelconque dans le procès.

37. La sentence arbitrale est nulle dans les cas suivants :

1. Lorsque le tribunal a éprouvé un excès de pouvoir;

2. When it is guilty of an open denial of justice.

3. When its award is proved to have been obtained by fraud or corruption.

4. And when the terms of the award are equivocal.

5. Some authorities add that the decision may also be disregarded if it is absolutely contrary to the rules of justice or International Law.

38. The cost of maintaining the tribunal shall be borne pro ratâ by the States concurring in its organisation. The cost of any particular reference to Arbitration shall be borne by the contending parties in equal shares; unless the award includes the payment of costs.

39. A permanent tribunal, besides hearing and deciding judicially matters in difference, should be empowered, at the instance of any two or more nations, to express an extrajudicial opinion on any question of law or interpretation of Treaties, with the object of preventing differences arising in the future.

40. It should also be ready, in view of conferences or congresses of Sovereigns and Statesmen, to suggest modifications and alterations with reference to International Law on points of difference which remain unsettled, and on which conflict of opinion may exist.

2. Lorsque la teneur de la sentence est absolument contraire aux règles de la justice;

3. Lorsque la sentence a été obtenue par fraude ou corrup

tion;

4. Lorsque les termes de la sentence sont équivoques;

5. Selon quelques autorités : lorsque la sentence est absolu'ment contraire aux règles de justice ou de droit international.

38. Chacun des Etats contractants contribuera, dans des proportions à déterminer, aux frais du tribunal. Les frais de chaque procédure seront supportés par chacune des nations litigantes, par parts égales, à moins que le jugement ne comprenne le paiement des frais.

39. Outre le devoir de trancher par voie juridique les litiges qui lui sont soumis, le tribunal aura celui d'exprimer, sur la demande de deux ou plusieurs nations, son opinion sur des questions de droit ou sur l'interprétation de traités, en vue de prévenir des litiges dans l'avenir.

40. Il devra aussi se préparer à faire des propositions aux conférences ou congrès de souverains et d'hommes d'Etat, pour des modifications aux lois internationales sur des points qui n'ont pas encore été réglés, et sur lesquels les opinions diffèrent.

RULES RELATING TO A TREATY OF INTER

NATIONAL ARBITRATION.

Prepared by the Special Committee of the International Law Association, appointed in London 10th October, 1893, and revised by the Conference at Brussels, 1st and 2nd October, 1895.

1. Unless it be intended that all possible differences between the nations, parties to the Treaty, are to be referred to Arbitration, the class of differences to be referred must be defined.

2. If the Agreement for Arbitration does not specify the number and names of the Arbitrators, the Tribunal of Arbitration shall be constituted according to rules prescribed by that Agreement or by another Convention.

3. If the Tribunal is to be specially constituted, the place of meeting must be fixed. This should be outside the territories of the parties to the controversy.

4. If the Tribunal consists of more than two members, provision should be made for the decision of all questions by a majority of the Arbitrators; but the dissentient members should have the right of recording their dissent.

5. Each party should be required to appoint an agent to represent it in all matters connected with the Arbitration.

6. The Treaty should provide that if doubts arise as to whether a given subject of controversy be comprised among those agreed upon as subjects of Arbitration in it, and if one of the parties require the doubt to be settled by Arbitration, the other party must submit to such Arbitration, but may require that the judgment be limited to the admissibility of the demand for Arbitration.

7. Unless the Treaty otherwise provide, the procedure should be by case, counter-case, and printed argument, each delivered by both parties simultaneously at a fixed date, with final oral argument. The periods of time allowed for the delivery of cases, counter-cases, and printed arguments should be fixed by the Treaty, but the Tribunal should have the power of extending the time. The Tribunal itself should fix the time for hearing th oral argument.