ports.

one-third of this Nation's total fertilizer exports, one-fourth of our iron and steel mill exports and one-third of our locomotive exA cut of $1 billion in our total foreign aid program may save $100 million in our balance of payments-but it costs us $900 million in exports.

I think the American people are willing to shoulder this burden. Contrary to repeated warnings, in the 17 years since the Marshall plan began, I have never heard of a single politician who lost his office by supporting foreign aid. And the burden is less

now than ever.

RATIO OF BUDGET LOSS

Despite the fact that this year's aid re

quest is about $1 billion less than the average request of the last 15 years, many Members of Congress today complain that 4 percent of our budget is too much to devote to foreign aid-yet in 1951 that program amounted to nearly 20 percent of our budget.

They refuse today to vote more than $4 billion to this effort-yet in 1951 they voted some $8 billion in aid. They are fearful today of the effects of sending to other peoples seven-tenths of 1 percent of our gross national output-but in 1951 we devoted nearly four times that proportion to this purpose.

The Congress has already reduced this year's aid budget $600 million below the amount recommended by one of its most distinguished committees. Is this Nation stat

ing that it cannot afford an additional $600 million to help the developing nations of the world become strong and free-an amount less than this country's annual outlay for lipstick, face cream and chewing gum?

NOTES SOVIET AID TO CUBA

Are we saying that we cannot help our 19 needy neighbors in Latin America with a greater effort than the Communist bloc is making in the single island of Cuba?

Some say they are tiring of this task, or tired of world problems, or tired of hearing those who receive our aid disagree with our diplomacy. But what kind of spirit is that? Are we tired of living in a free world? Do we expect to make it over in our own image? Are we going to quit now because there are problems not yet solved?

Surely the Americans of the 1960's can do half as well as the Americans of the 1950's. Surely we are not going to throw away our hopes and means for peaceful progress in an outburst of petty irritation and frustration. My fellow Americans: Let us be guided by our interests, not our indignation. Let us heed the words of Paul the Apostle to the

Galatians:

"Let us not be weary in well doing," he wrote, "for in due season we shall reap, if

we faint not."

And let the word go forth-to all who are concerned about the future of the human family--that we will not be weary in well doing and we will faint not; and we shall, in due season, reap a harvest of peace and security for all members of the family of man.

I think the American people resent this effort to dictate our foreign policy from Bonn. I think we can justifiably tell Mr. Adenauer that we will decide our own trade policy with the Soviets and that we have no intention of leaving our troops in Germany indefinitely.

American troops were sent to Germany until Western Europe had sufficiently recovered from World War II to establish its own defense. That time has arrived and we ought to begin pulling our soldiers out of Europe now.

Furthermore, we ought to expand our trade with the Soviet bloc as fast as we can in nonstrategic items.

It is far more important for us to end the drain on our gold, expand our trade, and ease the costly tensions of the cold war than for us to keep Chancellor Adenauer smiling.

ATTEMPTS TO TURN POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT INTO POLITICAL MACHINE FOR BENEFIT OF KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION

Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr. President, in two recent articles written by Mr. Joseph Young, and appearing in the Washington Evening Star, our attention is called to the dangerous situation wherein an attempt is being made to turn the Post Office Department into a political machine to be operated for the benefit of the Kennedy administration.

In the first article, Mr. Young cites the action of Postmaster General Gronouski in calling on the postal employee unions to take an active interest in national political issues. In this article it is stated that the Postmaster General today is asking the postal employees to actively support the administration's current legislative battles on civil rights, Federal tax cuts, and so forth.

Such political activities would definitely be a violation of the law.

In the second article, appearing in the Washington Evening Star, of November 5, Mr. Young calls attention to the manner in which the Kennedy administration made certain promotions in the

BE DICTATED FROM BONN Mr. McGOVERN. I was shocked by former Chancellor Adenauer's recommendation this past weekend that the United States should try to "starve" the Russian people into submission by withholding our grain. Mr. Adenauer has done nothing to prevent his German businessmen from turning our wheat into flour and selling it to the Russians at a neat profit. But he wants us to tell our farmers and merchants that Russian

tions were so obviously politically motivated that when questions were asked, the Department resented that action.

I respectfully suggest that the Postmaster General and other administration officials read the Hatch Act before making any more such decisions.

I ask unanimous consent that the arti

cles-the first one is entitled "Gronouski's Political Activity Advice Stirs Postal Unions," and the second is entitled "Rescinded Dallas Promotions Linked to

White House, Justice"-be printed at this point in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the articles were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

[From the Washington (D.C.) Star] GRONOUSKI'S POLITICAL ACTIVITY ADVICE STIRS POSTAL UNIONS

(By Joseph Young)

the powerful postal employee unions to "take an active interest" in national political

Postmaster General John Gronouski wants

issues.

Mr. Gronouski said that it is "equally important" for postal employee unions to take active part in "national political and ecothe welfare of their members and in fostering

nomic" issues as it is for them to look after

the efficiency of the postal service.

Specifically, Mr. Gronouski, who came here from Wisconsin with a reputation as a skilled politician, urges the unions to take an active part in the current legislative battles on civil rights and Federal tax cuts.

Mr. Gronouski called for support for the Kennedy administration's civil rights bill and its bill to reduce Federal income taxes.

He said the tax cut bill should be enacted without any requirement that it be accompanied by drastic limitations in spending, as advocated by opponents of the bill in its present form.

The Postmaster General declared that postal employees are directly involved, "as citizens" in the legislative battles now going

on over tax cuts and civil rights, since failure to enact them would be a blow to this country's economic and social progress.

Mr. Gronouski's statement made in a speech before the National Alliance of Postal Employees, has caused a considerable stir among postal employee union leaders. Postal unions are strongly organized, representing an estimated 95 percent of the 570,000 postal workers.

While some of the unions have contributed to political campaigns of their key friends in Congress, they have shied away from taking direct action on political and legislative issues before Congress which do not directly affect the benefits and working conditions of postal and Government employees.

Mr. Gronouski feels that outside of the

right to strike, which is forbidden to postal of a union of Government employees is idenand Government employee unions, "the role tical to any other union" and consequently they can join other unions in fighting for general political and economic legislation not directly linked to their own particular benefits and service.

Some employee leaders are a little uneasy as to what to do. They are aware that some opponents of President Kennedy's executive order, which gave postal and Government employee unions official bargaining rights and the dues checkoff system, assert that the vast army of postal and Federal employees are being banded by the administration into one huge political organization.

Employee leaders deny this. But they want to avoid anything that would give further rise to this type of criticism and cause any disruption or curtailment of the President's labor-management program.

[From the Washington (D.C.) Star, Nov. 5,

1963]

RESCINDED DALLAS PROMOTIONS LINKED TO WHITE HOUSE, JUSTICE

(By Joseph Young) tervention led the Post Office Department to White House and Justice Department inrescind the controversial promotions of three Negroes to supervisory jobs in the Dallas post office, according to reports reaching

Capitol Hill. The Negroes had been promoted over 53 white employees ahead of them on the promotion register.

The House Civil Service Manpower Subcommittee has called Post Office Department officials to testify before it tomorrow and explain the department's about-face on the issue.

Giving credence to the reports that the Kennedy administration ordered the rescinding of the promotions is the fact that Post Office officials had previously strongly defended their action in making the promotions.

New Postmaster General Gronouski, at his first press conference, was emphatic in defending the action which occurred under his predecessor, J. Edward Day. Also strongly defending the action was Assistant Postmaster General for Personnel Richard Murphy and Civil Service Commission Chairman John Macy.

Then, suddenly last week, the Post Office Department announced the promotions were being rescinded because of possible proce

dural defects.

Some high sources have disclosed that the White House and Justice Department asked that the promotions be rescinded because of the widespread adverse publicity in the case and the feeling that it would hurt the Democratic Party politically.

According to these reports, the feeling was that the publicity about discrimination in reverse-promoting and appointing Negroes ahead of better qualified white employees could hurt the Democrats in next year's elections not only in the South but in the North as well.

Also, Justice Department officials were reported concerned over the suit brought by 10 of the white employees bypassed in the promotions. They reportedly felt that the employees had a good chance of winning their case in Federal court and that this, too, could be disastrous for the administration.

Asked about these reports, Post Office Department officials insisted that the Department was the one which decided to rescind the promotions. They would not discuss what part the Justice Department headed by Attorney General Kennedy, played in the matter.

Another top administration official, asked about the report that the White House and Justice Department ordered the rescinding of the promotions, acknowledged, "talks on the situation were held at all levels."

THE OREGON TRAIL

Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, one of the great epics of mankind is certainly the westward movement of the pioneers in the United States during the 19th century. This history of this movement is, of course, well known to every school boy and one of the real enchantments of the State of Wyoming is the evidence that remains there of this great migration.

Recently the Kemmerer (Wyo.) Gazette carried an interesting article on the plan to mark the route of the old Oregon Trail through the Bridger National Forest with suitable permanent monuments and signs. This is a most worthwhile project and one that should contribute in the years to come to a better understanding of the great migration that settled a Nation and made it among the world's great.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that this article be printed in the RECORD...

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

LANDER CUTOFF THROUGH BRIDGER FOREST

FOREST SERVICE TO MARK OREGON TRAIL

You can still see the deep, wagon-wheel ruts of the old Oregon Trail in many places in Bridger National Forest.

But each year, a little bit more of the old trail is obliterated by the wind, the rain, and the building of new roads near the Now the U.S. Forest Service is taking steps to mark the exact route of the Oregon Trail

in Bridger National Forest so that it may al

ways be accurately identified.

The Forest Service will install concrete posts along the trail.

The posts and signs are being constructed at the Forest Service warehouse in Kemmerer with money allocated to Bridger National Forest under the accelerated public works program.

ter-mile intervals over the countryside, inIn addition to the concrete posts at quarformational signs will be located at road crossings, major trail crossings, and other locations where such signs would be of interest to the public.

The historical significance of the trail is

this:

In 1856, due to the increasing need for a shorter route to Oregon and California, the U.S. Congress appropriated funds to construct the first Federal military road west of the Mississippi River.

Surveyed and constructed in 1857-58 under the direction of Col. Frederick W. Lander, an engineer for the Topographic Corps of the Interior Department, this portion of the trail extended from South Pass, Wyo., to City Rocks, Idaho.

It was then known as the Fort KearneySouth Pass-Honey Lake Wagon Road.

The Lander Cutoff Trail not only provided a shorter route to Oregon and California, but it also avoided the drier and more hazardous route over the Sublette Trail.

Approximately 13,000 emigrants passed over this route in 1859. In addition to western-moving emigrants, large trail bands of sheep and herds of cattle were moved to eastern markets over the trail during the period between 1870 and 1890. Emigrant use of the trail continued as late as 1912.

Portions of the original trail locations are now obliterated by the Middle Fork-South Piney Creek Road and the Greys River-La Barge Creek Road. In some areas, the trail lies immediately adjacent to those roads. In other areas, it lies as much as 12 to 2 miles from the road. In most areas where the trail has not been obliterated by roads, it is readily identifiable by wagon-wheel ruts.

Six pioneer graves have been located and marked along the trail to date. Other graves are undoubtedly located along the route and will be identified and marked. In several locations, there are carvings on Aspen trees and rocks dating back to the mid and late

1800's.

The site of Fort Piney lies immediately adjacent to the Lander Cut-Off of the Oregon Trail in Snider Basin on State land. The fort, which consisted of a large log building, corrals, and a blacksmith shop, was constructed in 1857 by Mr. B. F. Burch and managed by a Mr. James Snider.

ite resting area for the emigrant trains usFrom 1858 to 1900 Fort Piney was a favoring the trail. In 1861 a theatrical group presented a show at Fort Piney which, to our knowledge, was the first such performance given in what is now the State of Wyoming.

The trail will be permanently marked and posted. Two types of metal markers will be used-4-inch lightweight metal markers to

be nailed to posts or information signs and 4-inch bronze markers to be set in concrete (pumice) posts or monuments.

RECREATIONAL AREAS-SOIL

CONSERVATION

Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, there are many people in this Nation who see nothing amiss in the practice of condemning the Federal Government on one hand and accepting the assistance of that Government in the improvement of their daily lives on the other. In many cases the public is not adequately informed as to the many valuable services they receive for their tax dollar.

Mr. President, recently the Wyoming press carried two articles which helped to explain just what we are getting for our money in the realm of Federal servBulletin describes the work being done ices. One article, in the Buffalo, Wyo., under an accelerated public works project in the Big Horn National Forest to improve recreation facilities and the potential of this beautiful area. The other article, in the Laramie Daily Boomerang, describes the work done by the Soil Conservation Service to help Wyoming farmers and ranchers improve their land.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that these two articles be printed in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the articles were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

[From the Buffalo (Wyo.) Bulletin,
Oct. 31, 1963]

WORK PROGRESSING ON $100,000 APW PROJECT
IN MOUNTAINS NEAR BUFFALO
The $100,000 project of improvements on
the Buffalo district of the Big Horn Na-
tional Forest is well underway, and much
more is to come during the next few weeks.

One of the important parts of the project which has been decided is a new picnic and recreational area designed for use primarily by the residents of the Buffalo area.

In recent years the number of tourists camping on the campgrounds of the national forest has greatly increased to the point where local people often have a hard time finding a spot for a picnic.

Norman Striplin, assistant district ranger who has been in charge of the project under Federal accelerated public works funds, said plans call for construction of the "Buffalo Community Picnic and Recreation Area" on the ridge just south of the Middle Fork of Clear Creek.

The complete plans for the area include swings and other facilities, but part of the work will probably not be done under the present project.

The APW funds must be used by January 31, 1964, according to the Federal law under which they were appropriated.

Striplin said that at the present time there are about 24 people employed under the APW program. The largest number of these men are working to destroy trees in the Duck Creek burn area which are infested with dwarf mistletoe, a parasite growth which does great damage to the trees.

According to Striplin the pine trees in that area which survived the fire are all infested with dwarf mistletoe, and by cutting them down they can keep it from spreading to the new growth.

Four three-man teams made up of one chain saw operator and two brush stackers are cutting the infested trees down at the rate of about 400 per day. The spruce

trees in the area are not being removed because they are not affected by the parasite.

There are about 700 acres of residual timber stand in the burn area which is to be removed in the project. The crews will be able to work until the end of the program. Also nearly completed is the repainting of the buildings at Hunter Ranger Station. A crew of six painters are applying paint to both the outside and inside of all the buildings. The recent mild weather has helped this project progress well.

A contract has been let for the installation of two new garage doors at Hunter Ranger Station, and Ed Karlinsey was the successful bidder.

Another contract awarded recently was to James Delapp for the construction of 2 miles of range fence between Clear Creek and Sour Dough allotments in the burn area.

Striplin said the Forest Service also has contracts pending for a water system for middle fork campground and the construction of crew quarters for eight men at Hunter Ranger Station. The water system contract is to be let in the near future, and the specifications and final plans for the crew quarters are expected to be given approval in 30 to 45 days.

Other work to be done under the project as now planned will include work at Crazy Woman, South Fork, Middle Fork and North Fork of Clear Creek campgrounds.

[From the Laramie (Wyo.) Daily Boomerang, Oct. 20, 1963]

SCS WORK COVERS MANY AREAS IN COUNTRY (By Vern Shelton)

Snow surveys, reservoir engineering, range land inspections, irrigation improvements, land leveling and coffee breaks with ranchers are all part of a day's work for technicians from the Laramie Rivers Soil Conservation Service office.

Affiliated with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the conservation service is responsible for developing and carrying out a national program of conservation for land and water resources.

To accomplish its goal, the SCS brings together scientists and technologists from many fields to help diagnose land problems and prescribe successful treatment. Soil scientists, engineers, geologists, hydrologists, and economists all play a role.

Located on Ivinson north of the courthouse, the pink and white SCS office is the starting point for technicians working in Albany County. From there the workers and their projects go out into all parts of the county. Some results of the work are immediate. Others are long ranged. All will be felt for years to come.

Technicians working in the Albany County district are Tom Finnerty, work unit conservationist; Don Heyne, conservation technician; Cecil Crowe, agricultural engineer; Jerry Richards, soil scientist; and George Davis, range specialist.

Their summer projects included engineering for two reservoirs capable of storing 230 acre feet of water, installation of structures along the Laramie and Little Laramie Rivers to control irrigation water, land leveling and meadow renovation, development of springs, ditch construction, and assistance with plans for widespread range development.

This winter, when much of the outdoor work is curtailed, some SCS workers will swap their engineer's levels for snowshoes and ride track-driven vehicles into the mountains to check snowfall to predict spring moisture runoffs. Other technicians will return to the drawing board to catch up on the backlog

of work and plan for the next season.

Services of the SCS office range from providing detailed soil- and land-capability maps of a farm or ranch to acquiring specific information about the safe uses and adapted crops for each type of local soil; from offer

ing information about conservation practices suited to soil types to providing a consultation service by professional conservationists to put basic plans into effect.

They're not forced on the landowners.

When

a farmer or rancher with a problem goes to the SCS for help, several solutions may be suggested and help seekers can pick the one best suited to his needs. When the choice is made, the technicians develop detailed plans to carry it out.

Individual soil and water conservation

plans are the backbone of assistance in the district. Acting on the belief that nearly all farms or ranches need planned conservation programs, the SCS attempts to show why planning is necessary, how the more difficult jobs can be carried out, and to inspire land

owners to action.

A good conservation plan gives the landowner a true picture of his soil and water

resources and of his land's needs and management problems; enables him to make needed changes in an orderly, step-by-step manner; insures only needed practices will be used; provides for the most efficient use of time, labor, money, and equipment; allows for the fullest safe use of each acre; forms an acceptable base for loan applications; and establishes a sound foundation for the landowner's and the public's conservation investment.

Through winter snow surveys conducted on a regular schedule, the SCS office is able to predict spring and summer water supplies to fit in with the overall conservation plans. The information gathered by a parka-clad surveyor in January is essential to the work of a shirt sleeve clad technician in July.

Soil surveys, farm woodland work, range and wildlife checks, geological surveys, plant research and radiological monitoring projects are equally important.

Money to finance the SCS activities comes from Federal coffers. Landowners aren't charged for the services of the office. The payoff locally comes from increased hay yields and from improved conservation techniques.

The work of the office is ever expanding. As improved techniques are developed and put into practice, new areas of work are opened up when land that was once low producing is improved, research is started to increase the yield even more.

CAN WE STOP THE RUSSIAN
ARMADA?

Mr. BARTLETT. Mr. President, the question above was used by Lowell Wakefield the other day as the title of his illuminating speech on the Alaska fishery made before the Alaska State Chamber of Commerce at Juneau. Mr. Wakefield is president of Wakefield Fisheries. He is a pioneer in the development of the king crab fishery, and the marketing of this fine product. He is ruled by knowledge, and commonsense.

The king crab fishery, which has been expanded greatly by Alaska industry and Alaska fishermen in the last few years, is threatened. The threat is not prospective; it is with us now. Soviet fishermen have moved into the waters off Kodiak Island, on the Continental Shelf. They have been taking crab by methods not permitted Alaska fishermen, and which are not only considered to be but are known to be contrary to proper conservation practices. There has been some like fishing-but little by way of comparison with what the Russians have done by Japanese vessels and fishermen. To make matters the worse, there has

answered.

To this scene, its present and to the future, Mr. Wakefield turned his expert attention when he spoke before chamber of commerce on October 19. While he used slides to illustrate some of his points, I shall not seek, in asking unanimous consent that the text of his speech be printed following my remarks, to edit out the references to these visual aids. With or without them, Mr. Wakefield makes his point. From it we can derive no comfort at all. The fishery immediately off our coasts-from Alaska all the way around to the New England shore-is threatened by vast fleets which sweep all before them. all before them. The peril is great; it is immediate. Mr. Wakefield points it up. There being no objection, the speech was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

CAN WE STOP THE RUSSIAN ARMADA? We Alaskans are justly conscious and proud of the vastness of our great State; its richness, its variety.

Few are as conscious of the vastness of our Alaskan seas. The coastal land masses shallowly covered by 600 feet or less of water— the Continental Shelf-extend offshore from the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California, for example, 5, 10, 20 miles. Here in Alaska, the shelf runs out 50 miles in the gulf, hundreds of miles in the Bering Sea. Our coastline of 34,000 miles, our submerged lands available or potentially available for fishcry, mineral, and other exploitation, approach the combined total of all the other American coastal States.

The patrol of Alaska's active fishing grounds by our Coast Guard and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service involves coverage of more than a million square miles of

ocean.

We know less about the earth's oceans than we know about the moon. Certainly, we know all too little about the nature and extent of marine resources along Alaska's coast. We have, of course, a good deal of information about the populations of salmon, and of other developed fisheries like hallbut, herring, and king crab. But these are only parts of the total picture, and in a soon-to-be-published book, Lee Alverson and other scientists of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, stick out their necks with educated guesses concerning the lesser known species and areas. Their estimate for the standing crop of bottom fish-soles and flounders and cod and rockfishes and so forth-for the coasts of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, totals out 18,898 million pounds of fish. And almost 90 percent of these are in Alaskan waters.

To guess what the sustainable harvest of these fishes might be is even more difficult. Until very recently, this was an almost untouched resource, with perhaps a hundred million pounds a year harvested primarily in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia waters. Alverson suggests a possible available harvest of as much as 3 billion pounds a year. To give some idea of the magnitude of this possibility, this is roughly a billion pounds more than the current total annual consumption of all types of fish and seafoods in the United

States of America.

look through the magnificent eight-page I hope that many of you had a chance to feature section on world fishing in last week's Time magazine. I think that it did a very good job of throwing into perspective

our Alaska fish problems, and those of the rest of the world. (Incidentally, three of the four Alaska fishing color photos with that article were taken at our little Port Wakefield village.)

World population increased last year by some 61 million persons, some 250 times the population of Alaska. More than a billion persons already on this globe are seriously short of food, and all the rest of us seem engaged in a campaign to upgrade our diets. This tremendous demand for more and more food, for better quality food, particularly for high protein foods, can hardly be met by agriculture, particularly considering the backward nature of agriculture in many parts of the world, and the relative lack of success in the Soviet Union, in China, and in India with the solving of agricultural production problems. The result has been enormous pressure on the protein resources of the sea, with production nearly doubling in the past 10 years.

Can it be any surprise that the last few years have seen the entry of some 900 fishing vessels of a size and efficiency beyond the ken of the average American, even the average American fisherman, invade our Alaskan waters? Unfortunately, however, they have not been content to confine themselves solely to resources we have not been unwilling or unable to develop, but give every indication of being anxious and willing to also scoop up the resources which we have used, cultivated and protected for years, and which form the backbone of Alaska's No. 1 industry. I refer primarily, of course, to salmon, but also to halibut and to king crab.

Week before last in Tokyo, as some 20 of us struggled with the problem of negotiating a new treaty with Japan and Canada, which we hope will continue and improve protections we feel we must have for Alaska's fisheries, a group of hostile Japanese newsmen attempted to badger Senator BARTLETT with the usual line about the alleged unfairness of our insistence upon the abstention principle for salmon and halibut, creating a monopoly for ourselves, and our claim to king crab as a resource of the shelf under the Law of the Sea Convention. BOB told them that from where he stood, they were doing right well, that Japan's catch in Alaskan waters had in the past 10 years gone from nothing to 1,100 million pounds, whereas the total American catch of fish on the west coast-Washington, California, and Oregon, as well as Alaska-had remained constant at about 800 million pounds. The Russians do not furnish us with catch statistics, but we assume, from the amount of fishing effort involved, that the Russian take is somewhat similar in magnitude to the Japanese.

Now, if someone will dim the house lights, I would like to show you a few pictures indicating how this has been accomplished, and the sort of competition we are up against.

First, let us orient ourselves. Here are the fishing areas we are talking about-the Gulf of Alaska, the Aleutians, the eastern Bering Sea, the Pacific coast.

Here is a giant stern trawler. This one happens to be the Akebono Maru, but the Russians have more of them, and bigger. These ships are in many respects the most modern fishing machines in the world. They can travel anywhere, fish and process the catch on board, are completely self-contained units. The ships are upwards of 250 feet long, over 2,000 gross tons, and carry a crew of 100-plus men and women. A quick look at the boats here in Juneau or any other Alaskan port will show how our fleet compares. Even southern California's beautiful new million-dollar tuna seiners look pretty puny alongside these rigs.

These next shots are of the more conventional side trawlers which make up the bulk of the Russian fleet and, with the

freezer ships to which they deliver their catch and various other support vessels, account for the bulk of Russian activity in Alaskan waters. New England has a few vessels approximating these, but Alaska, none. In July, U.S. patrols counted some 180 of these in the Kodiak area alone.

In the wintertime, the bulk of this fleet operates in Bering Sea, finding protection from storms by operating in the ice floes, as we see here, harvesting primarily yellow tail flounder and other flat fishes. In the summer months they congregate along the edge of the Continental Shelf in the Gulf of Alaska, harvesting mainly red fish, with an incidental catch of some $20,000 worth of our American crab pots this summer. The chart you see here indicates the growth rate of the Soviet trawl fishery.

In the last few weeks, one small Russian fleet, some seven trawlers, turned real nasty and went deliberately after both crab pots and crabs around the southern end of Kodiak Island.

This slide shows a handsome Japanese trawl fleet mother ship.

This is a Russian king crab mother ship, the Andrei Zakharov. She is new, ocean liner size, carries a crew of over 600, is possibly the world's finest floating cannery. She carries her fishing boats in davits port and starboard, launches them each morning to harvest miles of tangle nets. There were three of these in Alaskan waters this year, and for the first time two of them moved out of the eastern Bering Sea early this summer to set their gear off Chirikof Island between Kodiak and Sand Point. Our Government protested promptly and vigorously, and the Soviets shortly thereafter withdrew. However, they have made no formal response to our protests, and what they will do next year is anyone's guess.

The Japanese crab operations are similar to the Soviets, and here are three pictures of the Tokei Maru and her fishing boats.

These are Soviet whalers. Some 40 killer boats and 4 factory ships range from Attu to southeastern Alaska during the course of the year, and on several occasions have violated the narrow 3-mile band which is unfortunately all we claim as territorial waters. On the plus side, these violations contributed substantially to rapid passage by the Senate recently of BOB BARTLETT'S bill putting teeth into our protection of these territorial waters.

I think these pictures may help us arrive at the obvious answer to the question posed here. We cannot stop the Russian fishing armada, or the similar one from Japan. They are big. They are self-sufficient. They operate outside our jurisdiction, in international waters. Though I am sure that in the next few years, the United States will change its traditional views and adopt some fishery jurisdictional limit such as 12 miles, using the straight base line principle, even this would not block the major areas of operation for these fleets. It is completely unrealistic to expect the United States to go beyond a 9- or 12-mile limit in the foreseeable future. For one thing, America's two most lucrative fishing enterprises-the shrimp fleets of the Gulf of Mexico and the tuna fleets of southern California-would be put out of business by coastal State jurisdiction of that breadth.

I'm not at all sure that even if we could stop them we would want to. With billions of pounds of good food going to waste along our coastline, and with millions of our fellow human beings undernourished, could we in all conscience object to this harvest?

Foreign fishing activity in Alaska waters, at or even above present levels, is something we will have to learn to live with. The enormously complex problem we now face is how to permit the harvest of unutilized fishery resources without damaging those which are already fully utilized by ourselves (or by ourselves together with the Ca

nadians) or to which we have special rights, such as, specifically, salmon, halibut, and king crab.

Species intermingle. It is difficult to trawl anywhere on our shelf without catching some halibut. Once on deck, many of these fish are dead, or not in good enough shape to survive if returned to the sea.

How, then, can there be a major trawl fishery without endangering our valuable halibut resource, even if the prosecuting country foreswears deliberately fishing for halibut?

Gear conflicts will intensify. I need only remind you of the fishtrap controversy here in Alaska to illustrate how intense this sort of conflict can become, even between compatriots.

But when groups of fishermen as different in backgrounds and loyalties as the Japanese, Russians, and Americans-with a language problem to boot-are involved, all hell can break loose.

We harvest crab (and this is the proper way to harvest crab) with fixed gear, with crab pots. Bottom fish are properly harvested by the Russians with moving gear, with otter trawls. But you can't operate fixed gear and mobile gear on the same grounds, at the same time, without irreconcilable conflict.

The Russians and Japanese use fixed gear for crabs, too-tangle nets. Off the Siberian coast, and also in the Eastern Bering Sea, the gear conflict is resolved by declaring the crab grounds off limits to the trawlers.

I hope this problem does not prove as difficult to settle as Berlin, but solve it we must if our crab fishery is to continue to prosper.

With regard to species we don't currently exploit there are real problems, also. To utilize some Bering Sea flounders is one thing. But to wipe them out, as may well be occurring, is quite another.

To find solutions for the many problems facing the Alaska fishing industry will take a great deal of effort on our own part and substantial outside help.

As I have said, our knowledge of the ocean resources around us, of their interrelationship, of how to manage them, is woefully inadequate. We need much more money from Congress than we've been able to get in the past for vastly expanded research programs.

We need a great deal more accomplishment at the international conference table than we have yet been able to achieve. We need clear, workable treaty protection, such as we temporarily now have in large measure for salmon and halibut, continued for those fishes, and extended to crab. And we need better arrangements for conservation regulations for all species, and applying to all countries. This means, for one thing, international fishery agreements for the North Pacific in the near future which will include the U.S.S.R.

Further, this entirely new situation off our coast requires that we improve and revitalize our Alaskan fishing industry if it is to remain an important segment of the State's economy. We must become more efficient, more competitive, put out an improved product and market it more aggressively. Most of this is industry's own job, and I for one have confidence that it can and will be done.

The State of Alaska, and the fact we are a State, has helped us tremendously. Governor Egan and the department of fish and game work hard and well at progress for Alaska's fisheries. We hope for even more of this aid in the future including a thorough review of traditional methods of fishery regulation which force inefficiency in the name of conservation. And finally, the Federal Government should at least permit us to buy the tools of our trade at fair, competitive prices. I would personally prefer that this be done by enabling us to buy equipment freely on

the world market, as any other industry in the United States can do. Senators BARTLETT and MAGNUSON have taken the other approach, however, and I am every happy to say, have succeeded in getting their fishing vessel subsidy bill through the Senate.

American fishing in these waters goes back to 1865, and the first Alaskan fish boat departed Wrangell for the cod banks in 1879. With continued, sympathetic support from the State chamber, and we hope from all of you, as individuals of influence, we hope to keep fishing Alaska's first industry, in every respect.

It has been a pleasure to come here this morning, and if my remarks have generated any questions in your minds, I shall be happy to try to answer them.

EUROPEAN-AMERICAN TRADE

RELATIONS

Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, it was my privilege to be invited to participate in an international symposium on the subject of European-American trade relations. This significant international conference took place in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, from November 11 to 15. I was invited to deliver one of the opening addresses at the symposium on November 11. Due to the business of the Senate, and in particular the debate on the foreign aid bill, I was unable to attend this symposium. I had prepared my address and it was delivered for me by Mr. Richard Reuter, Director of the foor-for-peace program. I am indebted to Mr. Reuter for his cooperation and assistance.

The symposium was attended by approximately 500 representatives from 15 countries of Europe and the United States. It afforded an opportunity for a friendly and constructive exchange of ideas on particular problems of food, agriculture, and agricultural trade which are of growing importance to the progress and well-being of Europe and the United States.

Participating in the symposium were leaders and spokesmen from both sides of the Atlantic representing interests of industry, labor, consumers, science, economics, government and agriculture.

Discussion topics included:

First. The place of liberal trade in the policies of the West.

dated October 28 from the Department of Agriculture; and a letter that I received from Secretary Freeman inviting me to participate, dated October 17.

There being no objection, the matters were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

THE PLACE OF LIBERAL TRADE IN THE POLICIES OF THE WEST

(An address by the Honorable HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, U.S. Senator, before the European-American symposium on agricultural trade, in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, November 11, 1963)

to meet with you and to take part in this I am deeply grateful for this opportunity European-American symposium on agricultural trade. This meeting which is devoted to the strengthening and expansion of trade relations is of great significance. I know I will benefit from the exchange of viewpoints. I hope we will all come away with a greater recognition of the political and economic forces of our time. Let us not suffer from the intrusion of obsolete ideas that are mere prejudiced echoes of a vanished age.

The announcement of this symposium stated that the keynote from the American

viewpoint will be sounded by U.S. Senator HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, and from the European standpoint by Mr. V. G. M. Marijnen, Prime Minister of the Netherlands.

As I have reflected upon the keynote of this meeting I have come to the conclusion that fundamentally it could be expressed in a few words the rising tide of interdepend

ence.

Much of man's progress has been measured in terms of trade. It was trade, primarily, which sent Marco Polo, Columbus, Magellan, Drake, and other explorers on voyages which

broadened the horizons of the world. Trade over the ages has provided contacts enrichis a vital component in the prosperity of ing our knowledge and culture. Today, trade Western Europe and the United States-a source of strength to all nations of the Atlantic Community. If trade means progress-and it does-anything that hampers trade is detrimental to progress.

I want to discuss with you the desirability-the absolute necessity of liberalizing trade to the maximum extent possible. Specifically, I want to show you how liberal trade ties in with the overall policies of the Western World.

What are the policies of the Western World?

There are many, of course, but they fall into a few broad categories.

We want to be free, within the framework of democratic governments-and are willing to fight, if necessary, to preserve our free

interests in

Fifth. Consumer-labor food and agricultural trade. Sixth. Business interests in food and agricultural trade.

Seventh. Problems of farm income in relation to trade.

Eighth. Relating national agricultural policies to expanding trade.

I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the RECORD my address entitled "The Place of Liberal Trade in the Policies of the West"; a press release of the U.S. Department of Agriculture dated August 27, announcing the European-American symposium on agricultural trade; the announcement of the symposium speakers; also a press release

We desire peace.

We seek the high standards of living-of health and comfort-which this age of science and technology is making possible.

We are prepared to help the less developed countries of the world move forward with

us.

The United States and Western Europe are cooperating in approaches to these common policies. We are working through such international agencies as the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the

Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development. In trade matters, our principal contacts are through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. But in all these fields, we have many other contacts— diplomatic, business, financial, cultural. This symposium is in itself an example of a special effort to focus attention on trade and the need for liberalizing it further in the interests of the Atlantic Community.

It was just a few weeks ago that I flew to the Federal Republic of Germany to attend

the unveiling of a memorial to a great American general and statesman, Gen. George C. Marshall. I reflected on the success of one

of the boldest and most productive ventures in all history-the Marshall plan for European economic recovery. The fact that we are meeting here today is a tribute to the vision of General Marshall.

Most of you will recall that the threat of Comunist subversion and domination hung heavily over Europe. Many Eastern nations had lost their independent status and were Soviet satellites. The Central and Western countries were suffering from war exhaustion, poverty, and economic collapse. It was at that stage that the United States recognized a fundamental fact of the postwar period-the economic and military strength of the free world depends on the community of interest, the cooperative action of the United States and Western Europe. The economic and the military powers of the West were restored. Now we see the result of this cooperative venture in the re-establishment of Western Europe as one of the vital and significant power centers of the world.

No man could have foreseen all the consequences of that action. However, it was at that very moment, whether we recognized it or not, that we proclaimed our own declaration of interdependence.

My mind then turned to the greatness of the late Robert Schuman, a man who combined vision with realism. He was a friend of freemen everywhere. He was one of a mere handful of great Europeans who wrought a miracle of the new Western Europe. It was about 13 years ago that he startled the world by launching a most novel and ambitious venture in international cooperation known as the Schuman plan. Out of this was created the European Coal and Steel Community which has since munity, and eventually may provide the blossomed into the European Economic Com

foundation for a United States of Europe. He was a practical visionary.

No meeting such as this should proceed without paying credit to that warm, gallant,

and modest friend of all freemen, Jean Monnet. To an admiring world this almost legendary figure has become known as Mr. Europe. Mr. Monnet will go down in history because he saw with crystal clarity the nature of the great tidal economic and social forces that work in the world. He set his course to pursuing the most relevant purposes of all-bending men's effort toward a nobler future. To transient disappointments he immunized himself in the great hope, which I am sure will be fulfilled, that the immunization also will become part of all of the body politic of Western Europe. At times of crisis and disappointment, he is apt to say, "The important point is for us not to be deflected, not to lose momentum; we must go forward. We may alter our tactics but never our main objectives." Jean Monnet is an optimist. He is an optimist because he is a practical man with a passionate desire to get things done, and they are being done. To him also we should pay tribute at this meeting.

There are a few essential ingredients in the men I have mentioned-Marshall, Schuman, and Monnet. There are others to whom I should like to pay tribute-but time does not permit. Each of them recognized that defense is indivisible-economic life is interdependent, and that the major political decisions of our time must of necessity be taken in concert if the full strength of the free world is to be fully mobilized.

The world in which we live is growing increasingly interdependent. The United

States must depend on many other countries for several of the critical materials and even some of the amenities of life. The statistics show that Western Europe imports considerably more than we do. The United States