What do these characters stand for? 69. G. O. P. 70. H. C. L. 71. Y. M. H. A. 72. S. O. S. 73. R-34. And of course you can answer these questions: "? 74. Who are called the "Bitter Enders 75. What distinguished Belgian prelate visited America in 1919? Constitutional passed by Congress in 1919 and submitted to the States for adoption? 76. What amendment was 77. What man resigned from President Wilson's Cabinet to become a United States Senator? 78. What United States Senator was recently his indicted for alleged corruption in election? 79. What man was elected Governor in 1919 on the promise that he would make his State as "wet as the Atlantic ? 80. Where will the Republican National Convention meet in 1920? The Democratic Convention? 81. How many States ratified the prohibition amendment to the Constitution? 82. What Socialist was denied a seat in the House of Representatives? 83. What airplane made the first transatlantic flight? 84. Who was Director General of the American Relief Commission in Europe? 85. What Cabinet member narrowly escaped death from a bomb in 1919? 86. When did wartime prohibition go into effect? 87. What incident occurred at Centralia, Wash., on Nov. 11, 1919? 88. What bill was vetoed twice by President Wilson and was then passed by Congress over the Veto? 89. What honor was conferred on Pershing by Congress? 90. What reigning sovereign addressed Congress in 1919? If you have the normal American interest in athletics these last will be the easiest questions of all; feminine readers, however, may enlist the help of expert masculine friends: 91. What baseball team won the 1919 world series? 92. Who headed the batting list in 1919? 93. Who broke the major league record for home runs? 94. Who is the manager of the New York "Giants" ? 95. What baseball team is known a.s the 'Tigers ? " 96. Who won the national lawn tennis championship in 1919? 97. Who won the amateur golf championship in 1919? 98. Who holds the world's altitude record in airplane flying? 26. Democratic Senator in charge of the Administration's fight for the Peace Treaty. 27. Secretary of the Treasury. 34. President of Rockefeller Foundation. 37. Secretary of the Interior until March 1, 1920. 38. Governor of the Federal Reserve Board. 39. Chairman of Democratic National Committee. 40. Governor of Massachusetts. 41. United States Senator from Washington. 42. Rear Admiral United States Navy. 43. Chief of Staff United States Army. THAT Changes in the Strand HAT famous thoroughfare of London, the Strand, which has undergone so many changes in the last fifteen years that most of its Victorian landmarks have already disappeared, is to be still. further transformed. The blocks of buildings between Simpson's restaurant and Wellington Street have just been purchased for something like £1,500,000, and the buildings will be cleared away and a large new hotel, a newspaper office and shops are to be built on the space thus made available. The Strand will be widened starting from the Savoy Hotel. Among other landmarks Bur gess's fish-sauce shop, one of the old London shops with a yard behind and a quay of its own on the river, where small ships discharged limes and oils from Italy, which had been converted into a cinematograph theatre, will finally disappear. There is still a queer, narrow little entry near by, leading to steps that descend picturesquely to the Savoy churchyard. A large area touching the Strand on the other side is also for sale. The Strand and its environments, from the Savoy Hotel to Australia House, when these plans are completed, will take on the aspect of a wide, modern metropolitan avenue. Losses of France in the War By GABRIEL LOUIS-JARAY [DIRECTOR OF THE FRANCE-AMERICA COMMITTEE] In this important article from the official organ of the France-America Committee (France-Etats-Unis) the war sacrifices of France are thrown into bold relief. In comparing them with those of the great allied powers, as M. Firmin Roz, the editor of the review, points out, one is struck by the fact that France, apart from her moral anguish, has suffered far more heavily in material ways than the United Kingdom, Italy, and the United States. The reasons for this disproportion are explained in detail. The article is based in part on statistics formulated by Joseph Kitchin, an English statistician, and in part on statistical data collected by the French Deputy, M. Louis Dubois, and presented to the French Chamber on Dec. 18, 1919. T HE sacrifices accepted by France during the war in defense of her own liberty and that of the world are beyond anything the imagination could have grasped in 1914. Sacrifices in money, in men, in land, the sum total seems to be too heavy for the forces of the nation. And yet we are assured that, from this bath of blood and pain, a new France may rise, rejuvenated, thanks to the marvelous qualities of labor, social equilibrium, and natural moderation of the French people, if only our politicians are not too inferior to our soldiers, and if our allies and friends guarantee to us the help which justice, regard for their defense, their own interest rightly understood, and their friendship command them to grant us. THE MONEY SACRIFICE Before the war the yearly budget of France was over 5,000,000,000 francs, and during those five years our expenses amounted to some 150,000,000,000 francs. In the period we are now entering our national debt will be not less than 188,000,000,000, the yearly interest thereon being about 9,290,000,000, and our annual general expenses, counting 2,000,000,000 for pensions, about 15,600,000,000. Such figures, no doubt, cannot be taken as absolutely accurate; but what a light they throw on the burden France will have to support! But to appreciate its full weight, noth ing is better than the comparison Mr. Kitchin, the British statistican, draws between the different great nations. The result proves that France's sacrifices in money have been unequaled; if the amount of the national wealth of the country at the eve of the war and that of the national debt at its close are put side by side, it is seen that the United States has mortgaged, so to speak, only 42 per cent. of national wealth, the United Kingdom 32 per cent., Germany 50 per cent., and France 62 per cent. And let us notice that the English statistician compares our national debt after the war with our national wealth before the war. What would it be if he had written opposite it our present national wealth decreased in ten devastated departments? Germany doubtless will have to make good this destruction, but when, and how? Still keeping to Mr. Kitchin's calculations, let us compare the national revenue of the great nations before the war and the annual expenses they have or will have to meet after the war; in the United States 4 per cent. of the revenue will suffice, in England 23 per cent., in Germany 35 per cent., and in France 42 per cent. Germany doubtless will have to refund the sums paid for pensions and relief, but France's pre-war national revenue has been decreased by the loss of all that our devastated regions brought in, and their reconstruction will not be complete, nor even well under way, ten years hence. Is another comparison desired? Mr. Kitchin compares the population of the great States in 1914 and the amount of their real national debt at the end of the war, and comes to the conclusion that each Frenchman will have to bear a burden of 4,675 francs on this head, whereas each citizen of the United States will have one of 525 francs only, the Englishman 3,100 francs, and the German 2,950 francs. And if our population has been somewhat increased by the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, let us think of the 2,230,000 Frenchmen in the devastated provinces whose sources of wealth have been destroyed. In the tragedy of the great war, it is on France that the financial burden falls by far the most heavily, as may be seen by the tabulation at the foot of the following page. (See also Diagram I.) THE HUMAN SACRIFICE the part accepted by France, and she takes in the bloody payment of our common victory; 1,355,000 of her sons have fallen in battle, against 648,000 citizens of the United Kingdom, 465,000 Italians, and 51,000 North Americans; out of 100 inhabitants of France, 3.4 have perished, whereas the proportion works out at 1.4 for the United King FINANCIAL SITUATION COMPARED 1873 FRANCE 124 UNITED KINGDOM U.S. PROPORTION OF NATIONAL DEBT FOR EACH INHABITANT BEFORE WAR (IN POUNDS) 62% 32% 42% U.S. FRANCE UNITED KINGDOM PROPORTION OF NATIONAL DEBT COMPARED 624 555 FRANCE 39 MIL. INHAB 1914 And it is of France again that the heaviest sacrifices in men have been asked on the side of the victorious powers. The official figures furnished by the different military administrations have not been fixed immutably; yet, if they have to undergo certain alterations, these will certainly be unimportant; on the other hand, the methods of calculating and checking are perhaps not everywhere so rigorous as in France, as M. Louis Marin shows in a report laid before the Chamber of Deputies. But such as they are today, the figures are sufficient for one to be able to draw painful conclusions from them; it is sufficient to consider the graphic presentation of comparative losses as shown in Diagram II., [on Page 132,] to be struck by the enormous sacrifices UNITED KINGDOM 45 MIL INHAB. 102 MIL.INHAB. 67 MIL.INH. 1911. DIAGRAM I. dom, 1.3 for Italy, 0.05 for the United States, and even at 2.9 for Germany. It may therefore be affirmed that in France, out of 100 physically sound men, young enough to work, 10 at least have been killed, and the number of those who have either been slightly or severely wounded or are mutilated is put at 20. Such is the particularly cruel price. of our victory, a price to which France has once again contributed more than her due. To the moral sufferings undergone by nearly every family in the country add the economical and social consequences, which are particularly grave, owing to the very extent of the sacrifice; these dead, like the wounded and mutilated, are chiefly young men, the flower of French youth, those who should have put out the greatest economic effort in the years to come, those who should have given the most sons to France*; 100 men of 25 have a quite different economic value and national value for the repopulation of a country than 100 men of 60; the calculations have not been made, but I am certain that out of 100 sound young men living in 1914, about 20 have been killed, and between 20 and 40 have been wounded or mutilated. Such is for France the awful balance sheet of the great war, as concerns men; it may be seen at a glance in the tabulation at the foot of Page 133. (See also Diagram II.) If the great allied and associated powers have shared largely in the common sacrifices in men and money, com *I shall say nothing new to Frenchmen, but something perhaps of which foreigners are ignorant, in stating that at the beginning of the war there was a thorough hecatomb of the élite of our youth; our young officers and non-coms, knowing nothing of the new methods of warfare, let themselves be killed at the head of their troops with extraordinary enthusiasm, in order to stimulate their men and make up for our inferiority in armament and preparation. FINANCIAL SITUATION OF THE PRINCIPAL STATES BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR †M. Kitchin has fixed approximative figures, which were published in The London Times on January 6, 1919, and are chiefly valuable as a means of comparison, by supposing that the expenses of the war will finally be what they would have been if the expenses of the last year of the war had been continued until July 31, 1919, and suddenly stopped there; that is to say, had lasted during a five years' war. The questions of the reparation of damage done and of indemnities are not taken into account. For the calculation of the public expenses after the war, Mr. Kitchin adds the interest of the debt (not counting the sinkingfund), the pre-war expenses (without counting interest on the debt, but including the average military expenses), the increase in different expenses and pensions (which he puts at 2,000,000,000 francs for France, against a total post-bellum expense of 15,600,000,000 francs. Mr. Kitchin put the total direct expense of the war, incurred by all the belligerents, at about 975,000,000,000 francs), or $195,000,000,000. 62% 42% 50% 42% 4% 35% 187 21 118 |