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1918. The last section qualified.-But where an action is prosecuted or defended by the people of the State, or by a public officer in their behalf, the people, or the public officer, may prove the contents of a lost note or bill of exchange, by parol or other secondary evidence, and may recover or set off the amount due thereupon, without giving any security to the adverse party.

See L. 1855, ch. 85 (3 R. S., 5th ed., 4 Edm. 645).

TITLE V.

Other actions by or against particular parties.

ARTICLE 1. Action by or against an unincorporated association.

2. Action by or against certain county, town, and municipal

officers.

3. Actions, and rights of action, against and between joint debtors.

ARTICLE FIRST.

ACTION BY OR AGAINST AN UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIA

TION.

SEC. 1919. Actions, etc., by or against associations of seven or more per

sons.

1920. Proceedings in case of death, etc.

1921. Effect of judgment; execution thereupon.

1922. Subsequent action against members.

1923. This article permissive; effect upon statute of limitations. 1924. When objection of misnomer, etc., of parties not available.

§ 1919. Actions, etc., by or against associations of seven or more persons.* An action or special proceeding may be maintained, by the president or treasurer of an unincorporated association, consisting of seven or more persons, to recover any property, or upon any cause of action, for or upon which all the associates may maintain such an action or special proceeding, by reason of their interest or ownership therein, either jointly or in common. An action or special proceeding may be maintained, against the president or treasurer of such an association, to recover any property, or upon * See ante, § 448.

any cause of action, for or upon which the plaintiff may maintain such an action or special proceeding, against all the associates, by reason of their interest or ownership, or claim of ownership therein, either jointly or in common, or their liability therefor, either jointly or severally. Any partnership, or other company of persons, which has a president or treasurer, is deemed an association within the meaning of this section.

L. 1849, ch. 258, 21 (3 R. S., 5th ed., 777; 4 Edm. 650); L. 1851, ch. 455; 3 R. S., 5th ed., 778 ( Edm. 652). Westcott v. Fargo 61 N. Y. 542; see Austin v. Searing, 16 id, 112: Tibbitts v. Blood, 21 Barb. 650; De Witt v. Chandler, 11 Abb. Pr. 459; Corning e. Greene, 23 Barb. 33; s. c., 26 N. Y. 472n; Ebbinghousen . Worth Club, 4 Abb. N. C. 300, note; Shaw v. Cock, 12 Hun, 173; McGuffin e. Dinsmore, 4 Abb. N. C. 241; Nat. Bank of Schuylerville v. Van lerwerker, 74 N. Y. 231; see Cross v. Jackson, 5 Hill, 478; Schmidt v. Gunther, 5 Daly, 452.

§ 1920. Proceedings in case of death, etc.-The death or legal incapacity of a member of the association does not affect an action or special proceeding, brought as prescribed in the last section. If the officer, by or against whom it is brought, dies, is removed, resigns, or becomes otherwise incapacitated, during the pendency thereof, the court must make an order, directing it to be continued by or against his successor in office, or any other officer, by or against whom it might have been originally commenced.

Id., 2.

§ 1921. Effect of judgment; execution thereupon.In such an action, the officer against whom it is brought cannot be arrested; and a judgment against him does not authorize an execution to be issued against his property, or his person; nor does the docketing thereof bind his real property or chattels real. Where such a judgment is for a sum of money, an execution issued thereupon must require the sheriff to satisfy the same, out of any personal property belonging to the association, or owned, jointly or in common, by all the members thereof, omitting any direction respecting real property.

Id., see 23 and 1. Bank of Schuylerville v. Vanderwerker, 74 N. Y. 234; Morrissey v. Weed, 12 Hun, 491.

§ 1922. Subsequent action against members.-Where an action has been brought against an officer, or a counterclaim has been made, in an action brought by an officer, as prescribed in the last three sections, another

action, for the same cause, shall not be brought against the members of the association, or any of them, until after final judgment in the first action, and the return, wholly or partly unsatisfied or unexecuted, of an execution issued thereupon. After such a return, the party in whose favor the execution was issued, may maintain an action, as follows:

1. Where he was the plaintiff, or a defendant recovering upon a counterclaim, he may maintain an action against the members of the association, or, in a proper case, against any of them, as if the first action had not been brought, or the counterclaim had not been made, as the case requires; and he may recover therein, as part of his damages, the costs of the first action, or so much thereof, as the sum, collected by virtue of the execution, was insufficient to satisfy.

2. Where he was a defendant, and the case is not within subdivision first of this section, he may maintain an action, to recover the sum remaining uncollected, against the persons who composed the association, when the action against him was commenced, or the survivors of them.

But this section does not affect the right of the person, in whose favor the judgment in the first action was rendered, to enforce a bond or undertaking, given in the course of the proceedings therein.

Part of id., 4, amended; L. 1853, ch. 153. See Whitehead v. Allen, 28 Barb. 661 and 8 Abb. Pr. N. S. 164, note; s. c., 3 Keyes, 562; see, also, Kingsland v. Braested, 2 Lans. 17; Robbins v. Wells, 1 Rob. 666; s. c., 26 How. Pr. 15; 18 Abb. Pr. 191.

§1923. This article permissive; effect upon statute of limitations.-This article does not prevent an action from being brought by or against all the members of an association, except as prescribed in the last section. Where an action is brought against the members of the association, as prescribed in subdivision first of the last section, the time between the commencement of the action by or against the officer, and the return of the first execution issued upon the final judgment rendered therein, is not a part of the time limited by law, for the commencement of the second action.

New. See 406, ante.

§ 1924. When objection of misnomer, etc., of parties not available.-Section 1813 of this act applies to an

action brought, as prescribed in the last section but one, against the members of any association, which keeps a book for the entry of changes in the membership of the association, or the ownership of its property; and to each book so kept.

New. See L. 1869, ch. 157, § 2 (7 Edm. 426); also ?? 1813, ante, and 1945, post.

ARTICLE SECOND.

ACTIONS BY OR AGAINST CERTAIN COUNTY, TOWN, AND MUNICIPAL OFFICERS.

SEC. 1925. Action by a tax payer against a public officer.

1926. Actions by certain county, town, and municipal officers.

1927. Actions against such officers.

1928. The last two sections qualified.

1929. Designation of such officers in the summons, etc.
1930. Successor may be substituted.

1931. When execution against officer not to issue.

1925. [Amended, 1892.] Action by a tax payer against a public officer. An action to obtain a judgment, preventing waste of, or injury to, the estate, funds, or other property of a county, town, city or incorporated village of the State, may be maintained against any officer thereof, or any agent, commissioner, or other person, acting in its behalf, either by a citizen, resident therein, or by a corporation who is assessed for and is liable to pay, or, within one year before the commencement of the action, has paid, a tax therein. This section does not affect any right of action in favor of a county, city, town, or incorporated village, or any public officer. [In effect May 12, 1892.]

L. 1872, ch. 101, 1 (9 Edm, 339). Ayers v. Lawrence, 59 N. Y. 192; Lutes v. Briggs, 64 id. 404; Hurlburt v. Banks, 52 How. Pr. 196; s. c., 1 Abb. N. C. 457; Mann v. Board of Education, 53 How. Pr. 289; Kilbourn v. St. John, 59 N. Y 2; s. c., 7 Lans. 352; Newton v. Keich, 9 Hun, 355; Congregation Shaari Tephila v. New York, 53 low. Pr. 213.

1926. Actions by certain county, town, and municipal officers. An action or special proceeding may be maintained, by the trustee or trustees of a school district; the commissioner or commissioners of highways of a town; the overseer or overseers of the poor of a town, village, or city; the supervisor of a town; the county superintendent or superintendents of the poor; or the supervisors of a county, upon a contract, lawfully made. with those officers or their predecessors, in their official

capacity; to enforce a liability created, or a duty enjoined, by law, upon those officers, or the body represented by them; to recover a penalty or a forfeiture, given to those officers, or the body represented by them; or to recover damages for an injury to the property or rights of those officers, or the body represented by them; although the cause of action accrued before the commencement of their term of office.

2 R. S. 473, 92 (2 Edm. 494). Palmer v. Fort Plain and Cooperstown Plank R. Co., 11 N. Y. 376, 390, and cases therein cited; see, also, Hill v. Board of Supervisors of Livingston Co., 12 id. 52; Hagadorn v. Raux, 72 id. 583.

§ 1927. Actions against such officers.-An action or special proceeding may be maintained, against any of the officers specified in the last section, upon any cause of action, which accrues against them, or has accrued against their predecessors, or upon a contract made by their predecessors in their official capacity, and within the scope of their authority.

Id., § 98.

§ 1928. The last two sections qualified.-The last two sections do not apply to a case, where it is specially prescribed by law, that an action may be maintained, by or against the body, represented by an officer designa ted in those sections; but, in such a case, the prosecution or defence of the action, as the case may be, must be conducted by the persons then in office, who represent that body.

Id., 94.

1929. Designation of such officers in the summons, etc.-In an action or special proceeding, brought pursuant to section 1926 or section 1927 of this act, the officer, by or against whom it is brought, must be described in the summons, or other process by which it is commenced, and in the subsequent proceedings therein, by his individual name, with the addition of his official title. An objection, growing out of an omission to join any officer, who ought to be joined with the others, must be taken by the answer, or, in a special proceeding, before the close of the case, on the part of the defendant; otherwise it is waived.

Id., 93, 96 and 99, amended and consolidated. Supervisors of Galway v. Stimson, 4 Hill, 136; Commissioners of Cortlandtville v. Peck, 5 id. 215; Agent of State Prison v. Rikeman, 1 Den. 279; Hebron v. Ely, Lalor, 279; Pomeroy v. Wells, 8 Paige, 106; 22 548 and 549, ante.

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