There being no objection, the letters were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: U.S. SENATE, Hon. ORVILLE L. FREEMAN, DEAR MR. SECRETARY: Just this afternoon, Mr. Jay B. Dillingham, president of the Kansas City Stockyards Co., and himself a livestock producer of considerable experience, called to report that the largest meat boning plant in Kansas City is unable to compete with the increased imports this year of meat and meat products and is shutting down at the close of business tomorrow. At this time of the year under normal market conditions, this particular plant would be at its peak season with 200 employees. In recent weeks it has been operating on a curtailed basis with only 90 employees and now these 90 must be laid off tomorrow. The enclosed copy of a letter from Mr. Dillingham presents, in greater detail, the seriousness of this situation about which we have been concerned for many months. It is my understanding that members of your Department met late last month with the Livestock Advisory Committee at which time a program was discussed including the following: 1. Voluntary restriction on imports of livestock and livestock products. 2. A stepped-up program for sale of more beef through normal retail stores. 3. Marketing of beef animals at lighter weights. As emphasized by the closing of the boning plant in Kansas City, the situation is more serious each day. I would urge, therefore, that renewed efforts be made to implement the suggested three-step program. I would hope also that consideration could be given to increased purchases for the school lunch and needy family distribution programs and to any other actions which will assist this industry. that imported meat is not depressing domestic prices, we still disagree. 1962 to the same period of 1963. This is a drop of 16.8 percent. The graph also shows that canner and cutter cows have held at a fairly constant level, based on cutout figures for domestic hamburger to sell in competition with imported meats. Import duties on beef and veal (fresh, chilled, or frozen) were reduced in 1948 from 6 to 3 cents per pound. At the same time, duties on mutton were reduced from 5 to 22 cents per pound. Statistics reaching us reveal the following at their annual meeting recently held in record: Imports of beef and veal from 3 countries (product weight basis) [In millions of pounds] Australia The National Live Stock and Meat Board, Wichita, Kans., cut half a carcass from a choice grade steer weighing 292 pounds, which is a very desirable product for most retail stores. From this side of beef, the following figures were compiled: The September 2, 1963, issue of Foreign Agriculture, USDA, shows a total of 651,164,000 pounds of red meat imported or 18 percent over the same period of 1962. Lamb is almost double the same period, an actual increase of 95 percent. There is no reason to anticipate that figures for the last 6 months of 1963 will show any different pattern. Domestic production of beef and veal, in terms of consumption, came to about 90 pounds per capita in 1962. With imports of beef and veal at 8.9 percent of domestic production, it means that 8 pounds of product per person were offered in our domestic markets from foreign sources. The record on slaughter of cows will be of interest. Figures are published by USDA. January to August 1963_ January to August 1962January to August 1961. January to August 1960_. In the second classification, hamburger amounted to 35 pounds 10 ounces, or 12 percent of the total side. The percentage of hamburger can increase materially when the less popular cuts do not sell readily over the counter. In that case, they are also ground into hamburger and the percentage of hamburger from the choice side of beef will increase to a total of about 38 percent of a choice grade steer. The percentage of meat directly competitive with that imported from a good or lower grade steer is even higher. Boning is a specialized operation and many plants restrict their operation to that part of the business almost exclusively. Many of these plants over the country have discontinued operations or reduced to a very minimum. The second largest boning plant in the United States is located in Kansas City. We Canner and Other cows know he is fully aware of the pressure imcutter cows ported meat has on his business. Here are the facts. This shows the slaughter of cows for the January-August 1963 period is down 7 percent from 1960 and can only indicate the price of cows for slaughter is inadequate to influence livestock people to ship cows to market. In other words, they are holding back cows to produce another calf. This is at the same time when cattle numbers in the United States are at an all-time high and with dry weather existing over a very large area. The total dollar value of U.S. exports of all livestock and meat products in 1962 came to about $320 million. Our imports amounted to $670 million, plus $209 million of wool, making the total import value of approximately $879 million. will be $3. ago $28.75 17.25 20.50 Our Kansas City Drovers Telegram carried an article on October 18, 1963, quoting Secretary Freeman that Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland have agreed to limit their shipments of dairy products to the United States in 1963 and 1964. Secretary Freeman is 1.2134 quoted as saying this voluntary action should ease the fears of American dairymen that imports of three specific products will suddenly increase. All slaughter steers this last week in Kansas City averaged $22.47 a hundred, $22.75 the previous week, and $27.48 a year ago, and lower again today. While we recognize that fat cattle reached a higher level a year ago than anticipated, there is no economic justification for present-day prices. Despite the position of the Department of Agriculture It is difficult to understand how imported dairy products are recognized as affecting the domestic market and quotas agreed to voluntarily and, at the same time, contend meat imports do not have the same effect. The graph enclosed reveals that choice grade steers dropped $4.84 from mid-October grade steers dropped $4.84 from mid-October Imported meat can be purchased in New York at $38.25 with a 90-percent lean meat figure. It would be necessary to add $2 per hundredweight for delivery into Kansas City or a total figure of $40.25. This makes the domestic meat look like a bargain unless the whole story is told. Here is the actual route of most of the imported meat after it is unloaded at either the east or west coast. It is sold to retail stores who use their power saws to slice the meat into thin strips and after it is partially thawed, it is ground into hamburger. These stores have fat waste that is practically a total loss in the cutting operation, so they add this fat which is worth 3 cents per pound to the lean imported beef that will analyze 90-percent lean and 10-percent fat, to bring the percentage up to 23-percent fat. This is the legal limit set by the Federal Government standards. This lowers the cost of hamburger in that store from $40.25 to $36.52 or a round number of 37 cents a pound, while our local plant has to have 40 cents per pound to keep his money together. While this started out to be a memo to Because the com Mr. MANSFIELD. mittee is conducting important business, to try to get the tax bill out within a reasonable period of time. Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the Senate meet tomorrow at 10 o'clock a.m. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I object. That responsibility lies with the bring you up to date, the scope of the prob- minority leader and with the majority lem warrants our imposing on you to recite facts herein. We think it convincing that imported meat has been depressing our market and will continue to do so as long as the volume remains at the existing level. Domestic production is ample and recent statements by USDA would not forecast any reduction in the foreseeable future. Even though the comments relate to the effect on beef, it has the same influence on pork and lamb. To make matters even worse, the October issue of the Livestock Journal discloses that Japan has been added to the list from which meat, meat food products, and meat byproducts may be imported into the United States under Federal meat inspection regulations after July 30, 1963. The USDA has indicated an increase in domestic production of 3 percent per year in red meat for the next 5 years is needed to supply the domestic market. With our cost of production being up-higher labor, grain, hay, and equipment, it is quite apparent we are losing our market to imported meats. Yours very truly, Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. HUMPHREY. I yield. Mr. MANSFIELD. May I say that before the Senator from Minnesota yielded to me and before the Senator from Connecticut obtained the floor, I made a statement that it was my intention to ask for a recess until tomorrow at 12 o'clock noon. With the permission of the Senator from Minnesota, I should like at this moment to ask unanimous consent that the Senate stand in recess until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection? Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, reserving the right to object Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I move that the Senate stand in recess until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that I may yield. Mr. GOLDWATER. Could not the Senate meet tomorrow at 10 o'clock? Mr. MANSFIELD. I would like to have it do so, but the Finance Committee has to meet to consider the tax bill. If If they had not been meeting for the past 2 or 3 weeks, the Senate would have been in session at 9 or 10 o'clock each morning. Mr. GOLDWATER. Why can we not ignore the committee for 1 day, and meet at 10 o'clock tomorrow? leader. I understand the position of the Senator from Arizona, and I would hope that he would understand the position we are in, because we have to get legislation through the committees. There has been enough criticism of the Senate in the past several weeks to last us for a long time. So, Mr. President, I renew my motion that the Senate stand in recess until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on agreeing to the motion of the Senator from Montana that the Senate take a recess until tomorrow at noon. Eastland Edmondson Ervin McCarthy McClellan McGee Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, on that question, I ask for the yeas and Fulbright nays. The yeas and nays were ordered. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on agreeing to the motion of the Senator from Montana that the Senate recess. On this question the yeas and nays have been ordered, and the clerk will call the roll. The legislative clerk called the roll. Mr. HUMPHREY. I announce that the Senator from New Mexico [Mr. ANDERSON], the Senator from Louisiana [Mr. ELLENDER], the Senator from Washington [Mr. JACKSON], the Senator from Louisiana [Mr. LONG], the Senator from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON], the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. McGOVERN], the Senator from Oregon [Mrs. NEUBERGER], the Senator from Georgia [Mr. RUSSELL], the Senator from Florida [Mr. SMATHERS], the Senator from Mississippi [Mr. STENNIS], and the Senator from Tennessee [Mr. WALTERS], are absent on official business. I further announce that the Senator from California [Mr. ENGLE] is absent due to illness. I further announce that, if present and voting, the Senator from Washington [Mr. JACKSON], the Senator from Louisiana [Mr. LONG], the Senator from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON], the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. McGOVERN], the Senator from Oregon [Mrs. NEUBERGER], the Senator from Tennessee [Mr. WALTERS], and the Senator from California [Mr. ENGLE] would each vote "yea." Mr. KUCHEL. I announce that the Senators from Nebraska [Mr. CURTIS and Mr. HRUSKA] are absent on official business. The Senator from Kentucky [Mr. MORTON] is necessarily absent. If present and voting, the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. HRUSKA] would vote “nay.” Bennett Cotton Dodd Dominick Goldwater Anderson Curtis Ellender Hruska McIntyre NAYS-17 Jordan, Idaho Mechem Miller Morse Moss Mundt Jackson Prouty Ribicoff Scott Simpson Thurmond Tower Williams, Del. NOT VOTING-15 Long, La. Magnuson McGovern Morton Neuberger Russell Smathers Stennis Walters So the motion to recess was agreed to; and (at 10 o'clock and 34 minutes p.m.) the Senate recessed until tomorrow, Friday, November 15, 1963, at 12 o'clock meridian. NOMINATIONS Executive nominations received by the Senate November 14 (legislative day of October 22), 1963: U.S. ATTORNEY George I Cline, of Kentucky, to be U.S. attorney for the eastern district of Kentucky for the term of 4 years, vice Bernard T. Moynahan, Jr. U.S. MARSHAL marshal for the district of Oregon for the Eugene G. Hulett of Oregon to be U.S. term of 4 years, vice Paul Kearney, deceased. CONFIRMATIONS Executive nominations confirmed by the Senate November 14 (legislative day of October 22), 1963: POSTMASTERS ALABAMA Percy O. Morris, Demopolis. Malcolm M. Walding, Dothan. David Barnhill, Robertsdale. John A. Kelley, Uniontown. ARKANSAS Jacob F. Dickerson, Evening Shade. Wilford W. Taylor, Hoxie. CALIFORNIA Olive A. Jones, Castella. Leonard O. Moody, Redondo Beach. Ramona C. Hilliard, Williams. COLORADO Richard N. Heyman, Kersey. Archie N. Hain, Wellington. CONNECTICUT Helen T. Fiddner, Brookfield Center. Edmund W. Vallera, Higganum. John B. Condon, South Britain. DELAWARE William C. Calloway, Delmar. FLORIDA Charles A. Miller, Bay Pines. GEORGIA Charles J. Cunningham, Madison. INDIANA James Neugebauer, Gary. Roger J. McKee, Michigan Ctiy. Izetta C. Bopp, Brayton. Bernard F. Snyder, Larchwood. Orval C. McCormac, Letts. Mary E. Dardis, Peosta. Willard E. Leiran, Waterville. KANSAS Lawrence V. Ferrell, Independence. E. Maxine Nelson, Lenora. KENTUCKY James D. Dearing, Alvaton. Marianna T. Thompson, Edmonton. LOUISIANA George C. Grammer, Benton. Lee L. Blanchard, Paincourtville. MAINE William F. Leonard, Camden. Norris L. Marston, Lubec. Winifred V. Burton, Monhegan. Leo P. Pinette, Westbrook. MARYLAND Martha G. Catlin, Nanticoke. Guy W. Hinebaugh, Oakland. Lee C. Hocker, Rockville. Jerome D. Laffey, Westernport. MASSACHUSETTS John F. Bresciani, Hopedale. MICHIGAN Harry L. Faling, Clarklake. Linden F. Tibbits, Columbiaville. Frederick A. Heileman, Dutton. MISSOURI Arthur L. Giffin, Guilford. NEBRASKA Harold F. Zwonechek, De Witt. Alfonso W. Magurno, Bloomingdale. CIX- -1380 J. Robert Tracey, Morristown. Ralph J. Caneva, Park Ridge. John B. Porter, Runnemede. Peter G. Bakutes, Somerville. NEW MEXICO Isabel Rumsey, Orogrande. NEW YORK George T. O'Leary, Central Islip. NORTH CAROLINA Francis P. Martin, Danbury. NORTH DAKOTA Harley S. Durward, Bowbells. George G. Schmid, Minnewaukan. OHIO Glenn G. Isenman, Canton. Orval V. Grove, Centerburg. Marcella V. Fedderke, Jewell. Anthony Alferio, Jr., Kipton. Doris E. Thompson, Monroe. Billy L. Flint, New Vienna. PENNSYLVANIA Ward Johns, Adrian. Joseph W. Kudasik, Jr., Central City. PUERTO RICO Jose D. Candelas, Jr., Manati. Charles R. Hook EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. PAUL G. ROGERS OF FLORIDA EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, November 14, 1963 Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speaker, in the recent passing of Mr. Charles R. Hook, America has lost an internationally known industrialist and Government servant who devoted his entire life to principle. It was my great pleasure to work with Mr. Hook through his efforts on the Hoover Commission. As the sponsor of legislation which his committee recommended, I had the opportunity to get to know and respect his great ability and devotion to his country. On the Hoover Commission, Mr. Hook made his specialty the business side of the Defense Establishment. He brought with him the experience gained in Government by serving, without pay, under three Presidents. He started as a $2 a week office boy for a Cincinnati, Ohio, steel firm and rose to serve as chairman of the board of one of our leading steel companies. This varied background in business made him well qualified for his Government service, and many of his recommendations on behalf of the Hoover Commission have been enacted into law. Mr. Hook received many awards in his lifetime, but perhaps one of the last meant the most to him. This was the award presented "for devotion to principle" given by former President Herbert Hoover on behalf of the Hoover Commission task force. The citation said "you have provided strong leadership in the far-reaching and time-consuming task of assuring implementation of the Commission's recommendations." Hoover said to Mr. Hook that the citation was the only one of its kind ever awarded, and "it is an indication of the great esteem in which you are held." The citation praised Hook's "diligence, perseverance, integrity, and farsightedness." Charles R. Hook is representative of that product of the American free enterprise system we tend to overlook too often. His life story is one of a man who worked his way up from the bottom of the ladder of industry to the top position in his field, and who gave of his time and energies to the Nation which had made it all possible. He did not seek honors nor compensation for his service, merely the opportunity to serve. He lived his life quietly, without great fanfare, and yet made a lasting contribution to Government and industry. As his biographer, John Tebbel suggested in his title, he brought "the human touch" to business, and to Government. America has produced others like Mr. Hook. It is assured, through his good example and faith, she will continue to produce leaders of quality, and integrity. Speaker, Jimmy Hoffa within the last few days has announced that he is starting negotiations on December 1 with the trucking industry for a one-package nationwide contract. He is demanding for the first time one contract with all of the Nation's 16,000 trucking companies which, of course, would end on the same date. Heretofore, regional contracts were written, each separate and with different dates. This kind of a new frontal attack gives Jimmy Hoffa the power to completely tie up the economy of the country within a matter of hours. It gives Jimmy Hoffa the power to put thousands of trucking firms out of business. If management were to conspire to put a competitor out of business, the Government would step in; but if a union does exactly the same thing, nothing is done. Why? Because there are no laws on the books to control the power of the unions. The International Teamsters magazine of November 1963 predicts that the 16,000 trucking companies in the United States today will shrink to 100 in the next decade. Why? Jimmy Hoffa and his nationwide contract will either force these companies to the wall or to consolidate. He has already brought ruin to many companies throughout the country by his ruthless tactics, and this latest demand will bring the entire industry and the economy of the country within his grasp. Jimmy Hoffa stated that the proposed contract would cost over $600 million in the next 3 years and that higher rates would be needed in order to pay this amount. Among other things, the contract will require that all operators pay $5 into the Teamster pension fund for each truck trailer piggybacked by the railroads. This is outright featherbedding and, yes, even blackmail. No service is performed for the $5, but yet it is demanded under threat and will be paid under fear. This in the United States which, under our Constitution, guarantees freedom to each individual. Mr. Speaker, this master contract will complete a monopoly for Jimmy Hoffa in the trucking industry. Rather than wait until an emergency arises such as we had in the railroads this year-it is imperative that the Congress now consider legislation in the field of industrywide strikes and come up with some sound work in this field without an emergency hanging over its head. If we are to enact constructive legislation in this field, now is the time to move forward. Now is the time to consider the consequences of the proposed action by the Teamsters Union. My bill, H.R. 333, goes to the heart of this problem. It would amend the Sherman antitrust law and make it applicable to international labor unions. It would prohibit industrywide strikes, it would prohibit featherbedding, not only in the transportation industry but in all industry. This is one of the most serious problems which this country faces today. If we are to protect the welfare of our citizens from the greed and lust for power by some of our labor leaders, we must enact legislation in this field. The hour is late and immediate consideration of this grave problem is a must. The American citizen and the rank-and-file union member must be protected. Jacksonville (Ill.) Jaycees Honored EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. PAUL FINDLEY OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, November 14, 1963 Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce has achieved worldwide recognition for its many examples of public service. One of the most significant of its new projects was inaugurated by the Jacksonville (Ill.) chapter of the Jaycees on Memorial Day, 1961. On that day the organization, under the leadership of its president, Bill Carl, established a highway safety service on Highways 36 and 54 in Jacksonville which received nationwide recognition. The group established a rest stop for the convenience and safety of motorists on that day of busy traffic. Motorists were invited to park for a few minutes, have the windshields of their cars cleaned off, receive free refreshments in the shade, travel information, and a packet of literature and other items to make their journey more pleasant. This event was highly successful and so widely praised by motorists that it received nationwide publicity. Since then the Jacksonville Jaycees have continued the rest stop each as a feature of the July Fourth and Labor Day holidays. The new president of the group is Keith Schuman, and on Tuesday, November 26, the chapter will receive a special award from Illinois Secretary of State Charles F. Carpentier, himself na tionally known for his effective work in promoting highway safety. To me it seems a significant occasion on which to recognize the initiative and constructive good work of the Jaycees. The president of the Polish University Club of New Jersey for the current year is a distinguished citizen of my own congressional district, Mr. Jan ZaprawaOstromecki, of Roselle Park. A former member of the Polish Parliament, a lawyer, economist, and engineer, Mr. Zaprawa-Ostromecki was a leader of the The Polish University Club of New Jersey Polish underground in World War II EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. FLORENCE P. DWYER OF NEW JERSEY IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mrs. DWYER. Mr. Speaker, the Polish University Club of New Jersey, one of the most active and constructive organizations of its kind, celebrated its 35th anniversary last month with a most impressive and enjoyable banquet and ball at the Robert Treat Hotel in Newark. In connection with this event, the club published a very informative and attractive program which contains a great deal of important information about the club and its activities. Founded in 1928, the Polish University Club's purposes have been admirably summarized by Dr. Charles Allan Baretski, its historian: An outpouring of love for America and respect for its Government and institutions and gratitude for sacrifices made in their behalf by their parents and families and a determination to foster an appreciation of their Polish heritage bespoke a readiness on the part of the club's founders to charter an organization for Polish-American men whose only standard would be one of excellence. Thus, ab initio, the Polish University Club of New Jersey was something more than a fraternal group, much more than an ethnic or "nationality" society, singing its own praises. Ideally and actually, it was and is meant to be a service group, and it does citizenship, holds high the torch of learning serve. It illuminates the ideals of American and scholarship, and disseminates the fruit of Polish culture. Among the group's most important contributions has been its sponsorship, beginning in 1953, of the Institute of Polish Culture at Seton Hall University in South Orange, N.J. Now known as the Polish Cultural Society at Seton Hall University, this institution has regularly implemented the club's ideals by bringing to the public, under university auspices, outstanding programs featuring Polish scholars, music, poetry, and history. The club's scholarship program is another of its activities in which members take special pride. Over the years, a long list of deserving young men and women have been aided in pursuing college careers at various institutions inside and out of New Jersey, thereby extending the beneficial influence of the the club far into the future. In addition to a very active women's auxiliary, the club has also engaged in numerous social affairs, awarded medals for academic excellence, aided numerous good causes, and has exercised a constructive impact on our State far out of proportion to its numbers. and was captured, tortured, and imprisoned by the Nazis. Other officers this year include: James R. Barwick, first vice president; Casimir J. Drygas, second vice president; Stanley Wyglendowski, corresponding secretary; Walter J. Pietrucha, recording secretary; Wallace Nowel, treasurer; Dr. Charles A. Baretski, historian; and Raymond Wozniak, sergeant at arms. Chairmen of the club's committees for 1963-64 are Walter Brytczuk, budget; Peter Pietrucha, good and welfare; Casimir J. Drygas, dinner-dance; John A. Wroblesky, bulletin; Stanley Strand, publicity; J. Thaddeus Rospond, Scholarship; Edmund Wiss, life membership; Edward Mizerski, ways and means; John Lacz, academic award of elementary schools; Leonard V. Gorson, outstanding citizen award; Charles Pierce, Seton Hall Institute; Edward Mizerski, legislative and constitution revision; Dr. Edward Wolski, membership; Chester Stanowski, dinner meeting; Frank Gubernat, theater party; Eugene Bogatko, liaison; Jan Zaprawa-Ostromecki, 35th anniversary; Dr. Charles A. Baretski, Poland's millennium; Joseph Zaorski, promoting courses in Polish language and literature; Dr. Eugene Nargiello, 600th anniversary of Cracow University. As evidence of the high regard in which the Polish University Club is held by the people of New Jersey, the club's honorary committee for the 35th anniversary includes the entire New Jersey delegation to the House and Senate, as well as the following: Most Rev. John Dougherty, auxiliary bishop of Newark and president of Seton Hall University; Rt. Rev. Msgr. Francis P. Kowalczyk, P.A.; Rt. Rev. Msgr. Bronislaw Socha; Richard J. Hughes; Mayor Hugh J. AdVery Rev. Msgr. Michael Fronczak; Gov. Richard J. Hughes; Mayor Hugh J. Addonizio; and Dr. Juliusz Szygowski, Min ister Plenipotentiary of the Polish gov ernment-in-exile. Mr. Chairman, honored guests, and friends, it is a special pleasure for me to be here with you tonight and to be asked to speak on this notable anniversary celebration-not only because I feel so much at home with so many friends but also because I find the goals and ideals of the Polish University Club so similar to my own. Your emphasis on and practical contribution toward excellence in education recognizes the growing importance of equipping our people with the skills, the training, and the understanding which are needed to deal with this modern world in all its complexity. Both the opportunities and the hazards of our age are fairly obvious, but it is even more apparent that, in order to benefit from the opportunities and avoid the hazards, we must improve the quality of education and broaden the availability of education to all our people. I am happy to see that you are doing your part. You are also dedicated to freedom-both personal freedom and national independence at a time when neither can be taken for granted anywhere in the world. And the two go together, as you so well understand. It is not enough that a nation be independent-whether that nation be the United States, Poland, Cuba, or the Soviet Union. If its people are not free to govern themselves, if they are forced under the heel of oppressive government-whether that government is homegrown or importedthen we cannot be content or consider that our ideals have been achieved. National independence without personal freedom may represent progress of a limited kind, but it is not by any stretch of the imagination the end of the struggle. Independence is empty unless it is filled with the hopes and dreams of people whose basic human rights are respected and protected. I emphasize this distinction between national independence and personal freedom because it applies directly to the present situation in Poland and in other Eastern European countries, and because I believe it is a keystone to the understanding of what is happening to the cold war in that crucial part of the world. The time has come, I believe, to make a major reassessment of our foreign policy with respect to Soviet Russia and to other Communist governments, especially in Eastern Europe. We need a new national debate on the course our country should follow. We should have a clearer understanding of how our Government views the great issues involved here and what it proposes to do about them. The events of recent weeks which have alarmed some and encouraged others-and I refer to the nuclear test ban treaty, the sale of wheat to Russia, the pro posed joint American-Soviet expedition to the moon-has also served to confuse even more of us about the policy our Government is now pursuing. Whatever that policy may be, it should, I believe, carefully avoid two unworkable, unrealistic extremes. I cannot agree, for instance, with those who deny that times can change and that we must be ready to take advantage of the new opportunities these changes bring. I cannot agree with those who would deny us any contact, any rela tions, with the countries of Eastern Europe because their governments are Communistcontrolled. I cannot agree with those who still maintain, in this age of the superbomb that the only course we can follow is the forcible and violent overthrow of these governments. That is one extreme. At the other extreme, I would also condemn those who naively expect too much from too little evidence-who are too ready to believe the best of Communist words at the expense of the worst of Communist actions-those who place too much emphasis on the loosening of direct Soviet contro: over countries like Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia, but who overlook the tyranny of the so-called independent Communist regimes there and I condemn the optimism of those who are too willing to forget the fundamental evil of communism. Somewhere between these two extremes, there is a practical course and a realistic policy for our country to follow. In seeking that course, I would remind us all that international communism remains a powerful opponent. As an idea, it has a deceptive appeal which has infected individuals throughout the world. As an organized system of force, it has mobilized hundreds of millions of people, overthrown legitimate |