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program. LeMoyne College has completed four structures and is planning more. One new college was started in 1962-the Onondaga Community College. A second new one-the Maria Regina College for Women-is to open in 1963.

Major planning and substantial construction have been completed on the interstate and arterial road systems in the county with indications that the investment in new roads in the Syracuse area alone will amount to $150 million.

All these achievements have been the accomplishments of a dynamic city government headed by Mayor William Walsh. Working in cooperation with County Executive John Mulroy and Thomas E. Ward, executive director of the city, County Office of Economic Development, local officials have taken steps to make Syracuse a model city. Their imaginative planning and dedicated hard work have brought new industry into Onondaga County, and created new jobs. Certainly if local governments in other parts of the country followed the progressive and dynamic lead of Syracuse we would have fewer depressed areas and far less dependence on Washington.

In an effort to attract additional industry into the Syracuse area, the Office of Economic Development has prepared some material describing the community and its potential for development. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that excerpts from this material be printed at this point in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the excerpts were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

SYRACUSE, N.Y.

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION-CROSSROADS

Syracuse, county seat of Onondaga County, is nearly the geographic center of New York State. It is one of only eight cities in the United States located at the junction of two major superhighways. Syracuse is the crossing point of the east-west New York State Thruway (Interstate Route 90) and the new north-south Penn-Can Highway (Interstate Route 81). It has one of the world's largest railroad marshaling yards, is located on the main line of the New York Central, and is served by the Erie Lackawanna. Syracuse is also a major terminal on the barge canal, water link to the Great Lakes and Atlantic. Within a 300-mile radius are major cities of two nations, and almost 25 percent of the population of the United States (more than 43 million persons).

EMPIRE STATE HEARTLAND

Syracuse is the hub of one of the most beautiful and richly diversified States in the Nation. Here you'll find towering cities and picturesque villages, mighty industrial centers and sprawling farmlands, bustling harbors and vast woodlands, Broadway plays and county fairs, the United Nations and town meeting halls, subways and deer trails all within an easy drive of Syracuse.

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years later the first industry was established, making table salt from the "demon's" spring water. For a century the community was the Nation's principal source of salt, giving Syracuse a name it still bears, "Salt City." Following the easy water level routes came the Erie and barge canals, the roads north and west, and the first railroads. Each sparked more growth. In 1825 Syracuse was incorporated as a village; in 1848 as a city. In 1869, had begun to be built yesterday and were goCharles Dickens said the city looked "as if it ing to be knocked together with a nail or two the day after tomorrow." The methods improved; the building goes on.

TODAY A NEW DIMENSION

Syracuse is now the fourth largest and the fastest growing metropolitan area in New York State-one of the two fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United Statesand the country's leading test market for new products. Population and size

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Syracuse is the upstate medical center of versity is a complex of hospitals, laboraNew York State. Adjacent to Syracuse Uni

tories, and medical and nurse training facilities. The city has a total of 14 hospitals. These include a new 500-bed community hospital, a 500-bed Veterans' Administration hospital, and a new 350-bed teaching hospital now under construction at the Upstate Medical Center of the State University of New York. The community has approximately 700 medical doctors, including numerous specialists, and some 230 dentists. CHURCHES

There are approximately 250 churches and synagogues in Onondaga County. The religious makeup is approximately 51 percent Roman Catholic, 40 percent Protestant, and 7 percent Jewish. Syracuse is the State headquarters city for Baptist, Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches; the Stake of Cumorah of the Church of Latter-day Saints; See of a Roman Catholic Diocese; and See of the Episcopal Central New York Diocese. Syracuse is also the headquarters for the New York State Council of Churches.

GOVERNMENT SERVICES

Syracuse has a mayor and common council form of government, a 366-man police department, and a 385-man fire department with 166 pieces of equipment. Onondaga County has an executive-legislative form of government and a 115-man sheriff's department. Surrounding towns and villages have

of penthouse, ranch house and country cottage; of city boulevards, suburban lanes, and village squares-a hometown that's urban, suburban and rural all in one. Each is linked to the center of Syracuse by modern expressways and thoroughfares. The suburbanite is within a few minutes' commuting time to work; the homemaker within easy reach of downtown fashion shops or nearby shopping centers.

There are over 120,000 living units in this Almost 16,000 new Syracuse hometown. homes have been built during the past 5 years alone. City parks offer more than 2,368

of tree-shaded lawns, playgrounds, pools, and ball fields, supplemented by county and State parks and beaches. Two-thirds of the area's families are homeowners. Those recently buying new homes in beautiful neighborhoods-with excellent schools, transportation, shopping areas, police, and fire protection, sewage, and trash collections-paid an average of $16,000. Those renting modern four-room apartments pay an average monthly rent of $110. There is excellent bus transportation throughout the city and surburban areas.

Jot down what you think an "ideal hometown" should be, and you will describe Greater Syracuse.

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES AMONG THE FINEST

Schools, colleges, and universities in the Greater Syracuse area rank among the best in the Nation for scholastic achievement, curriculum, faculties, and facilities. Local boards of education maintain high standards and requirements for teachers. There is an average of 1 teacher for every 25 students. WITHIN THE CITY OF SYRACUSE ALONE THERE ARE

Thirty-four public elementary schools. Twenty-five parochial elementary schools. Twelve public, junior and senior high schools.

Twelve parochial high schools.
One technical high school.

One school for physically handicapped.
One school for mentally retarded.
Syracuse University.
LeMoyne College.

State University College of Medicine.
State University College of Forestry.
University College of Syracuse University.
Syracuse Community College (established
1962).

Numerous business and vocational schools. WITHIN THE GREATER SYRACUSE AREA

In addition to the many schools and colleges within the city of Syracuse, there are many more public, parochial and private schools in the immediate suburban area and fine colleges within an hour's drive, including: Colgate University, Cornell University, Hamilton College, Utica College, Hobart College, Wells College, Auburn Community College, Morrisville Agricultural & Technical Institute, Keuka College, William Smith College, Cazenovia Junior College, Mohawk Valley Technical Institute, State College of Education at Cortland, State College of Education at Ithaca, State College of Education at Oswego, the Manlius School, and Pebble Hill School.

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Founded in 1870, is located on a beautiful 795-acre hilltop campus overlooking Syracuse. The university, one of the finest in the Nation, includes nine colleges, seven schools and a major research center. It also operates

4,000 volunteer firemen with 225 pieces of University College, a downtown adult educaequipment. In addition to city and county offices, numerous State and Federal regional offices are located in Syracuse. There are city and county planning commissions, and master plans have been drawn up to guide area development.

GREATER SYRACUSE AS A HOMETOWN

Syracuse has been described as a "metropolis minus the roar, a hamlet minus the yawn-an ideal place to live." It's a mixture

tion branch with an enrollment of 3,500. The university has a faculty of 1,200, enrollment of over 13,000, and physical assets of some $65 million. Associate, bachelor, master and Ph. D. degrees are offered for studies ranging from liberal arts and law to science and engineering. In addition, the State University of New York College of Medicine and Upstate Medical Center are located here, as is the world-known College of Forestry.

LEMOYNE COLLEGE

Founded in 1946, has gained immediate stature and is growing rapidly in facilities, faculty, and enrollment. LeMoyne, a Catholic coeducational liberal arts college operated by priests of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), has a 103-acre campus. It has 1,300 undergraduate students and more than 70 faculty members. Degrees are offered in pure sciences, social sciences, classics, business, accounting, and industrial relations. The college has an outstanding Institute of Industrial Relations and some of the finest scientific laboratories in New York State. SYRACUSE CULTURAL AND ENTERTAINMENT CENTER OF CENTRAL NEW YORK Numerous musical, cultural, and historical associations-supplemented by local college and university programs and a council of cultural activities-provide a broad spectrum of cultural activities for area residents. And Syracuse has excellent newspapers, radio and television stations, and theaters.

Art

Everson Museum of Arts.

Syracuse University School of Fine Arts.
Syracuse University Lowe Art Center.
Permanent collections of art.

Site of annual national ceramic exhibition.

Numerous shows and exhibits.

Literature

Syracuse Public Library with 8 branches and 700,000 volumes.

County library system of community libraries.

Syracuse University Library.
LeMoyne College Library.

Schools of journalism and literature.

Music

Syracuse Symphony Orchestra.
Civic Morning Musicals, Inc.

Famous artist series.

Syracuse University School of Music.

Civic vocal and instrumental groups. Regular performances by nationally known groups.

Historical

Onondaga County Historical Society.
Numerous historical sites.
College and university historical groups.

Stage

Broadway hits and stars featured regu

larly.

Numerous summer stock companies.
Several civic theater groups.

Syracuse University Regent Theater.

Theaters

Thirty-five theaters with a total seating capacity of 33,000.

Numerous summer and year-round drive

ins.

Two theaters featuring foreign films.

Shows and expositions

Annual New York State Exposition.

Auto shows.

Boat shows.

Water shows.

Ice shows.

Sport shows.

Newspapers

Syracuse Post-Standard, mornings and Sundays.

Syracuse Herald-Journal, evenings and Sundays.

Several community weekly newspapers.

Radio

WSYR-AM, NBC Network.

WHEN-AM, CBS Network.

WOLF-AM, ABC Network.
WFBL-AM, Mutual Network.

WNDR-AM, independent.

WSEN-AM, independent.

WSOQ-AM, independent.

WQSR-AM, independent.

WDDS-FM, independent.
WONO-FM, independent.

WSYR-FM, New York Times Network.
Television

WSYR-TV, NBC and ABC Networks
(VHF).

WHEN-TV, CBS and ABC Networks (VHF).

MAJESTIC ADIRONDACKS

Only 2 hours northeast of Syracuse. Here, in a mountain range sprawling over an 8,000-square-mile area, you'll find a 2,200,000-acre State forest preserve; 46 mountain peaks over 4,000 feet high; at least 200 lakes; and hundreds of miles of streams. Camp, boat, swim, fish, hunt, ski or relax at world-famed summer and winter resorts; or take the children to see such dreamlands as the Enchanted Forest, Fantasy Kingdom, Santa's North Pole and the Land of MakeBelieve.

THOUSAND ISLANDS

Less than 2 hours north of Syracuse. Here are almost 1,800 islands; 10 State parks; Alexandria Bay summer resort; the billiondollar St. Lawrence Seaway and power development projects; the famed Thousand Islands Bridge; and an area famous for black bass and muskalonge fish.

SERENE FINGER LAKES REGION

Here,

half billion dollars; 850 wholesale and distributor firms with annual sales totaling more than a billion dollars; 4 commercial banks with 52 area branch offices and deposits totaling $605 million; 2 savings banks with 4 area branch offices and deposits totaling $368 million; 4 savings and loan associations with 3 area branch offices and deposits totaling $78 million; 2,500 farms with annual sales totaling $18 million; annual personal income in excess of $740 million; 48 percent of local families earning over $7,000 annually; and almost 90 percent of area families have incomes of $4,000 or more per year.

GREATER SYRACUSE- -A DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIAL

COMPLEX

Greater Syracuse is a rapidly growing industrial complex, one of only 33 areas in the United States having operations in all 20 basic industrial classifications. A Fortune magazine listing of the 500 largest corporations in the United States shows 98 with operations here-ranking Syracuse first in the Nation. The area along Syracuse's five exits on the New York State Thruway has witnessed more new industrial growth than any area in the State and continues to grow constantly. In addition, Syracuse is one of northeastern America's major distribution centers.

Industrial diversification

persons]

Number of firms

Less than 1 hour west of Syracuse. according to Indian legend, "the Great Spirit left His hand upon the land in benediction." The imprint left the breathtaking beauty [Nearly 600 manufacturing firms employing over 56,000 of long, deep, crystal-clear lakes; of deep wooded ravines and glens with towering waterfalls; and of rolling hillside vineyards producing world-famed wines and champagnes. Here you'll find the Indian's Skaneateles, Owasco, Otisco, Cayuga, Seneca, Keuka; and Canandaigua Lakes-ranging from 11 to 40 miles long-plus numerous smaller lakes; historic sites, campgrounds and resorts.

CONVENTION AND CONFERENCE CENTER

Syracuse has become increasingly popular as a site for conventions, meetings, and trade shows. Good hotels and motels are plentiful and conveniently located. Convention facilities, including those downtown and locally owned Hotel Syracuse and the huge Onondaga County War Memorial Auditorium, are capable of handling regional and national gatherings. Facilities for large and small conferences, conventions, and meetings are available also at numerous other hotels and motels. The city is strategically located for meetings, has excellent recreation and entertainment facilities and is situated in the center of a vast vacation land. An average of 500,000 visitors annually make Syracuse their convention headquarters. Thousands more attend smaller business and professional meetings and conferences.

* * *

"ONE OF THE TWO BEST PLACES IN THE UNITED
STATES FOR INVESTING MONEY IN ENTER-
PRISE"-SYRACUSE BUSINESS AND COMMERCE
Greater Syracuse is a healthy, growing
community with a high standard of liv-
ing * *
* offering visitors almost every con-
ceivable product, service and facility
assuring business and commerce of a rich
market. Recently, it has become a major
headquarters for national and regional offices
of insurance companies. Retail facilities
have doubled in size and number in about
a decade. Downtown Syracuse is the largest,
most complete shopping district in central
New York, drawing thousands of shoppers
regularly from a broad radius. A 1962 study
shows approximately 37,000 Canadians visit
here annually. In suburban Syracuse are
some of the largest and most modern shop-
ping centers in the East.

Syracuse has: Modern hotels and motels
with a total of 3,900 rooms; 2,600 retail estab-
lishments with annual sales totaling over a

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— SENATE Murray Corp. of America, Easy Laundry FEDERAL EMPLOYEES SALARY ACT Appliance Division.

New York Bell Telephone Co.
Niagara Mohawk Power Corp.
Oberdorfer Foundries, Inc.
O. M. Edwards, Inc.
Onondaga Pottery Co.
Pass & Seymour Co.
Porter-Cable Machine Co.
Precision Castings Co.
R. E. Dietz Co.

Rollway Bearing Co., Inc.
Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.
Syracuse Ornamental Co.
U.S. Hoffman Machinery Corp.
Western Electric Co.

Will & Baumer Candle Co.

Some products of Greater Syracuse: Electrical equipment, electronic equipment, telephone equipment, radio and television sets, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, air conditioning, tool steel, roller bearings, soda ash, containers, automotive equipment, agricultural implements, furniture, office equipment, machine shop products, foundry products, conveying equipment, chinaware and pottery, wax candles, clothing, shoes, handbags, and

foods.

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TRANSPORTATION AND RESOURCES Located at the intersection of the 500-mile, east-west New York State Thruway (Interstate Route 90) and the new north-south Penn-Can Highway (Interstate Route 81). Both routes interconnect with the Nation's other major superhighways. Syracuse is one of only eight cities in the United States located at the crossing point of two major superhighways, making it one of the fastestgrowing distribution centers in the Nation. Syracuse is served by 124 motor freight carriers with major terminals. There is also direct bus service in all directions.

One of the largest railroad marshaling yards in the world is located here, the New York Central Dewitt classification yard.

Syracuse is a major terminal on the 522mile Barge Canal System, which links the Atlantic and Great Lakes and handles over 2,400,000 tons of cargo per year.

Hancock Field, one of the most modern airports in the Nation, is served by Eastern,

Mohawk, and American Airlines. There are an average of 70 flights daily, handling over 565,000 passengers and 1,640 tons of cargo per year. It is also the home of the U.S. Air Force's 26th Air Division, the original SAGE Command.

Water is presently supplied by Skaneateles and Otisco Lakes, two of the purest bodies of water in North America. Daily capacity is approximately 66 million gallons. In addition, unlimited sources of water will be tapped for all future needs. Currently approved plans call for construction of transmission and storage facilities to provide up to 62,500,000 additional gallons of water per day.

Electric power and natural gas service are provided by the Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. The utility is also engaged in a research and development program for future use of atomic power. The Niagara Mohawk system has 81 hydroelectric and 5 steamelectric generating stations, and a total capacity of 4,569,000 kilowatts. Principal transmission routes for this power intersect at Syracuse, where the Niagara Mohawk system power control center is located.

OF

1963-AMENDMENT (AMENDMENT NO. 283)

Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that I may yield

to the Senator from Delaware [Mr. WILLIAMS] for 3 minutes, without losing my right to the floor.

and Civil Service; and, without objection, the amendment will be printed in the RECORD.

The amendment (No. 283) was referred to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, as follows:

At the appropriate place insert a new section as follows:

"Notwithstanding any other provisions of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without this bill the effective date of any increase on objection, it is so ordered.

Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr. President, on Wednesday, October 30, the House committee approved H.R. 8986. This bill embraced the administration's suggestion that the salaries of the top executives of the Government, including Members of Congress, be increased by about 50 percent. In my opinion, this suggestion is fiscally irresponsible, particularly at a time when our deficit is running at the rate of around $1 billion per month, and there is no indication that spending is being reduced to bring it more into line.

Under the administration's proposal, salaries of Cabinet members would be increased from $25,000 to $35,000. Salaries of members of the Supreme Court would be increased from $35,000 to $45,000. Salaries of Members of Congress would be increased from $22,500 to $32,500.

Heads of other agencies, whose present salaries range from $12,000 to $20,000, would be increased proportionately, with these increases ranging from $5,000 to $8,000 a year.

In my opinion, to approve such an increase in salaries of those top officials who are responsible for our present financial instability is an insult to the American taxpayers who will have to bear the burden.

Surely no private company would give a 50-percent salary increase to its top executive officers and directors when the management had produced but six balanced budgets in the past 30 years.

Therefore, I am today submitting an amendment to the bill now pending in the committee, and if the bill is later reported by the Senate Committee without this amendment it will be reoffered in the Senate.

The purpose of this amendment is to postpone the effective date of any increase on any salary of $10,000 or over until the first day of the first month after the close of a fiscal year with a balanced budget.

Surely no Frontiersman will object to this effective date since they are all now claiming that their claiming that their heavy spending policies and large tax cuts will accelerate the economy to such an extent that it will soon give us not only a balanced budget but will solve all our other problems as well.

The amendment reads as follows: At the appropriate place insert a new section as follows:

Notwithstanding any other provisions of this bill the effective date of any increase on any salary of $10,000 or over, shall be the first day of the first month after the close of a fiscal year with a balanced Federal budget.

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any salary of $10,000 or over, shall be the first day of the first month after the close of a fiscal year with a balanced Federal budget."

Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that I may be added as a cosponsor of the amendment submitted by the distinguished Senator from Delaware [Mr. WILLIAMS), which provides that the contemplated pay indistrict court judges, and for members crease for Supreme Court, appellate, and of commissions, and other employees of the Federal Government, if passed, shall not go into effect until the first day after it is disclosed that the budget has been balanced.

It pro

Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. vides that none of the increase in any salary of $10,000 or more presently received shall become effective until the first day of the first month after the close of a fiscal year that shows a balanced Federal budget.

I welcome the Senator from Ohio as a cosponsor of the amendment. This could more or less be called an incentive amendment, because it would involve thousands of employees, who would be working vigorously to eliminate waste in the Federal Government in order that the budget could be balanced, and thereby achieve their salary increase.

Mr. LAUSCHE. I appreciate the courtesy of the Senator in giving me the opportunity to become a cosponsor.

Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that I too may become a cosponsor of the amendment.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

Mr. LAUSCHE subsequently said: Mr. President, the amendment of the Senator from Delaware [Mr. WILLIAMS] of which I have become a cosponsor, in my opinion is sound, in the interest of the people of the country, and ought to be adopted.

There are many reasons why the exorbitant pay increases for those now receiving in excess of $10,000 ought not to be approved. One of the important reasons is that the increase in our deficit operations has made it imperative that the debt ceiling be lifted from the present figure of $308 billion to $315 billion.

The Secretary of the Treasury, Hon. Douglas Dillon, recently testified before the Senate Finance Committee headed by Senator HARRY F. BYRD, that the aggregate deficits of the Federal Government for the years of 1961, 1962, and 1963, were about $162 billion; that with out the tax cut the deficit for the fiscal year of 1964 which began on July 1 will be $9 billion; and that the expected deficit for the fiscal year of 1965 beginning on July 1, 1964, will be $9.2 billion. It thus is obvious that the aggregate deficits for the 5 years discussed will be $342 billion. Manifestly the debt

ceiling must be lifted. Our spending program is not based on revenues received but on new debts incurred.

I want to provide a tax cut for the people of our country but I want to do it on the basis of a rational and sound approach which means a reduction instead of an expansion of spending.

Respecting the proposed salary raises of high echelon officials including the Senators and Representatives of the U.S. Congress, I will approve of it the moment we achieve a balanced budget.

The amendment contemplates the approval of pay increases only on the date that it is established that our budget has been balanced.

Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that I may yield to the Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. MONRONEY] for 3 minutes without losing my right to the floor.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY

Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, the

Federal Aviation Agency today celebrates its fifth anniversary. I want to take this opportunity to congratulate the FAA for what it has achieved during its first 5

years, and to wish it well for the years ahead. After all, the achievements of the FAA reflect in large part the achievements of America in the field of aviation. The progress that has been made through the steady improvement in the safety, reliability, and efficiency of our air transport is truly remarkable.

All Americans can be proud of the fact that even with the faster and faster speeds now offered air travelers by the swift swept-wing jets, and despite the crowded airways and growing congestion around metropolitan air terminals, flying is becoming safer than ever. Scheduled passenger airlines in the United States both domestic and international, have maintained a record of less than 1 fatality per 100 million passenger miles for 11 consecutive years. The 1960 rate was 0.75, and this improved to 0.29 in 1961 and 0.26 for 1962. That is equivalent to 1 fatality per 400 million miles of travel. If we do as well in the last 2 months of this year as we did in the first 10, 1963 will show further improvement. For some time now it has been safer to cross the Nation by plane than in our own automobile.

The FAA was born officially just 5 years ago when a retired Air Force general with a distinguished record in aviation, Elwood R. (Pete) Quesada, was sworn in as the first Administrator. The Agency began operations on December 31, 1958.

Najeeb E. Halaby, a former jet test pilot with a wealth of private and Government executive experience, was named by President Kennedy as the Agency's second Administrator on January 19, 1961.

The Federal Aviation Agency has historical ties back to 1926 when the Air Commerce Act created the Aeronautics Branch-later the Bureau of Air Commerce in the Department of Commerce.

The next major step was the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 which created the independent Civil Aeronautics Authority.

World War II gave a tremendous impetus to aviation and the number of pilots and planes, and the performance of aircraft, including jet aircraft, increased enormously.

As early as 1948 the President's Air Coordinating Committee warned that the techniques and tools available for the control of air traffic were, at least, marginal and it became increasingly apparent that the CAA could not cope with the serious problem of our increaswith the serious problem of our increasingly congested airspace. The magnitude of the problem was highlighted by the White House the White House Aviation Facilities Study Group in 1955, and another step forward was taken with the passage of the Airways Modernization Act of 1957.

I am proud to have been the sponsor of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 which repealed the Air Commerce Act of 1926, the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, and the Airways Modernization Act of 1957, and, finally, established the Federal Aviation Agency.

Today, the responsibilities and activities of the FAA go far beyond the Nation's borders. They encompass all the States and possessions and touch upon the international areas in which our flag carriers operate.

I am happy to report that the Agency has made significant steps forward in its first 5 years in establishing and operating an airways system that provides a safe environment for today's air travelers, and for the continued growth that is sure to come.

I am proud, also, of the pioneering which has been undertaken by FAA by FAA leadership to develop major economies by assuming functions of air traffic control previously handled by military agencies. Much additional effort will be required to keep our airways safe as they become more crowded. I am confident that Congress will continue to respond to the needs of this Agency on the ground that money is better spent in saving lives and enhancing efficiency and reliability in aviation than in paying the claims resulting from air disasters.

petition leading to the development of a new short-haul transport aircraft capable of replacing the venerable, but aging, DC-3's. This project of great importance to hundreds of communities, not only in this country, but throughout the world, would involve an expenditure of $300,000 in taxpayer funds to spur a design competition next year.

While the various FAA regions and installations throughout the Nation are celebrating in various ways, here in the Nation's Capital the Agency is acknowledging this landmark date by having open house at Dulles International Airport from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday.

I hope that many people in the Washington area will be able to join with the FAA in celebrating its fifth anniversary at Dulles International Airport this weekend.

Aviation plays an ever-growing role in the economy. Its contribution to our economic well-being is readily proved by statistics. Not so readily discernible, however, is the contribution which a healthy and expanding U.S. aviation industry is making on behalf of peace and international understanding. The freer and faster movement about the world of citizens and leaders of all nations has revolutionized the art of diplomacy. Air travel and transport has, in the last two decades, contributed immeasurably to better understanding and to greater commerce among nations. It has permitted more realistic accommodation of differences between distant nations and distant peoples who are no longer isolated from each other by days or weeks or months of travel. The Federal Aviation Agency has played an important part in making possible this welcome trend toward comity among people, among States, and among nations.

The first 5 years of the FAA have been years of rapid growth to meet fastdeveloping needs. In the years ahead, these needs will continue to grow. The employees of the FAA will face new challenges and new opportunities for service. On this fifth anniversary, all who have contributed to its present stature deserve our thanks, our felicitations, and our good wishes.

ANCE ACT OF 1961

The Federal Aviation Agency is pressing forward with research and develop- AMENDMENT OF FOREIGN ASSISTment. This will make possible the installation of the most efficient traffic control and traffic safety equipment. This will provide knowledge for adequate handling of the human factors involved in air safety.

The Agency has also taken the lead in the very difficult program to provide a supersonic commercial air transport plane so necessary to maintain the vitality and continued growth of the U.S. aviation manufacturing and aviation transport industries. This will be a joint effort of Government and private enterprise, based on a cost-sharing arrangement on the part of the aircraft manufacturer and a royalty repayment by airlines providing supersonic service with this new aircraft.

The FAA has also announced plans, just this week, to launch a design com

The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill (H.R. 7885) to amend further the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and for other purposes.

Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, at the inception of our first foreign-aid program, known as the Marshall plan, I was one of its most enthusiastic supporters.

During my 10 years of service on the Ways and Means Committee in the House, which extended from 1937 to 1946, I had made an exhaustive study of foreign trade in connection with the Hull reciprocal trade agreements program because Virginia producers of farm products, and especially tobacco, had such a vital stake in the restoration of the foreign markets our farmers had enjoyed prior to the international trade war that had been touched off by the passage of

the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act in 1930. The purpose of the Hull reciprocal trade agreements program, of course, was to negotiate bilateral trade agreements, under which we would reduce our tariffs on some product of which the negotiating nation was the principal supplier in return for an appropriate reduction on our export to that nation of products of which we could be the principal supplier. But before that well-conceived plan to stimulate our foreign trade could become effective, trade with our European nations was disrupted by World War II. After our entry into that war, we furnished food, medicine, and clothing to our allies, along with a vast amount of military supplies. At the end of that war, our best European customerGreat Britain-was in desperate need of funds with which to repair war damages, and the same was true of all of our other World War II allies. Although the bill was handled by the House Banking and Currency, of which I was not a member, I was assigned the duty of opening the debate in the House on a bill to make a very large loan to Great Britain.

Incidentally, I may pause to say that I went to Palm Beach, Fla., to confer with Winston Churchill, who had been turned out as leader of the Conservatives. I was very uneasy about making this much money available to the Labor Party, because I thought a great part of it would go down the drain of socialistic enterprises. After a 2-hour conference with the now great Sir Winston Churchill, one of the greatest statesmen, and certainly the greatest orator, of our day and age, he urged me to support the bill. So I came back to Washington and, as I have said, opened the debate on the bill to grant a large loan to Great Britain, which the Congress passed.

The value of that extension of credit to Great Britain, which enabled it to resume its buying from us, was so apparent that in April of 1947 I made a radio speech, which was broadcast from coast to coast by the American Broadcasting Co., in which I advocated rehabilitation loans to all of our allies in World War II. I sent a copy of that speech to the then Secretary of State, the distinguished George C. Marshall, who, on the following June 5, made at Harvard, what has become an historic speech, in which he advocated a program of financial rehabilitation for the war-torn countries of Europe, which had been our allies in World War II. The details of that aid plan were not spelled out in that speech. Unfortunately, for us, they were filled in by the three principal recipient nations-Great Britain, France, and Italy.

That, of course, was the first major mistake we made in our well-conceived foreign aid program; namely, we let three European nations allocate the funds that we were to furnish and use their own discretion as to how they were to be spent, and that discretion, of course, included full credit to the politicians in power in each nation for the money being spent, but no credit whatever among the rank and file of the people of the recipient nations for our unprecedented generosity.

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Mr. President, my enthusiasm for the principle of the Marshall plan, both as a deterrent against the spread of communism, and, likewise, as a practical way of promoting a sound reestablishment of our exports was such that I committed the unforgivable error, as a junior member of the Senate Appropriations Committee, of openly openly opposing amendment to the budget item for foreign aid in 1948 made by the then elderly chairman of that committee, Senator McKellar of Tennessee. A substantial majority of the committee was opposed to the McKellar proposal to cut the amount of foreign aid, and undoubtedly would have voted against the McKellar amendment without any argument on the subject, but my impetuosity in behalf of the program cost me the resentment of the powerful chairman of that committee, and to my chagrin, I afterwards learned that the chairman of the committee was right and I was wrong with respect to the amount of the aid that we were then furnishing.

Mr. President, I learned more about the program when other members of the Senate Appropriations Committee and I went to Europe in the fall of 1949 and visited all of the European countries sharing in the program, and also Spain, which had been denied participation in the program by Great Britain, France, and Italy, which, as I have previously indicated, were in complete control of the money that we were furnishing.

During more than a month of intensified study of the operation of the Marshall plan, I learned, and with genuine distress, that the program was marked by waste and inefficiency, and that while it was making a real contribution to the rehabilitation of our previous European allies, we were getting no public credit whatever for the aid that we were furnishing. Consequently, when I got home, I gave a statement to the press comnishing. Consequently, when I got home, menting on the waste and inefficiency; I recommended that the program be cut by at least a billion dollars; and that it be terminated in not more than 2 additional years. On December 4, 1949, which was immediately after my return from Europe, I wrote this letter to Hon. Paul G. Hoffman:

DECEMBER 4, 1949.

Hon. PAUL G. HOFFMAN, Administrator, Economic Cooperation Administration, Washington, D.C.

DEAR PAUL: As the result of slightly more than a month in Western Europe, I feel that I have gained a better understanding of some of our economic and military problems in that part of the world. Surface impressions, of course, can be erroneous but, in addition to attending all official meetings, I made it a practice in each country to interview as many as I could with no Government connections, hoping thereby to get an accurate cross section of opinion.

My visit to Europe has definitely convinced me that ECA was soundly conceived as an integral part of an overall peace program and has been as efficiently administered as so countries could hope to be. Our primary vast a program in a large number of foreign objective of stemming the onrushing tide of communism has been achieved.

The people of Western Europe now have, in an amount sufficient for a sustained effort, the three essentials of life-food, clothing, and shelter. Their productive capacity

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While there may be some lowering of trade restrictions in Western Europe before our aid ends, my present impression is that the program will be quite inadequate. The trend undoubtedly will be to unilateral trade agreements or small grouping, like Benelux, but nothing approaching free trade in Western Europe or free currency convertibility. Anti-Communist governments are now safely entrenched in the area in question and have the ability, with such military aid as may be given them under the Atlantic Pact, to make it tough for a potential aggressor. But if the people of a given country do not prize their personal liberty enough to fight for it, American gold will not put that divine spark in their hearts.

I think that we have assumed at least a moral obligation to continue the ECA pro

gram through fiscal 1952. In fact, I personally feel that our own best interests would require us to do so. But I likewise feel that the time is approaching when we can make a substantial reduction in the dollar aid. When we told foreign representatives that our national debt was approaching $260 billion and that we would probably end the current fiscal year with a deficit of $52 billion it left them unimpressed. They seem to think we have the Midas touch and if we don't convert things into gold for them, it will be because we are selfish and want them to be underlings.

But I am deeply concerned over the fact that in the last few years, excluding strictly war expenditures, we have spent more than during the period from President George Washington to President Truman. I am convinced that if we go broke, which is a

possibility, there is not a nation in the world

that would lend us a thin dime. Consequently, as a member of the Appropriations Committee during the 2d session of the 81st Congress, I shall make the best fight of which I am capable for a reduced budget. Such a fight, of course, must include the next appropriation for ECA. I hope it will be feasible for us to limit it to about $22 billion and end it the following year with about $1 billion.

This is what I wrote in 1949:

I realize, of course, that when the program ends, we will be cordially disliked in Europe and in some sectors actively hated. But Europe does not have our system of private enterprise as a stimulant to production, and never will; it does not have our area of free trade; no one country is so nearly self-contained with respect to raw materials as we; and, for other reasons needless to be enumerated, Western Europe did not have our standard of living before either of two world wars and will never have it in the foreseeable future unless we are foolish enough to spend ourselves into bankruptcy.

I wrote this 14 years ago:

As a means of curtailing ECA expenditures, I would recommend that ECA make no more loans, referring those who wish to borrow to the World Bank or the Export-Import Bank. We can't expect any European nation to go to the World Bank for 42 percent money if we set up an agency to lend it at 22 percent and possibly with a tacit understanding that it will never be repaid.

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