modification, the licensing of controllers, and the fixing of fees and penalties, which bill was indefinitely postponed: Now, therefore, be it

Resolved by the North Dakota Water Users Association, at its fifth annual meeting, held in Fargo, N. Dak., October 8, 1963, That the President be authorized to appoint a committee of five citizens of the State to (1) consider the merit of and need for legislation relating to weather modification and control, (2) determine the advisability of having this association express support of legislation for the achievement of such objectives at the next legislative assembly of the State, and (3) report thereon with recommendations to the 1964 midyear meeting of the board of directors; and be it further

Resolved, That the board of directors be hereby authorized to take such action on the report and recommendations of the committee, on behalf of this association, as it may deem appropriate and proper.

RESOLUTION 5

Resolution authorizing creation of a committee to study the need for and procedure involved to establish a State water commission revolving fund

Whereas the 38th Legislative Assembly of North Dakota, through enactment of senate concurrent resolution 1, recognized the everincreasing demand and anticipated future need for water and declared as its policy that conservation and storage of water supplies should be provided wherever and whenever feasible and practicable; and

Whereas almost every area, community and municipality in the State of North Dakota has or will have problems of water shortage which must be met and solutions therefor provided; and

Whereas there are and will be many opportunities for mitigating or solving such water problems through cooperation and participation of local interests with State and Federal agencies engaged in the planning, development and construction of multiple-purpose projects for watershed protection and improvement, flood prevention, water supply, outdoor recreation, fish and wildlife enhancement, and related purposes and activities for the beneficial utilization of our water resources; and

Whereas reservoir storage makes available a water supply that may become of major

importance in the future for satisfaction of downstream water supply needs and which, coupled with agricultural products or other raw materials, might be a factor in an industrialized river basin; and

Whereas local interests in many instances are or will be unable to financially contribute to or participate in the cost of desirable and needed water projects in cooperation with State or Federal agencies unless required funds therefor can be obtained through grants or loans upon such terms and conditions as are within their normal capabilities to liquidate; and

Whereas the State water commission is duly authorized and empowered, and it is charged with the duty, among other things, to finance the construction, establishment, operation, and maintenance of public and private works, dams, irrigation and recreation projects; provide for storage, delivery and distribution of water for municipal, industrial, agricultural and recreational purposes; and to cooperate with the United States, State and local agencies in achieving the aforesaid purposes and objectives; and

Whereas the aforesaid legislative assembly implemented the said Senate Concurrent Resolution 1 by appropriating and providing certain funds to the State water commission for limited use in connection with carrying forward the program and activities under the legislative policy aforesaid: Now therefore be it

Resolved by the North Dakota Water Users Association, at its fifth annual meeting, held in Fargo, N. Dak., October 8, 1963, That the President be authorized to appoint a committee of five citizens of the State to (1) consider the merits of and need for the establishment of a State water conservation revolving fund, (2) determine the advisability of giving the association's support thereto, and (3) report thereon with recommendations to the 1964 midyear meeting of the board of directors; and be it further

Resolved, That the board of directors be hereby authorized to take such action on the report and recommendations of the committee on behalf of the association, as it may deem appropriate and proper.

RESOLUTION 6-APPRECIATION Whereas the annual meeting of the North Dakota Water Users Association, Inc., held in Fargo, N. Dak., October 8, 1963, is nearing the end, and those in attendance are mindful of the many courtesies, favors and services extended to its officials, members, and guests for which formal expressions of appreciation are in order: Now, therefore, be it

Resolved, That the North Dakota Water Users Association, aware that it would be almost physically impossible to identify and thank all of the individuals and organizations whose efforts resulted in the success of this convention, does hereby express sincere thanks and appreciation to the individual and collective numbers of the Federal, State, and local agencies and organizations, Fargo City Commission, chamber of commerce, housing committee, news media, assisting personnel and all who assisted and gave of their time and talents in making this fifth annual meeting a success.

MAINE BENEFITS FROM AREA
REDEVELOPMENT

Mr. MUSKIE. Mr. President, on June 26, the Senate passed legislation to provide additional funds for the continuation of the area redevelopment program. This legislation is now pending before the House of Representatives. Its enactment is important to the continued improvement of the Nation's economy.

During the Senate debate on this bill, I pointed out how the State of Maine has benefited from the area redevelopment program. Maine firms have received loans for the establishment of new businesses and the expansion of old ones. The Maine Sugarbeet Growers Association has received a grant for conducting feasibility studies for the introduction of the sugarbeet industry to Maine. Several hundred unemployed Maine workers have been trained for new jobs under ARA training programs.

The success achieved by ARA in combating unemployment and stimulating Maine's economy has been widely acknowledged. I ask unanimous consent to include in the RECORD at this point a news release prepared by the State department of economic development. This statement outlines the benefits a Maine firm received under the area redevelopment job training program. It is just one of several case studies which underlines progress achieved under ARA and the need for continuation of the ARA program.

There being no objection, the news release was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

PRESQUE ISLE.-Good old down east horse sense has taught one Maine Yankee an economic fact of life.

"Never pass up a bargain like that," particularly when you're located in the middle of a county that's recognized as one of the Nation's most depressed.

The bargain? In this case it was $43,398 worth of job training provided by the Federal Area Redevelopment Administration under the U.S. Department of Commerce-just one of a dozen or more projects that has fed nearly $2 million into Aroostook County's hard-hit economy.

The man with the "good old down east horse sense" was William C. Viner whose family has been using horse sense in Maine shoe manufacturing since the turn of the century.

As President of Viner Bros. a Bangor shoe manufacturer, Bill Viner had a problem. He wanted increased production for his firm but could not locate the needed employees in Bangor.

Querying Industrial Representative Raymond W. Curtis, of the Maine Department of Economic Development, Viner explained: "I'm not too particular where I locate our new plant, so long as it fulfills three requirements. It must be a town that really wants an industry. There must be a labor supply. And there must be an adequate building already in existence."

After screening a half dozen possibilities suggested by Curtis, Viner decided to expand his firm's operations into Presque Isle's readymade industrial park, provided when the U.S. Air Force vacated a once-strategic missile base.

All three of Viner's requirements were met. A former missile hangar provided some 25,000 square feet of manufacturing space. The community-still attempting to fill the economic void caused by the base deactivation-realized it needed new industry; realized that its agricultural mainstay, the potato, wielded less economic power and, in fact, had lost money for the farmer 6 years in a row. Employment was scarce but workers were plentiful.

Almost everything was perfect-everything except that out of 450 applicants in a labor survey conducted for Viner, none had ever made shoes. However, within 6 weeks of the day that 120 employees first reported for work, the newly formed Aroostook Shoe Co. was not only producing shoes but turning out 350 pair a day.

Herein lies the story of the bargain. Maine shoe manufacturers have usually provided new employees with on-the-job training at considerable cost to the firm. Wages while the trainee was learning, wages to instructors plus a loss of production caused by his absence from the production line, and employee benefits to the trainee all sapped profits from the manufacturer.

Although the Aroostook Shoe project cost ARA $43,398, the same instructional program would have cost over $60,000 had Viner attempted it without ARA. What's more, most training offered by industry encompasses one skill only while the ARA program taught two or more skills to each trainee. Thus, Aroostook Shoe Co. obtained a trained labor force with multiple skills in the shoe industry for nothing. "I doubt if we'd have gone to Presque Isle if we hadn't received the ARA grant," Viner admitted. "We just couldn't afford the cost of setting up a new plant and training the personnel too."

Once Viner had selected Presque Isle and decided to seek ARA funds for a training project, the redtape aspects of procedure were out of his hands and into the hands of the Maine Employment Security Commission and the Maine Department of Education.

MESC's headquarters coordinated Viner's application for approval. First, proof was application for approval. needed that a labor surplus did exist in the area. Secondly, there must be a guarantee that trainees would be employed upon successful completion of training.

An MESC-sponsored survey-seeking persons from the roster of hard-core unem

ployed-soon proved that a need existed for additional manufacturing employment. Viner indicated his intention to employ those successfully completing the course by leasing and equipping the building.

In the meantime, the department of education approved a curriculum, instructors, and named Keith Thompson, principal of the Northeastern Maine Vocational Institute, as educational administrator for the program.

Having cut down the initial group of 450 applications through a series of tests, MESC's Presque Isle force referred 120 to the training program. Students were phased into training over the first 3 days of the program, were oriented on the production line and within a week the first complete pair of shoes rolled off the 400-foot-long line.

In spite of apparent ease of effort in putting through such a complicated project, the training was a success from all points of view. "We had exceptional luck," Viner boasted, claiming that daily production would be up to 1,500 pairs of shoes within the year. "We're very confident about the production of these people."

The manager of the new Presque Isle industry, John Trask, said that employees trained under the ARA project would "probably be better than some experienced workers. These people have been taught the right methods and they know more than just one skill."

"We are happy with the program if the employers are," NMVI's Thompson explained. "Basically ARA is designed to stimulate the economy of a depressed area, either through technical aid, financial grants for commercial, industrial or public construction projects, or for vocational training.

"In this case, the employee training seems to have satisfied the requirements of ARA and the needs of the employer very well *** while providing workers in this area with a means of gainful employment," Thompson added.

According to DED statistics, over $1.8 million worth of ARA funds have been spent in Aroostook County for different projects, while more than $600,000 worth of ARA grants are now pending.

"There's no question about it," remarked Wendell Phillips, president of the Presque Isle Industrial Council. "What the ARA has done is going to mean a great deal for the economy of Presque Isle for a long time to come*** not only for Presque Isle but for all of Aroostook County and, in the long run, the whole State of Maine."

Phillips, also president of a local bank, said already the economic pulse of the county has quickened because of ARA. "The impact of just the steady, nonseasonable, 100person payroll (of Aroostook Shoe Co.) is very hard to calculate in dollars and cents, but it will be considerable. Merely at the minimum wage level this means more than a quarter of a million dollars annually," he estimated.

THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, AND QUACKS Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, in a recent issue of the New Republic there is a brief article which is well worth reading concerning the Conference on Medical Quackery held in Washington last month under the sponsorship of the American Medical Association and the Food and Drug Administration.

The article is worth noting first for the observer's impressions of the conference itself which he describes as a carnival sideshow of sorts with a school for

informers against those who are nonmembers of the American Medical Association on the side.

Secondly, inasmuch as the theme of the conference seemed to be self-congratulation for the vicious campaign carried out against a test of the cancer drug Krebiozen, the author briefly reviews the history of the American Medical Association politicians' long campaign to prevent such a test. He concludes:

So we learn that the greatest fraud of the 20th century is a drug which the AMA opposed at its inception on the basis of questionable test results, and which the Federal Government never has tested scientifically.

I suggest that the general public should read and study this report in order that it may form a more considered judgment on whether or not a test should be made of Krebiozen. For that is the issue involved.

I ask unanimous consent that this article by James Ridgeway, "The AMA, the FDA, and Quacks," from the New Republic of November 9, 1963, be printed in

the RECORD.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

THE AMA, THE FDA, AND QUACKS Anthony J. Celebrezze has joined together the forces of the Federal Government with those of the American Medical Association in a holy war against medical quacks. This was accomplished at the Second National Conference on Medical Quackery conducted during October 1963, in the vulgar pomp of the Sheraton-Park Hotel's Cotillion Room

in Washington, D.C., in an atmosphere reminiscent of the naming of Miss Rheingold. Slender brunettes wandered about with klieg lights to aid photographers who might wish to take pictures of contraband merchandise including various sorts of sex rejuvenation equipment, electronic machines sold for diagnosis and cure of differing diseases, displays showing why calories do count, enlarged photographs of a once ugly woman, now horribly maimed because she participated in a beauty restoration which turned out to be carbolic acid. There were speeches, one by a man who felt TV had helped put down quackery because it had forbidden advertisers to demonstrate remedies for piles, an exhibition sure to distress the family; another by a woman who felt education was the answer (indeed, several speakers felt the one real hope lay with an educated and therefore outraged youth) and she was suggesting that every college student should receive training in spotting quacks at work.

You left this 2-day convention with the feeling you had been at a training camp for finks who on their return home could make a collect telephone call any time to the Food and Drug Administration to rat on any doctor not a member of the American Medical Association, the one credential agreed by all to be as authentic as an FBI badge.

Dr. Edward R. Annis, president of the American Medical Association, said at the onset that the American people were giving $1 billion to the false purveyors of mystic healing. Not only had they lost their money to the siren songs of modern charlatans, others had lost their lives. Physicians had a grave responsibility for battling this evil, and, indeed, the AMA had been at it since 1847. Unfortunately in a few instances physicians actually had been aiding and abetting medical quackery by the use of worthless, secret remedies. A classic example was Krebiozen, found to be ineffective in the treatment of cancer by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Twelve

years ago the AMA reported this alleged drug was worthless. But in the intervening years, the promoters of Krebiozen managed to distribute and sell it. In desperate or hopeless cases of cancer where medical science could not offer an effective treatment, the patient or his family has forced the physician into administering something other than Krebiozen. The physician simply did not have the heart to refuse a desperate person's request. However, the physician must remember the consequences of this act. In the case of Krebiozen, he unwittingly gave support to one of the greatest frauds of the 20th century.

Since Krebiozen stands so obviously as the principal example of quackery to both Government and AMA, it is worth going into its history briefly. The controversy began in 1951 when Dr. Andrew C. Ivy announced the preliminary results of a study of 22 advanced cancer patients who had been treated with Krebiozen. In 20 of these there had been beneficial results, he said, and claimed only that "the substance merits a thorough clinical study." Ivy certainly would not then have been considered a quack. He was vice president of the University of Illinois, a distinguished professor of physiology, a former executive director of the National Advisory Cancer Council of the Public Health Service, and representative of allied governments on the subject of medical ethics at Nuremberg. Ivy had been working with Krebiozen since 1949 when he had first met Stevan Durovic, a Yugoslav who had been conducting research on it in Argentina. The theory of Krebiozen was that the body itself contains an anticancer agent that explains the occasional spontaneous disappearance of the disease, and that this agent can be stimulated, extracted from tissues and used in treatment. Durovic got his extracts from the blood serum of horses.

Not long after Ivy announced the results of his study, the Journal of the American Medical Association in a report on Krebiozen reviewed the case histories of 100 patients treated with the substance and found that 98 of them failed to show real improvement. The AMA report disdainfully described Krebiozen as a "secret remedy." Its findings, however, were questioned because of the 100 cases, 24 were said to have been misrepresented because administering physicians reported different conclusions than those of the report. Fifty-eight other patients were said to have been so near death that they never received the fourth injection of Krebiozen, and none of the patients had been on the drug for long. In early November of 1951, Ivy was suspended from the Chicago Medical Society because of his involvement with the "secret remedy." In 1952 a University of Illinois study urged further trial of the substance in both animals and people. In 1961, after extensive experimental work, Ivy and Durovic presented results of treatment of 4,000 patients to the National Cancer Institute, hoping that these studies would provide enough information for the Institute to design clinical tests. But the Institute felt Ivy's results were inadequate, and the proposed tests were tabled until further scientific evidence could be provided. Cancer Institute officials, however, made statements in private that cast doubt on the validity of their objections.

In June of 1963, Durovic filed an application for continued distribution of Krebiozen as an experimental drug under the new drug laws. The FDA, however, made no secret of its determination to stop sale of the product, and before the application could be refused, Durovic withdrew it. This effectively banned the sale of Krebiozen from interstate commerce. In August of this year, 24 experts appointed by National Cancer Institute, met secretly to review 504 of Ivy's best cases, that is the cases where Krebiozen was said to have had marked effect. The 24

specialists unanimously urged that a clinical test of the drug not be undertaken since they claimed Krebiozen was worthless. Because of the great secrecy in which this inquiry was conducted, Senator DOUGLAS has felt it necessary to make his own independent examination of Ivy's cases.

So we learn that the greatest fraud of the 20th century is a drug which the AMA opposed at its inception on the basis of ques

tionable test results, and which the Federal Government never has tested scientifically.

MAYOR RICHARD J. DALEY, OF CHICAGO, HONORED BY UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, the University of Wisconsin recently honored the distinguished mayor of the city of Chicago, Richard J. Daley. The university appointed Mayor Daley "politician in residence for 1 day in recognition of his outstanding public leadership and political craftsmanship.

The honor is well deserved. Chicago's reputation suffered greatly in the 1920's because of the wide attention given the corruption and disorder of that period which certain sections of Chicago displayed to the world. But under the honest and progressive leadership of Mayor Daley this city's reputation has been lifted.

Under essentially the same type of political system; namely, a niayor and city council or aldermanic board elected from the wards, Mayor Daley has brought the city's ratings in law enforcement, safety of citizens, mass transit and freeways, other public works, level of taxation, per capita debt, attractiveness of city bonds, financial management and other civic services and qualities to the highest levels among large American cities.

The choice of the University of Wisconsin was excellent also with respect to the author of the paper which the honored guests customarily deliver on such occasions. Mayor Daley delivered an excellent address on "Communication: Political Dilemma." Not only did the mayor properly point out the progress made by Chicago in recent years, he dealt thoughtfully and convincingly with current problems he faces including public housing programs, urban renewal, racial segregation, education and economic opportunity. It was appropriate that the mayor discuss these matters in the context of the problems of communications, for he is, himself, the major force working for effective communication among citizens and between groups and the city government. He asks, in the words of Thomas Jefferson, that institutions advance to keep pace with the times. Mayor Daley has lived up to the principle by making Chicago's city government a modern and progressive institution of public service.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that Mayor Daley's address, which is relevant to many of the issues now before us, as it was published in the Chicago Sun-Times for November 10, 1963, be printed in the body of the RECORD.

There being no objection, the address was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

[From the Chicago Sun-Times, Nov. 10, 1963] COMMUNICATION: POLITICAL DILEMMA

(By Mayor Richard J. Daley)

I am happy to be here at Madison as the "politician in residence." I do not feel that I am a stranger here. As one of your neighbors, I have frequently visited your State and I know that many students who attend this institution come from Chicago.

In my discussion of communication I am concerning myself primarily with the effectiveness of the press, radio and television, in achieving the objective of an informed, enlightened citizenry. Although there is considerable criticism of our national press, and on occasion I have been one of the critics, newspapers do publish a great amount of factual information, stories in depth, and expert articles. expert articles. The same can be said of radio and television.

It is, however, one of the most frustrating experiences for men in public life to find experiences for men in public life to find that although the medium of communication has presented facts concerning a subject or issue there is still so much misconception about the issue. For example, all four Chicago daily newspapers have written many fair articles and given editorial support for the program of rebuilding the city. The Chicago press has contributed much to the progress of urban renewal.

Despite this excellent coverage, however, there are still many misconceptions about this vital field. One of the most frequent complaints concerning the program is that it increases taxes, particularly property or real estate taxes. Yet it should be common knowledge that the costs of services in slum and blighted communities are substantially higher than required in other communities (police, fire, health and sanitation).

Much has been written about the public housing program. Many people believe that real estate taxes support public housing. The fact is that not 1 penny of the real estate tax supports the Chicago Housing Authority.

Furthermore, the authority pays in lieu collected. These payments are 21⁄2 times the of taxes 10 percent of every dollar of rent

amount paid by private owners in real estate taxes before the authority bought the properties and redeveloped them.

It is also contended that urban renewal projects in the city increase the Federal taxes. Actually, the appropriation for rebuilding communities by the Congress is not made to in one lump sum. When a city does not use a region or to a city, but is appropriated urban renewal funds, the Federal taxes that residents pay for that purpose are used in another city or section of the country.

Another aspect of urban renewal deals with the complaint that land clearance programs reduce revenues by taking existing property off the tax roll.

ects in which slum and blighted land is The city of Chicago has underway 27 projbeing cleared with the assistance of Federal funds and then sold to private developers.

Six projects have been completed. The total assessed value of these projects after redevelopment has increased so that they now produce a tax yield that is 147 percent higher than before development. For all 27 redevelopment projects, which includes construction of universities, hospitals, and other nontaxpaying institutions, the annual tax yield is expected to more than double.

Many people complain about the social implications of urban renewal. Taxpayers

who live in neighborhoods where there is no

need for urban renewal see no physical evidence in their communities that could justify such expenditures.

But it should be obvious that crime, blight, unsanitary conditions, and delinquency cannot be contained by boundary lines. These conditions generally flourish in blighted

areas.

Let us look at another example of the difficulty of communication. In Illinois there is a State law that prohibits the establishment of a garbage dump within 1 mile of any municipality without that municipality's consent.

Of course, communities will not consent. As a result, municipalities which formerly had been able to find areas for landfill disposal can no longer do so.

In the meantime, the existing refuse disposal facilities are reaching the limit of their capacities. The only alternative is the use of the incinerator, which also has the added inducement of being more sanitary. But no neighborhood relishes the idea of having an incinerator either in its commu

nity or nearby.

The municipal executive is faced with the possibility that he will have to let the garbage collect in the backyard or find a location for an incinerator.

When he does, the neighbors rise up in arms and charge: "dictatorship," "bossism," "refusal to recognize the rights of the community," and promise to vote him out of office.

This is to be expected, but what is really difficult to take is the sympathy and the support for their position given by many groups in other communities. This is aggravated by the space given to their complaints by the newspapers and the broad

casters.

As a result, instead of emphasizing the contribution that the site will make to the well-being of all the people of Chicago, its focus is on the hardship of a few.

The failure of communication has become particularly evident to me in the public understanding of the relationship between the mayor, the board of education and the superintendent. The Illinois State law provides that in the city of Chicago the mayor has the power to select the members of the board of education. The members of the board have the power to establish the policies and to employ a general superintendent to administer the schools.

It has been adopted policy in the city of Chicago for the mayor to select the members of the board from recommendations made by a school board nominating committee composed of 19 civic organizations, including the presidents of 6 universities.

In 1955, when I ran for my first term as mayor, it was charged and carried repeatedly in the press that if I were elected I would ignore this method of selection. It was said that politics would run rampant in the administration of our school system.

In the 9 years that I have been mayor, I have never violated that pledge. Despite the fact that my position has been carried by the press, radio, and television, I have been asked innumerable times in every single year, by an interested individual or group, to interfere with the board of education. And in the recent difficulties, which not only face the Chicago school system, but the school systems in many cities, I have been charged with neglecting my duty by people representing opposing viewpoints, because I am honoring my pledge.

The areas where communication has failed to guide the actions of people are many. For example, such common misunderstanding as:

"The only reason for the unemployment of Negroes is their color."

"Only Negroes are on relief."

"People who are on relief are there because they want to be."

"All we need is more expressways to solve the transportation problem."

"The answer to juvenile delinquency is jail."

"There is no such thing as an honest politician."

This inability for communication to change concepts or to mold opinions based on fact can be costly and provide tremendous barrier to progress. For more than 50 years there have been many attempts to bring the educational resources of the University of Illinois to Chicago. As a member of the legislature in 1939, I joined with many others in an effort to bring this about.

Each year the need for a State university became more urgent. A college degree is no longer a luxury or a privilege for the sons of people who can afford higher education. It has become as necessary and as requisite as a high school diploma used to be.

In seeking a location for this university we ran into unpredictable circumstances. After much consideration and searching, a site was selected on the near West Side, in a location which is probably the most accessible, not only for the students of our city, but for the entire metropolitan area. It then became necessary that residents of that site be relocated.

It is indeed unfortunate that in the selection of sites for public improvements, some people must be moved and may experience hardship. But in a democracy the principle has been, and must be, that government should promote the good of the community as a whole, and certainly a State university would not only serve the immediate needs of the young people of our area, but would supply a vital service for generations and generations of young people yet to come.

All of our daily newspapers editorially supported the university site, as did, for the most part, television and radio Yet, the resistance by a small group, accompanied by active demonstrations and sit-ins and with whom many sympathized, including myself, was so great, so continuous, and so harassing that the construction of this university was threatened and delayed for more than a year.

For many improvements of this type, there is a great deal of support from the community when the plans are announced, but they disappear when the plans must be carried out in the face of an organized yet small opposition.

The question could be fairly asked, if the media of communication agree with the fairness and logic of your position, and printed the facts, why does this communication fail to clear up misconception? Why does it fail to bring the public official the support he needs?

The answer to that is found, to some extent, by examining the media, and, may I say, that my remarks for the most part apply to the daily newspapers throughout our nation and not particularly to the Chicago press.

The front page of every newspaper is supposed to contain the news of greatest importance and of greatest interest. Let us examine 11 headlines of a morning newspaper dated October 23. Let us see how many of these headlines contain a word which is negative, dramatic, of conflict, sensational, or emotional.

Here are the words which appeared in eight of these headlines: "Pickets * * * Attack *** Spurns * * * Protest *** Theft *** Bars *** Appeals *** and Boycott."

Now here is an afternoon paper of October 22, not owned by the same publisher-and here are the words which appeared in eight headlines: "Boycott*** Protest *** Subdued *** Crashes*** Disorder * * Die *** Killed *** Bomb."

(I have not included the caption which appears over the daily feature "Today's Chuckle.")

Let us look at the front pages of newspapers of October 5-actually you can take any date. Of 13 headlines in the St. Louis these words: Post-Dispatch, 6 contain "Warning * ** Burns Himself * * Arrested * * * Contempt * * * Protest * * and Jam." And this is one of the best newspapers in the Nation.

Another excellent newspaper, the Milwaukee Journal, on the same day had these words in 10 headlines: "Threat * * * Killed *** Dispute *** Dies *** Raid *** Kills * * * Injury *** Delay *** Quit *** Burned," and the picture on the front page is an excellent photograph of an automobile accident in which one can see clearly the victims lying on the ground.

The Washington Post had the following on the same day: "Beaten *** Breaks * * * Disunity * * * Strike * * Morals Case * Police Question *** Bandit *** Seige * * Beaten To Death."

I could go on and on. I am sure that you will find it interesting to note the constant use of these attention-getting words on the front pages of the national press, wherever you may live, words that are of conflict, negative, and are sensational. If this is the method by which you can get people to buy your newspaper and to read your front page, is the converse not true? * * * that headlines which are factual, informative and nonsensational will discourage the purchase of a newspaper?

Apparently, this is why a great many informative, factual stories are carried on the inside pages.

Let us turn our attention to television. There is little need for me to point out to you the eternal themes of violence, cruelty and misery which dominate television.

However, I would like to read to you the television highlights as published in one newspaper on October 17. These programs represent the best offered for that evening.

6:30 p.m.-A fight over a pretty waitress ends in death and a murder conviction. 7:00 p.m.-A man wearing leg irons is found half dead in a river.

7:30 p.m.-A doctor, obsessed with developing a mechanism to take over in a heart operation is accused of neglect by his ailing wife.

9:00 p.m.-A man attempts suicide when he finds himself unable to manage the family business he has inherited.

And, mind you, these are the highlights. Now the percentage of violence shown on a television news program is not this high, but news shows have a greater responsibility and they are faced with even a greater problem.

Most news programs are 15 minutes in length. Three minutes, an exact minimum of 3 minutes, are devoted to the commercials. Of the remaining 12 minutes, depending on the importance or interest of the news, 4 or 5 are given to international or national news; 3 or 4 to State or local news; and 3 or 4 to sports and the weather.

Now, if we examine the segment given to local news and we presume that two stories are covered, we would find that they must be covered in 2 or 3 minutes. Now television and radio are proud of their objectivity and their fairness, but I say, regardless of their intentions and their wishes they cannot present both sides of an important issue fairly in 2 or 3 minutes. And they, too, are equally concerned in getting the widest circulation and using that which is most dramatic, most sensational, and most entertaining.

Of course radio and television carry many informative programs, particularly in those hours where there are the fewest listeners. It is something like the use made of the inside pages of a newspaper.

Recently television has been utilizing more of its prime time for important, informative programs, and I congratulate them.

I sometimes wonder if all the media have been so concerned with conflict, drama, excitement, and vicarious experiences-if, in fact, they have not set up a conditional response from the public which actually discourages the public from reading, looking, or listening to informative and positive communication.

There is perhaps no greater example of a communication gap than between scientific progress and social progress. It was felt that science would not only make new discoveries in the physical world, but would make an equal contribution to our social world.

There is no question of the contributions that have been made to our material comfort by the use of newly developed scientific chemicals and processes. But these same chemicals and processes emit byproducts which pollute the air.

The further development of nuclear research promises to be one of the wonders of the world. But fallout and radiation threaten the welfare of every human being.

Let us understand-that the gap between the progress of science and social control is not only of local concern, but, indeed, regionalwide and worldwide. Air pollution concerns vast urban areas, fallout is worldwide, pesticides threaten the health of every person, automation is as much of a threat as a promise.

Making a choice between the benefits and hazards of scientific achievement or breakthrough is a value judgment, a judgment based on the ideas of social good, on morality, on religion, not on science.

The scientist and the specialist must provide the information, the guidelines, the principles that can bring about an informed public judgment.

This communication to the elected official is essential, for it is in the world of politics that the social judgment will be made. This communication to the citizen is vital, for it is he who must provide the consensus which guides the administrative decision of the government official.

It has been suggested that there is so much information and so many facts, so many problems, and so many alternatives, that it is beyond the capability of any person to keep fully abreast, to be fully informed.

But we cannot accept the overabundance of knowledge as a ground to abdicate social judgment. There are many reactions to the dilemma. Some people are turning away from today's realities because they have lost their faith in the ability of the communication media to help guide their decisions, because they have lost faith in the abiilty of science to help solve their social problems.

The enormity of facing the results of changing times and scientific progress, and the inability to exercise effective social judgment has caused people to look backward when the needs for such decisions were not so overwhelmingly urgent.

It leads to such attitudes as: Let's blast Russia off the map. Let's eliminate the income tax. Let's take away the powers granted to the Federal Constitution and restore them to the States.

Let's withdraw from the United Nations. And, as somebody has so well put it in describing the leaders of these proposals, they have all the answers, but none of the solutions.

I know that many of our people are disturbed by our inability to make a better world, but I personally believe that the majority of Americans want to meet the challenges of our age.

I hope that I have not given the impression that I believe this is a world where we have

made no progress, nor that I am a grim pessimist who sees no forward movement. I am an optimist, and my optimism is founded on the progress that has been made in my own field of activity, municipal govern

ment.

It is unfortunate that the progress of many cities has not been fully communicated to the people by the press, radio and television.

Let us take the city of Chicago and the progress that city government has made with the support of the people of Chicago.

Earlier this year, the National Safety Council announced that Chicago was the safest big city in the Nation.

There is not a big city in the world which has street lighting that can compare with Chicago's. Nearly every residential and business street has new, modern lights.

Early in 1963, Chicago was given a national award for being the cleanest big city in the Nation. This continued a proud record achieved in 1959 and again in 1961.

In the past 6 months there has been a steady reduction of crime in Chicago, while crime rates in other cities have been going up. Since he has taken command, Superintendent O. W. Wilson has created a new image of the police department.

Our expressway system is nearly completed, and the use of a mass transit facility in the Congress Expressway has become a model of future transportation.

The U.S. Census Bureau of Housing reported that in the period between 1950 and 1960 the number of dilapidated dwellings in Chicago was reduced by more than 50 percent and in the past 22 years the number of such dwellings has been further reduced by 6,000 or 7,000.

Chicago has one of the most farflung urban renewal programs in the Nation, and I am sure that those of you who have visited Chicago have been impressed by the new private construction in the Loop and in the neighborhoods, which totals more than $1.5 billion since 1957.

Chicago has carried on a tremendous public works and community improvement program, while at the same time it has continued its top ranging financial position.

Chicago's overall debt per capita is the lowest of the five cities with more than a million population, and the fourth lowest of the Nation's 42 largest cities.

Chicago is one of the three major cities in the Nation whose bonds received a Dun & Bradstreet prime rating. Just last July the city of Chicago was awarded a certificate of conformance for distinguished financial reporting by the Municipal Finance Officers Association, and is the largest city in North America to be so recognized.

Throughout the Nation there has been much printed about racial relations, and I urge the Congress to pass President Kennedy's civil rights bill.

A good deal of public attention in this field has been directed to Chicago. Here are some of the facts:

There is a significant and important message in the growth of the Negro middle class in Chicago. The Chicago Commission on Human Relations, in a report based on the census, points out that at least 35 to 40 percent of Chicago's Negro families belong in the middle class on the basis of their college education, occupational status, income, and homeownership.

I would like to refer to a column in the Chicago Defender written October 26. The column contains some extremely critical remarks, with some of which I do not agree, but I would like to quote the conclusion of the columnist:

"But coming back 10 years later is to come back and find a city on the move, the Dan Ryan Expressway, Marina City, Lake Mead

ows, Prairie Shores, to name a few which weren't here when I left, and to discover a new dignity that Chicago Negroes now feel. They may live in the second largest city in America, but it's just about the most fascinating and unquestionably the most exciting.

"They've begun to awaken to their power and its attending responsibilities. As they quicken to their roles as businessmen, politicians, civil leaders, and heads of families, there's going to be that critical balance which will make Chicago probably a truer American city than any other."

I would like to give you some vital statistics from the U.S. census:

Chicago Negro families have the second highest median family income in America. Chicago Negroes have the highest median value of owner-occupied homes in America. While the median education level of all Chicago is 10.3, it is 9.3 for Negroes.

These statistics are quoted from the Chicago Defender, the large Negro daily.

Furthermore, the Human Relations Commission's report, based on the census, reveals that between 1950 and 1960 the number of nonwhite families in Chicago earning $6,000 or more increased by 1,137 percent.

Between 1950 and 1960, for nonwhites 20 years and over, there was a 66-percent increase for those completing 4 years of high school, a 79-percent increase for 1 or more years of college, and a 70-percent increase of 4 or more years of college.

Chicago is one of the few major cities in the United States where not a single student is on a double shift at school.

I could go on at great length concerning the progress that has taken place in my city and which could not have taken place without the support and the understanding of the people of Chicago. However, I am not taking the position that I am satisfied or that the people of Chicago are satisfied.

There is room for improvement in every activity. Certainly in the field of human relations there is much to be done in Chicago, and in many of the cities throughout the Nation. Throughout the country, municipal government has improved in providing the basic, direct service to their citizens such as police, fire and health. Municipal government today has adopted all of the modern methods and techniques of private Industry to provide services with greater economy and efficiency.

We can build bridges, design safer streets, construct expressways, filter water, and build schools better than ever before.

In this narrow sense there has been no failure in communication. From this great university, from the centers of higher learning throughout our Nation, will come the doctors, lawyers, engineers, architects, scientists, and agronomists.

As doctors, what is your viewpoint concerning our increasing population of elderly people and their need for medical insurance which is not based on an oath of pauperism?

As lawyers, what is your approach to the lack of representation of our urban populations in most of the State legislatures of our Nation?

As economists, what is the answer to au

tomation, an invention which will eliminate more jobs than it will create?

And what judgments have all of you made, regardless of your professional training, concerning the great international issues that

face us?

These are only some of the issues in which there is a desperate need for communication, for the presentation of alternatives based on the latest knowledge, the best thinking.

Will you resign yourself to the modern rationalization that people are but objects

moved by forces so great that it is only futility to try to change their direction?

Will you adopt the defeatist viewpoint which some people call conservatism, that the way forward is to look backward?

That cannot be the attitude at this center of learning, for it is to you that society must look.

The Chicago editor, Walter Howey, was the first to organize the staff of the New York Mirror. Howey's announced policy was: "90 percent entertainment and 10 percent information."

It was explained in a number of articles that the New York newspaper strike and rising costs were responsible for its failure. Not a single account blamed his policy.

An outstanding television network executive recently stated to a television class:

"Television is not an art form. Our primary purpose is to make a profit. Our business is entertainment. But social convention requires efforts to 'uplift' the community as a secondary consideration."

And in the field of science, for the most part, social judgments, social controls are secondary considerations.

I would be the first to admit I have discussed the problem of first magnitude. I ask you to be tolerant of generalization and oversimplification in discussing the dilemma of the ages, social communication. Let me reiterate:

There are many newspapers, radio, and television stations that make great efforts to inform and elucidate.

There are many scientists who are aware of their social responsibility, who are participating as citizens as well as researchers.

But, if we are to close the communication gap involving the social issues of our changing world, they must do a better job.

The dilemma of communication I have discussed faces all elected officials, not only the mayor of Chicago. We desperately need the help of all the communication media if we are to do a better job. Their power for good is immeasurable.

As Thomas Jefferson said:

"The basis of our Government being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."

Jefferson did not look backward but always forward. He said: "Some men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence, and deem them like the Ark of the Covenant, too sacred to be touched. They ascribe to the preceding age a wisdom more than human, and suppose what they did to be beyond amendment. ** I am certainly not an advocate for frequent and untried changes in laws and institutions. *** But I know that laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace with the times."

These words need constant repetition. Today, when the world has become smaller, when the powers of destruction have bedependent, when changes are so quick, scicome total, when we are economically interentific breakthroughs so frequent, the need for communication has become the most urgent and pressing need in the history of

mankind.

As we face the future, it is apparent that the challenge of today and tomorrow must be met by leadership working with people rather than by electronic brains, the drawing board, and the laboratory.

Whatever progress is made will be accomplished through the decisions of those elected by ballot. It is through political leadership