THE INDIANAPOLIS MEETINGS

Tuesday, December 27th.

An unusually early registration and large attendance marked the first day's sessions of the American Historical Association at Indianapolis. The excellent arrangements of the local committee and of the authorities of the Claypool Hotel provided for an easy dispatch of the work of registration and of the care of guests. The day was devoted to joint meetings of the main association with the Ohio Valley Historical Association and the Mississippi Valley Historical Association. The afternoon sessions gave rise to a proposal to affiliate the Ohio Valley Association, which, after much discussion, was referred to a committee for consideration. It was decided to hold the next meeting of the Mississippi Valley Association at Evanston, Ill., in May, 1911, in conjunction with the Evanston Historical Society and the Chicago Historical Society.

Western history in many aspects was treated at the evening meeting in a joint session of the three associations. The American introvention in West Florida, 1810-1813 was the theme of a paper read by Prof. Isaac J. Cox, of the University of Cincinnati, and discussed by Prof. Frederic A. Ogg, of Simmons College, Boston, and by Rowland Dunbar, of the Mississippi State Department of Archives and History. Dr. Cox produced materials showing the connection of American officials with the West Florida movement for independence from Spain and for annexation to the United States; and all the speakers differed with the earlier statements of American historians regarding the reprehensible conduct of the United States in annexing this land, basing their arguments upon the standards of international polity of that day, the fear of French or English intervention, and the inability of Spain or the local Florida inhabitants properly to police their district. Dr. Cox pointed out the similarity between this annexation and the attempts to gain Texas, New Mexico and California.

A plan for a centennial celebration at Pittsburgh to commemorate the voyage of the first steamboat on Western waters, the Orleans," in March, 1811, was suggesed by Prot. Archer B. Hulbert, of Marietta College. Prof. Hulbert urged that the celebration take not merely a reminiscent and historical form by the duplication of the "Orleans" vessel and voyage, but that it be given a practical character by a study of the (1) mechanical questions of riverboat building and means to improve navigation, (2) the economic results of inland navigation, particularly of the proposed "9-foot stage" on the Ohio River; (3) the historical questions respecting the early Fulton-Livingston-Roosevelt monopoly, the sectional and local questions arising from

steamboat navigation, steamboat disasters, old shipyards, the variation of the channel of the Ohio River, and similar topics. Prof. R. B. Way, of Indiana University, urged the treatment of all such questions from a national and not from a local standpoint. Mr. John Wilson Townsend spoke briefly upon Lysander Hord, the man who made steamboat navigation on the Kentucky River possible.

Prof. Orin G. Libby, of the University of North Dakota, read an interesting study of the expeditions into the Missouri valley in 1738 and 1742-3, made by the French explorers-father and two sons named Verendyre. Dr. Clarence Alvord, of the University of Illinois, discussed the paper, stating that for boldness these expeditions rivalled those of Lasalle and of Lewis and Clark. The paper on early forts on the Upper Mississippi, by Mr. Dan E. Clark. was read only by title.

Wednesday, December 28th.

The second day's sessions opened with a morning meeting under the auspices of the North Central History Teachers' Association. The presiding offcer was Prof. J. A. Woodburn, and the topic, "The Teaching of History and Civics." The first feature of the program was an illustrative civics class in problems of "Waste and Saving," conducted by Miss Flora Swan, of Indianapolis, with pupils from the eighth grade. The lesson was designed to teach the value of economy in the home and the shop. The recitation was necessarily somewhat formal, and it might be termed an excellent demonstration of method rather than a typical recitation. Mr. W. H. Davidson, of Indianapolis, followed with a brief description of the work done in civics in the elementary schools by using illustrative pictures of the activities of the water supply, milk supply, health department and other features of municipal life.

Professor Lucy M. Salmon, in discussing "The Evolution of the Teacher," urged that the whole life of the teacher should be one of growth; that there ought not be an arrested development after the teacher had left school or college, but rather a continuation of study and research, in order that the teacher, and through the teacher her scholars, might retain a capacity for original thought.

Professor A. C. McLaughlin, in the absence of Professor Hart, discussed the topic 'Is Government Teachable in the Schools?"

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in a lively impromptu talk. He spoke about the new methods by which the subject of government was made more concrete and practical. He raised the question whether the teacher of civics should emphasize actual governmental and political conditions or the theory of government, and closed with a discussion of the possibility

of combining history and government in the

same course.

Citizenship Should Be the Theme of Civics Instruction" was the proposition laid down by Mr. Arthur W. Dunn, of Philadelphia. Neither the city community nor local history should be the theme, although both may be made to supplement the treatment of the real subject-citizenship. Mr. F. P. Goodwin, of Cincinnati, followed with a description of the manner in which local history is used in the public schools of his city, serving as a basis for patriotism, giving a better understanding of the environment and of national history.

Conferences.

The system of departmental conferences, which had proved so successful in preceding years, was again followed by the program committee.

In the ancient history conference, presided over by Prof. H. B. Wright, of Yale. the first paper by Prof. R. W. Rogers, of Drew Theological Seminary, gave a neat bit of historical reasoning to show that Sennacherib made not one, but two western campaigns. Prof. W. F. Westerman applied similar forms of historical argument to the solution of another specific question: the motive for the publication of the Res Gestae of Augustus in the Monument of Ancyra,

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motive which the speaker believed to exist in the desire to make the imperial power hereditary. Prof. R. F. Scholz, of the University of California, undertook a more extended topic when he discussed Some Aspects of Roman Imperialism." He traced the spread of the Roman municipal system with constitutions based upon wealth, and the growth of estates and of feudal tenures in the empire, showing in conclusion the relation of the two processes to one another. Prof. H. A. Sill, of Cornell, closed the conference with an appreciative review of the influence of Niebuhr's life and writings upon the study of ancient history during the century which has elapsed since the first lectures at Berlin.

American History.

Diplomatic history, with special reference to Latin-American countries, was the topic in the American history conference. Prof. Joseph Schafer, of the University of Oregon, held the view that George Canning shaped the policy which determined the Oregon question and led to the adoption of the 49° parallel. Canning was, however, in favor of the Columbia River as part of the boundary, and his position was surrendered by Great Britain after his death, only because Sir Robert Peel did not wish a rupture with the United States. Prof. J. A. Callahan, of the University of West Virginia, discussed the attempts of the Buchanan administration to secure territory and commercial privileges from Mexico by purchase, and he showed the influence of these attempts upon

the later attitude of the Confederate government toward Mexico. Joseph Sears, of New York, dwelt upon the failure of Americans to understand the Latin-Americans, and the consequent fruitless attempts to establish commercial intercourse with those countries. Mr. Sears' remarks called forth a lively discussion, in which Mr. Hale, of the Bureau of American Republics, took exception to some of his generalizations, and Prof. Don E. Smith, of the University of California, proposed an American school in the city of Mexico, similar to those established in Athens and Rome.

Modern History Conference.

The significance of modern European history as a field for historical research for American students was discussed at the Modern History Conference, presided over by Prof. G. S. Ford, of the University of Illinois. Prof. C. M. Andrews, of Yale, opened the subject with a delightful paper upon the prerequisites to successful work in this field. Dr. Andrews pointed out that the materials and methods required for the study of the modern period were very different from those sued in medieval history. In the latter study the documents are fairly accessible in print and are susceptible to certain definite methods of interpretation and use, and there is little need for language equipment except in Latin. On the other hand, the materials for modern history are deposited in national or local archives, they are recorded in the national languages, they are exceedingly complex in form and contents, and there are many intricate archive regulations of the several depositories. Yet, in spite of these difficulties, and of the additional disadvantage of the cost of residence and travel abroad, modern European history offers an excellent field for research work if the topics taken by the investigator are not too extensive.

A most interesting discussion followed Dr. Andrews' paper, which was participated in by Prof. A C. Coolidge, of Harvard, who dwelt upon the increasingly difficult language requirements; by Prof. J. M. Vincent, of Johns Hopkins, who emphasized the necessity for historical training in the study of economic history; by Prof. J. W. Thompson, of the University of Chicago, who pointed out the relationship between medieval and modern history; by Prof. F. M. Fling, of University of Nebraska, who argued for a deeper training in historical criticism for teacher and scholar; and by Prof. Anderson, of University of Minnesota. who urged the selection of research topics from those touching both European and American history.

Local Historical Societies. Delegates representing over twenty different State and local historical societies met in conference under the chairmanship of Mr. C. M. Burton, of Detroit. Prof. C. W. Alvord, of the University of Illinois, gave a talk upon the preservation and care of historical manuscripts, illustrating by

documents, in various stages of mounting,

the processes used in the Illinois State Historical Library. Mr. F. A. Sampson, of the Missouri State Historical Society, spoke upon his experiences in the collection of material for a State historical library, giving much practical advice.

Presidential Address.

The annual address was delivered by President Frederick J. Turner on Wednesday evening, his topic being "Social Forces in American History." The theme of the address was the recent industrial revolution in the United States, the influence of which upon national history, said Dr. Turner, should be compared to the American Revolution and the Civil War. The old theories of equality and the rights of man must be reconsidered and restated; the old American democracy had been invaded by many factors foreign to its earlier principles. Among these new features were the vast army of immigrants arriving each year, the passage of arable national domain into private hands, the growth of large-scale production, the extension of financial and banking interests with their centre in New York, and the attainment of self-confidence by American labor. To-day vested interests and the trusts occupy the strange position of insisting upon the old individualistic democracy, while insurgency is demanding new democratic functions in the control of trusts and new democratic safeguards to take the place of the former safeguardthe free lands of the republic.

Thursday, December 29th.

The morning sessions on Thursday and Friday were commemorative of the fiftieth anniversary of secession. The Thursday meeting was devoted to papers relating to the North in 1860. Prof. Carl R. Fish, of the University of Wisconsin, spoke upon the decision of the Ohio Valley, showing how the Ohio River was a bond and not a barrier, creating a definite community of interests among a homogeneous population. Owing to the development of railroads and canals stronger commercial relations were established with the North than with the South, and this fact explains the decision of the valley in favor of the North in 1860. The Dred Scott Decision was discussed by Dr. E. S. Corwin, of Princeton. The conclusions reached by Dr. Corwin were that there was no close relationship between the decision and the State sovereignty theories of Calhoun, and that the pronouncement of Taney beyond the case in hand was not usurpation, but it was fictitious law made up for the occasion.

Prof. A. C. McLaughlin, of the University of Chicago, gave somewhat novel interpretations of the doctrines of secession and coercion. Calhoun's historical argument that the national government was the creation of the States-a view accepted recently by most historians north and south -Prof. McLaughlin characterized as metaphysical and as omitting consideration of many important factors. The framers of the constitution, it was shown, had intended forming a national government; and the absence of any express power to coerce a State was to be taken not as a sign of weakness, but rather as showing the impossibility of a State becoming recalcitrant. Even the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, judged by the point of view of their own day, are much less violent than usually considered. Southern leaders, too, before 1825, were distinctly nationalistic in attitude, and their later position would indicate that Calhounism was a doctrine invented for a purpose at a time when it

served to embody the needs of a section. The session closed with a paper by Mr. D. W. Howe, showing the apathy of the North to the early stages of secession, and the great awakening after the firing upon

Sumter.

More Conferences.

Thursday afternoon was devoted to more departmental conferences. At the Medieval History Conference, presided over by Prof. E. W. Dow, of the University of Michigan, an introductory paper by Dr. C. Robinson, of Yale, called forth an interesting discussion of Medieval English history as a possible field of research for historical students. The discussion was participated in by Prof. C. H. Haskins, of Harvard; Prof. J. F. Baldwin, of Vassar; Prof. J. M. Vincent, of Johns Hopkins; Prof. M. N. Trenholme, of the University of Missouri, and by others.

de

The Conference of Archivists, presided over by Dean H. V. Ames, of the University of Pennsylvania, was well attended. Prof. C. M. Andrews, of Yale, in the absence of Mr. A. J. F. Van Laer, of the New York State Library, read the latter's report upon the International Congress of Archivists and Librarians at Brussels, August 28-31. 1910. The report was an excellent epitome of the work of the congress. The resolutions adopted by the congress stated desirability handbooks of preparing scribing the principal archive repositories and the rules governing them; the classification of archives, according to the government department from which they came; the need of international co-operation in archive work; and the necessity of transferring new records as well as old ones to a central archive depository. Mr. Dunbar Rowland, of the Mississippi State Department of Archives and History. emphasized the importance of a central depository for archives, showing the convenience of the English system and the evils growing out of the lack of any such system in the United States. Mr. Gaillard Hunt, of the Library of Congress, pointed out the radical difference between archive problems in the United States and in European countries, and particularly the reluctance of government departments to transfer their archives to a central depository. He believed that the way to overcome this reluctance was to construct a satisfactory archive building in Washington and show departmental chiefs that such a plan would be of value not to historians alone, but also to administrative officials. Prof. F. L. Paxson spoke briefly upon the chronological division between open and closed archives. The experience in archive work in their respective states was discussed by D. E. Clark, of Iowa; R. D. W. Connor, of North Carolina; Harlow Lindley and Mr. Brown, of Indiana; Dr. Tilton, of Connecticut, and E. C. Barker, of Texas. The general sentiment favored using the term "archives" to mean public documents, and the keeping of such documents distinct from personal and family documents, although some of the speakers, for practical reasons, favored the inclusion of official and non-official documents in the State libraries.

not attempt much or do not accomplish much in the direction of fixing the qualifications of high school teachers. With the notable exception of California, it is ordinarily the local authorities which determine these qualifications. Three questions still await answer: What is a fair qualification as to scholarship for high school teachers of history? What is the best way of training them in methods? What is the best test of the candidate's possession of these qualifications,

Prof. T. N. Hoover enumerated the defects in the work of the high school teacher of history, and urged the adoption of adequate requirements in academic training and in professional methods. Prof. F. S. Bogardus, of the Terre Haute State Normal School, introduced statistics showing that teachers in all departments of the high school were inadequately trained. He advised those desiring to raise the standard of history teaching to co-operate with teachers' associations in other departments in demanding higher qualifications. He gave a brief description of the methods of training history teachers in the Terre Haute Normal School. Mr. H. W. Foght, of the State Normal School at Kirksville, Mo., considered the question of the proportion to be establishedbetween academic training and professional training in the preparation of the history teacher. He feared there was as much danger that the normal school would over-emphasize the professional element as there was that the college would lay too much stress upon academic training.

Miss Sara M. Riggs, of Teachers' College, Cedar Falls, Iowa, introduced the subject of the preparation of the teacher of history in the elementary schools. She held that general culture rather than special knowledge is the prime necessity for the teacher of history in the grades. Commenting favorably upon the Report of the Committee of Eight, she pointed out the many requisites needed in a teacher who would succeed The teacher

under the committee's plan. of history should be well prepared in English language and literature; in geography, political economy and sociology; in history, education, and art; and in addition should possess skill in story-telling, in questioning, and in the organization of historical material. Mr. E. E. Hill, of the Chicago Normal School, thought the teacher's function should be to put the pupil abreast of the times. Miss Mary B. Putnam, of the State Normal College, at Ipsilanti, Mich., raised three questions: How can we realize the plan of the Committee of Eight? Do our normal schools reach to the level of the plan? Can they be made to do so, if they fall short? She pointed out that most normal schools have but two years of work above high school grade and that one of these years is devoted to professional work. History occupies but a small place in the normal school curriculum, and sometimes the graduate has little more training in history than she brought from the high school.

G.

Thursday evening was devoted to a general session upon European History. Prof. L. M. Larson, of the University of Illinois, read an interesting paper upon a topic hitherto little studied, the efforts of Danish kings to recover the English crown after the death of Harthacnut. Prof. R. Usher, of Washington University, gave some critical notes upon the works of S. R. Gardiner; Prof. R. C. H. Catterall, of Cornell, presented some new details of the relations of the English and the Dutch from 1654 to 1660; and Prof. H. Morse Stephens, of the University of California, presented some striking views upon recent historical writings upon the French Revolution.

Friday, December 30th.

In a

The morning meeting continued the consideration of secession, the papers dealing mainly with the Southern side of the movement. President James B. Angell, of the University of Michigan, gave a delightful reminiscent talk upon a horseback ride through the South which he and another New England youth took in 1850. fluent narrative enlivened with delicious wit, Dr. Angell told of the conditions of the South as he found them. He described the cordial reception given to the Yankees in the South, the inconveniences of travel in those days, and their acquaintance with the slave system.

The Lower South in the Election of 1860" was discussed by Prof. D. Y. Thomas, of the University of Arkansas; Prof. W. K. Boyd, of Trinity College, read a paper upon North Carolina upon the eve of secession, in which he showed the sectional differences existing in the State and the jealousy kept alive between slave-holders and non-slave-holders. Prof. W. E. Dodd, of the University of Chicago, showed how the Northwest was the crucial point in the campaign of 1860; how previously this section had acted with the South, and that it was the great work of Lincoln to break up this coalition and bring the Northwest and the East into harmony upon the slavery question. Dr. A. J. Gerson, of Philadelphia, read a paper upon the inception of the Montgomery Convention of 1861, showing the part taken by the inter-State Commissioners appointed by the seceding States; the several steps leading up to the convention, beginning with the suggestion by South Carolina; and certain mis-statements of facts made by recent historians in attributing the call for the convention to Mississippi instead of South Carolina.

History and Other Sciences.

At the closing meeting on Friday evening, Prof. J. H. Robinson, of Columbia, read a stimulating paper upon "The Relation of History to the Newer Sciences of Mankind." Dr. Robinson stated that the scientific organization of history had interfered with its progress. The concept of history had changed through the centuries, but in recent years it had not kept in touch with its sister sciences nor used their product to improve its work. Evolution, the great theory of biology, has not yet been adopted by the historians; the work of archæology, anthropology, of animal and social psychology needs to be assimilated by the historian.

own

Business Session.

an

The annual business meeting of the Association was held on Friday afternoon. In the absence of the secretary, Dr. J. F. Jameson read his report, showing a membership of over 2,900, an increase of about ten per cent. during the year. Dr. C. H. Haskins, secretary of the Council, reported that the Council had adopted the plan to provide an index to the reports of the Association; that it had appointed a committee upon American Year-Book; and that the annual Bibliography of American History, prepared under the direction of Dr. Jameson, would in the future be published in the reports of the Association. The Council had also given some consideration to the marking of historical sites, a bibliography of American travels, a report upon the work of European historical societies, and to the report of the Committee of Five upon history in secondary schools. The Council's recommendation that the meeting of the Association in 1911 be held at Buffalo and Ithaca, was adopted; and a resolution favoring a national hall of records at Wash

ington was, upon the suggestion of the Council, also adopted.

The work of the Pacific Coast Branch was reported upon by Prof. H. Morse Stephens, who referred to the growth in membership in the branch, stating that many outside California were now joining. Prof. Stephens expressed the desire that a meeting of the Association should be held in San Francisco, in 1915, if the Panama Exposition should be given to that city. For the Historical Manuscript Commission, Dr. U. B. Phillips reported that the second volume of the Texan diplomatic correspondence was nearly ready, and that the next work would be the publication of the Cobb-Stevens correspondence.

The Public Archives Commission, through Dr. H. V. Ames, reported that reports had been made upon the public archives of the States of Indiana, Kentucky, and Nebraska. The Committee on the Justin Winsor Prize reported in favor of awarding the prize to Dr. Edward R. Turner, for his study upon the Negro in Colonial Pennsylvania. Prof. Burr, for the Committee upon the H. B. Adams Price, recommended a change in the final date for receiving manuscripts from September 1 to July 1; and by vote the Association adopted the change. Prof. E. P. Cheyney for the Committee upon a Bibliography of Modern English History, reported that a plan of division of the work had at last been agreed upon by the committee and the (English) Royal Historical Society. Formal reports were also received from the treasurer, the editors of the American Historical Review, the Committee on Publications, the General Committee, and the Committee upon Reprints of Narratives of Early American History.

The report of the Nominating Committee was adopted as follows: President, William M. Sloane; First Vice-President, Theodore Roosevelt; Second Vice-President, William A. Dunning; Secretary, W. G. Leland; Secretary of Council, Charles H. Haskins; Treasurer, Clarence W. Bowen; Curator, A. H. Clark; Members of the Council, E. B. Greene, C. H. Hull, F. L. Riley, E. E. Sparks, J. A. Woodburn and F. M. Fling.

Social Events.

The excellent arrangements at the headquarters hotel and the fact that a very large number of the delegates had rooms at the hotel, made the sessions of the Association unusually social. There was abundant opportunity of meeting the members informally. In addition there were frequent meetings of congenial groups at meal times; the Chicago men, the Pennsylvania men, the Cornell group, the Harvard group, and others held more or less formal gatherings; and a breakfast of those interested in teaching English history furnished an innovation. The most notable event of this character was the dinner given to Prof. F. J. Turner, who as president of the Association had performed his duties so admirably, --by his former students and colleagues. Prof. Turner was presented with a printed collection of historical essays, entitled the "Turner Essays," contributed by his former students.

The local committee also provided abundantly for the social entertainment of the members. Three of the principal clubs of Indianapolis were thrown open to members of the Association; there was a reception by citizens at the John Herron Art Institute, a smoker at the University Club, and a subscription luncheon at the Claypool Hotel. Everyone testified to the efficient management by the Committee on Local Arrangements, of which Calvin M. Kendall was chairman, and Christopher B. Coleman. secretary; and to the excellent program arranged by the Program Committee, of which Evarts B. Greene was chairman.

NOTES.

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Dr. Emil Reich, the writer and lecturer on history, died on December 11, 1910, in his fifty-seventh year. Among his works were: "Atlas of English History," Atlas of Ancient History," "Atlas of Modern History," "History of Civilization," GraecoRoman Institutions," " Hungarian Literature," "General History," "Foundations of Modern Europe," "Select Documents Illustrating Medieval and Modern History," "Plato as an Introduction to Modern Life."

SOUTH DAKOTA ASSOCIATION.

At the November meeting of the South Dakota Education Association, a South Dakota History Teachers' Association was organized. Dr. Carl Christophelsmeier, head of the department of history and political science in the University of South Dakota, was elected President; Mr. Doane Robinson, Secretary of the State Historical Library and State Historian, Vice-President, and Miss Mae McCrery, of Groton, Secretary and Treasurer.

NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION. This Association has entered upon a campaign to increase very largely its membership. Steps will be taken during the winter, previous to the spring meeting in April, to add many new names to its list.

The collection of aids to history teaching now deposited in Simmons College will be catalogued by the first of March, and it is hoped that a complete list can be published in the spring in THE HISTORY TEACHER'S MAGAZINE.

The Association holds two meetings a year; one in October and one in April.

A COLORADO ORGANIZATION. Informal meetings of teachers of history in Colorado have been held in the past, but no definite organization was attempted. During the latter part of November however, in connection with the University High-School Conference, many history teachers met and took steps toward creating a permanent organization. A committee was appointed, of which Professor James S. Willard is chairman, to investigate the whole situation in Colorado, especially with reference to the high schools, and to recommend ways and means of bettering it. A number of sub-committees have been appointed to deal with such specific problems as the aim in the study and teaching of history, the methods in use, the equipment of the history department, and other problems of similar nature. This investigation is to be made with a two-fold object: First, to arouse the interest of the history teachers and others in the various problems of history teaching; and, second, to discover what the weaknesses are in the

teaching of history in Colorado and how these defects may be remedied. The whole problem is being worked out with special reference to local needs. Brief reports of the proceedings of the organization will probably be published.

A new publishing company called The University Company has been organized in Boston for the purpose of publishing exact facsimiles of old American maps. Their announcements show a series of eight maps in process of publication, ranging from the 1520 map of Apianus to a map of New England in September, 1775.

The University Company contemplates also the issuing of a series of four facsimiles of historical paintings, the ones selected are Trumbull's "Battle of Bunker Hill," "The Surrender of Cornwallis," "The Declaration of Independence" and Powell's "De Soto's Discovery of the Mississippi."

CENTRAL OHIO TEACHERS. The annual meeting of the Central Ohio Teachers' Association was held at Dayton, on November 11th and 12th. Among the several departmental conferences was one devoted to secondary history. At this conference about one hundred persons were present, of whom two-thirds were men. Of the schools represented, all with the exception of nine, required for graduation, a course in American History. This, it was generally agreed, should be given in the fourth year. The conference favored three one-year courses in history with at least two of them required, deciding unanimously that American History should be one of these; but opinions differed as to what ⚫ should be the other required course, ranging from General and Ancient History to English History. The subject of collateral reading was discussed together with the social value of history. The attitude toward historical method was well expressed in the phrase used by one of the speakers, "It is the concrete that bites into the mind."

Professor Chase urged the necessity of supplementary reading for high school classes, and that duplicate copies of books be provided, and gave some lists of books that have been proved to be of value in such classes. He also advocated the reading of good historical novels and named some good bibliographies.

Professor Parlin said that the stereopticon should not be used simply to show pictures and entertain; he did a little at the beginning to show how not to do it. He said the pictures should be used to teach with, and illustrated how the development of the Gothic style architecture could be taught with this aid.

HISTORY TEACHERS' ASSOCIATIONS.

For the convenience of its readers and to stimulate the work of organization, "The Magazine" will print from time to time a list of the associations, with the names and addresses of the secretaries. Will our readers help us fill in the gaps, and keep us informed of changes in the secretarial offices?

AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION.-W. G. Leland, Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C., secretary.

AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, PACIFIC COAST BRANCH.-H. W. Edwards, Berkeley, secretary.

CALIFORNIA.-Ada G. Goldsmith, Mission High School, San Francisco, secretary. COLORADO.-Prof. James S. Willard, chairman, Boulder, Col. INDIANA. Franklin, secretary.

Professor

Harriet Palmer,

KANSAS.-Miss Bertha Hamilton, Emporia, secretary.

MARYLAND.-Ella V. Ricker, Baltimore,

secretary.

MIDDLE STATES.-Professor Henry Johnson, Teachers' College. New York City, secretary.

MILWAUKEE CONFERENCE.-Informally organized.

MISSISSIPPI.-H. L. McCleskey, Hazelhurst, secretary.

MISSOURI.-Professor Eugene Fair, Kirksville, secretary.

NEBRASKA-Professor C. N. Anderson, Kearney, president.

NEW ENGLAND.-Mr. W. H. Cushing, South Framingham, Mass.. secretary.

NEW YORK (N. Y.) CONFERENCE.-L. R. Schuyler, City College, New York, secretary.

NORTH CENTRAL.-Mary Louise Childs. Evanston, Ill., secretary.

NORTH DAKOTA ASSOCIATION.-H. L. Rockwood, Enderlin, president.

SEATTLE CONFERENCE.-Informally organized.

SOUTH DAKOTA.-MISS MAE MCCREBY, Groton, secretary.

TWIN CITY HISTORY TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION.-W. H. Shepard. North High School, Minneapolis, Minn., president.

VASSAR ALUMNE HISTORICAL ASSOCIA

TION. Adelaide Underhill, Poughkeepsie, secretary.

WISCONSIN.-Gertrude Hull, West Division High School, Milwaukee, chairman.

THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK. The American Year Book for 1911 is the title of a new record of events and progress to be published February 1 by D. Appleton & Co. The Year Book is the work of a supervisory board, of which Professor Albert Bushnell Hart is chairman. The managing editor is the former director of the United States Census, S. N. B. North. The supervisory board includes names of prominent men in university and professional life. The book will deal largely with facts, eliminating everything which does not bear directly upon the events of the year, and

it is aimed to make it authoritative and accurate, timely and comprehensive, and arranged in a manner convenient for daily

use.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. The American Society for Judicial Statement and International Justice held its annual meeting at the New Willard Hotel, Washington, D. C., on December 15-17, 1910. Among the topics of historical interest discussed at the sessions were the following:

International Relations Between the United State and Canada, by Hon. Mr. Justice Riddell.

Interstate Controversies in the Supreme Court of the United States, by Hon. Mr. Justice Brown.

The Development of the American Doctrine of Jurisdiction of Courts over States, by A. H. Snow.

Evolution of the International Court, by Simeon E. Baldwin.

Sources of International Law, by George W. Kirchwey.

Addresses favoring International Arbitration were delivered by Andrew Carnegie, Francis B. Loomis, David Starr Jordon, Rear Admiral Stockton, Edwin Ginn.

At the banquet on Saturday evening, presided over by General Woodford, addresses were made by President Taft, Joseph H. Choate, General Frederick F. D. Grant, Richard Bartholdt, Thomas Nelson Page, Martin W. Littleton, W. Burke

Cockran.

PACIFIC COAST BRANCH.

The annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association was held at the University of California on Friday and Saturday, November 18th and 19th, 1910. The meeting was well attended, and was one of the most enthusiastic meetings which the Branch has held.

At the General Session the following papers were read:

1. Historical Significance of the Religious Problem in the German Schools, Professor A. B. Show, Stanford University.

2. The Place of the Utah Pioneers in Western History, Professor L. E. Young, University of Utah.

3. Mary Queen of Scots in the Light of Recent Historical Investigations. Professor O. H. Richardson, University of Washington.

The annual dinner was held at the Hotel Carlton, with Professor H. Morse Stephens as presiding officer. The president's address, delivered by Professor E. D. Adams, dwelt upon The Viewpoint of English Travelers in America from 1810-1860. Brief addresses were also made by Professor B. E. Howard and Professor D. P. Barrows.

The Saturday morning meeting was devoted to papers upon the history of the Pacific Coast, and included the following:

Council (in addition to above officers) Professor L. E. Young, University of Utah; Professor E. B. Krehbiel, Stanford University; Professor Don E. Smith, University of California; Miss Maude E. Stevens, Palo Alto High School.

The Teachers' Session was held on Saturday afternoon. Two topics were discussed. Mr. F. H. Clark, of Lowell High School, San Francisco, read a paper on the recommendation of the Committee of Five that "instruction in government and history be as separate subjects." Mr. Clark began by insisting that it is a mistake to assume that training for citizenship is primarily the work of the history teacher. This work is too important to be left to any one teacher, and should rather be the "work of all the teachers of all the subjects all the time." The great essential of good citizenship is character, and that is the lesson of the entire school. There is a distinction, continued the speaker, between political science as conceived by the universities, and American government as taught in the schools. Political science and history may be separated, but American government and history cannot be divorced. The fence erected by the committee is an artificial one. One portion of the year may be devoted to lessons in history, and another portion to lessons in government, but a common purpose should run through all of them.

In the discussion, several points were brought out. To make civics a vital force, less emphasis must be placed on the machinery of government. History is better taught than government, because the colleges are not careful about requiring prospective teachers to take courses in political science.

The second topic was "To What Extent Should California History Be a Part of the Course of Study? In what grades?" This was opened by Professor R. D. Hunt, of the University of Southern California. The charm and interest of California history, the influence of California history on national history, and the light it sheds on present State institutions and customs, justify instruction in the subject. In the

our

London, Manchester, North Eastern Counties Branch, Plymouth, Reading, Sheffield, and South Hampton. A branch of the association may be formed in any city, but it must consist of not less than ten members, and at least 3s. paid by a full member must be forwarded by the branch of the central association to the association. Every branch has the power to choose its own secretary and other officers, and to enroll associates who are not members of the general association. The literature published by the association is only supplied, except by purchase, to the full members of the association. There are, at the present time, about one thousand members in the and English Historical Association its branches.

FRONTISPIECE.

The illustration upon the front page of this month's issue is taken from the "Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845-1849." The manuscript diary, which is now in the possession of the Chicago Historical Society, has been edited by Milo Milton Quaife, and published for the society in four volumes by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. The publication was due very largely to the efforts of Professor Charles W. Mann, who was engaged upon it at the time of his death. The illustration here reprinted is a facsimile of a portion of President Polk's diary for August 26, 1845, showing the entry in which he explains the reasons for his decision to keep a diary. (Vol. I, page 1).

COLLEGE ENTRANCE

EXAMINATIONS

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A Source History of the United States

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By CALDWELL AND PERSINGER. Full cloth. pages. Price, $1.25. By Howard Walter Caldwell, Professor of American History, University of Nebraska, and Clark Edmund Persinger, Associate Professor of American History, University of Nebraska.

Containing Introduction and Table of Contents. The material is divided into four chapters, as follows: Chap. I. The Making of Colonial America, 1492-1763 Chap. II. The Revolution and Independence, 1763-1786 Chap.III. The Making of a Democratic Nation, 1786-1841 Chap. IV. Slavery and The Sectional Struggle. 1841-1877 Complete single copies for reference or for libraries will be forwarded by express paid on receipt of the stated price of $1.25.

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