of human endeavor, and is not primarily intended as a history, there is nevertheless a great deal of strictly historical material in it. For example, the history of France occupies six pages, and that of Great Britain eleven pages. The history of the United States during the year is extensively treated under that title, and besides there are separate articles on the Tariff, Public Lands, Electoral Reform, Railroads, Frauds on the Custom House, etc. The legislation passed in each State is summarized. An excellent feature is found in the biographies of living persons prominent for any reason during the year. It would be a great addition to the many admirable features of this work if it could contain a key to the pronunciation of proper names. The writer of this review, who has made very extended use of the volume for 1907 and 1908, has no hesitation in saying that the entire series ought to be available for constant use by every teacher or student of history, economics or political science.

["The New International Year Book for 1909." Pp. 792. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. Price, $5.]

HANDBOOK OF MISSISSIPPI HISTORY. An interest in local history is developing in many parts of the country, and nowhere in a greater degree than in the Southern States. This interest has shown itself in the organization or strengthening of state or local historical societies, the appointment of state historians, the marking of historic sites, and in the interpolation of state history into the school curricula of the states. Prof. Franklin L. Riley, in his "Teachers' Handbook of Mississippi History," has furnished an excellent aid to the teacher of local history in his state. The Handbook is not a narrative history, and is not designed for pupils' use; it aims to organize the field of state history for the teacher and thus to stimulate both teacher and pupil to better work in the subject.

The first section of the book is devoted to advice upon the method to be used in teaching state history, and here, in addition to a text-book, the author suggests the use of illustrative source material, the making of scrap-books containing items of state history, the study and the drawing of maps and the extensive use of notebooks.

The second section gives extended lists of thought questions, class exercises, open text-book exercises, lists of important dates, map exercises, and references for supplementary work. Part three comprises twothirds of the volume, and contains extended topical outlines of the state's history, from the days of the Indians and early explorers down to the administration of Governor Vardaman (1904-1908). These outlines give not only a skeleton of the political history of the state, but they include as well excellent outlines upon social and economic questions, such as religion, schools, financial institutions, industries and cotton

A Source History of the United States

By CALDWELL AND PERSINGER. Full cloth. 500 pages. Price, $1.25. By Howard Walter Caldwell, Professor of American History, University of Nebraska, and Clark Edmund Persinger, Associate Professor of American History, University of Nebraska.

Containing Introduction and Table of Contents. The material is divided into four chapters, as follows: Chap. I. The Making of Colonial America, 1492-1763 Chap. II. The Revolution and Independence, 1763-1786 Chap.III. The Making of a Democratic Nation, 1786-1841 Chap.IV. Slavery and The Sectional Struggle, 1841-1877 Complete single copies for reference or for libraries will be forwarded by express paid on receipt of the stated price of $1.25.

Correspondence in reference to introductory supplies is respectfully solicited and will have our prompt attention. A full descriptive list of Source History books and leaflets forwarded on application.

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culture, the slave system, and means of transportation.

A suggested outline for a brief county history, which closes the work, is a very suggestive bit of analysis, and might, with profit, be used as a guide for the study of local history in any part of the country.

Dr. Riley has performed a marked service for the teachers of the state by constructing this little volume. He has made it possible for the teacher to present the subject of local history in an interesting form and with precision and clearness. There is need

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69

of such aids to the study of local history in other states.

["Teachers' Handbook of Mississippi History." By Franklin L. Riley. Pp. 128. B. F. Johnson Publishing Co., Richmond, Va.]

(Conducted with the coöperation of the class in Current Literature of Leland Stanford, Jr. University. Contributions suitable for this department will be welcomed. Address: Box 999, Stanford University, Cal.). -Carnegie Institution of Washington, publication No. 124, Papers of the Department of Historical Research, J. Franklin Jameson, Editor: List of Documents in Spanish Archives Relating to the History of the United States, Which Have Been Printed or of which Transcripts are Preserved in American Libraries, by James Alexander Robertson.

-Johns Hopkins University Studies, Series XXVIII, No. 1 (1910): History of Reconstruction in Louisiana (through 1868), by the late John Rose Ficklen, author of The Constitutional History of Louisiana." The MSS. was completed for the press by Pierce Butler, of Tulane University. It is reviewed in the Academy for September 10th.

-The National Geographic Magazine for September contains illustrated articles upon "The Fringe of Coast Around Asia Minor " (with a view of the Cilician Gates), "Notes on Normandy" (with a view of Falaise Castle), and "Curious and Characteristic Customs of China;" also upon Liberia.

-In the Revue Politique et Parlementaire for September, Paul Lacombe discusses the events of the decisive period of the French Revolution (August 2, 1792 to June 2d, 1793) from the point of view of a duel between the Commune of Paris and the two Assemblies, the Legislative and the Con vention.

"The Struggle for Prince Edward Island," by Ida Burwash, in the Canadian Magazine for September, is based upon the "Account" of John Stewart, published in London a century ago, and extending from the taking of the Island by the English in 1758 to 1804. In 1780, at the age of twenty-two, Stewart came to the Island. For many years he was Speaker of the Assembly.

—“ Ebbo von Reims and Ansgar, an Essay upon Missionary History of the North, and upon the Origin of the Bishopric of Hamburg," by Christian Reuter, is to be found in the Historische Zeitschrift, 9 Band, 2 Heft. Hamburg, the writer points out, was not in early days an important trading center; but became important first from a religious point of view after Archbishop Ebbo visited the Danes in 822, and after Hamburg, chosen as a middle point for all the Saxons, became the seat of a bishopric under Ansgar, who also possessed the missionary spirit.

-The Chautauquan, "The Magazine of System in Reading," inaugurates "The

English Year" in vol. 60, No. 1 (September), with the first of a series of articles by the Hon. Percy Alden, M.P., on “Democratic England," around which other articles on England will be grouped during the course of the year.

-The newspaper press of Italy is in point of growth hardly more than forty years of age, and yet in its vigorous national tone and keen acceptance of leadership in the formation of public opinion it rivals that of any upon the Continent. It would be hard to find anywhere better newspaper treatment of the recent clerical disturbances in Spain than the accounts of the special Italian correspondents sent direct from the scenes of conflict to their home papers, especially to those of Rome and Milan, Taking the Italian press as the index of the mental attitude of the people, we may describe them as thoroughly awake to the march of progress.

-The comments of King James I, written upon the margins of the “Supplication for Toleration" presented to him by Puritan ministers in 1609, and recently unearthed in the Archbishop's library at Lambeth (Blackwood's Magazine, September), are both caustic and significant; e. g.: "The too great toleration of you in quene elizabeths tyme hath made you now to be prikkels in our sydes," . Too muche lenitie maketh you so prowde," "Youre factiouse behavioure giveth indeid an excellent relish & advantage to the papistes, and thairfore all such factiouse people muste be weadit out of the lande." "I am not to learn axiomes of state from suche fellowes."

--The Journal of Political Economy for June in the "Symposium on the Teaching of Elementary Economics," contains the following from the pen of Professor Edwin R. A. Seligman upon "The Experience at Columbia." . . . The Professor gives a lecture once a week, and the sections meet twice a week. The object of the lecture by the professor is to give the students a point of view and to awaken an interest in the subject matter that they are to discuss during the next two sessions. An important change, however, has been brought about by the fact that the quiz work is no longer done by young men of little experience, but by men of considerable experience. Our ideal is to have our teaching done by men of professorial grade; at Columbia we have recently adopted the plan of having teaching professors as well as research professors." This method invites comparison with those suggested in The World's Work for September, in the article by Arthur W. Page, which asks whether or not the colleges are performing their functions.

James Milne, in the September Fortnightly Review, undertakes the difficult subject of "The Personality of America."

-In the same magazine, the proposal of some enthusiastic motorist to revive the use of the Roman roads of Britain for the motor traffic elicits from Edwin L. Arnold a brief discussion of the old Roman roads, including the art of making them and their significance as an indication of the Roman civilization in Britain: "The (Roman) England of our class-books, in fact, is a clammy place of sunless skies, possessing a scanty population the chase of which supplied their only sport to the exiled soldiers of the Mother City. But this is not the teaching of the silent memorials of a great epoch left to us by time. Who can look at those triumphs of engineering, for instance, which it is proposed to reopen for a modern need and suppose they were designed for the passage of a chance cohort or the necessities of naked villagers?"

ANSWERS TO INQUIRIES. EDITED BY CHARLES A. COULOMB, PH.D.

British Museum, Etc.

Editor HISTORY TEACHER'S MAGAZINE: Can you inform me upon what conditions readers are admitted to the British Museum and the Public Record Office?-E. P. D.

Answer:-Historians often find it desirable or necessary to consult the manuscript material which is preserved in the British Museum and in the Public Record Office, in London. It may be useful therefore to know under what conditions readers from the United States are permitted to use these collections.

Both the British Museum and the Record Office have a long list of rules concerning the handling of manuscripts; the number of volumes or documents that may be called for at one time, etc. The most important of these rules, however, are those governing admittance.

In the case of the Museum it is required that "Persons desiring to be admitted to the Reading-Room must apply in writing to the Director, specifying their profession or business, their place of abode, and the particular purpose for which they seek admission."

Every such application must be made two days at least before admission is required, and must be accompanied by a written recommendation from a householder (whose address can be identified from the ordinary sources of reference, and who must also be a person of recognized position), with full signature and address, stated to be given on personal knowledge of the applicant, and certifying that he or she will make proper use of the Reading-Room.*

Readers were formerly admitted to the Record Office with practically no formalities. By a recent change in the rules, however, it is now necessary for citizens of other countries than Great Britain to be recommended by their respective Embassies to the British Foreign Office, which, on the receipt of such recommendation, will communicate with the authorities of the Record Office requesting that a reader's card be issued to the applicant. The recommendation of the American Embassy is not dependent merely on a personal identification. The Embassy must not only be satisfied that the applicant is the person he claims to be, but also that he is a proper person to be recommended to the British Foreign Office for such privilege to be granted to him. It may be suggested, therefore, that any one who purposes going abroad to work in the Record Office should first inquire of the American Embassy concerning the form of credential that will satisfy them in this respect. They are not hypercritical, but if one's stay in England is a short one, it may be quite impossible to obtain even the

*The trustees cannot accept the recommendations of hotel keepers or of boarding-house or lodging-house keepers in favor of their lodgers.

simplest credentials from home in time to be of any service. It may be added that records dated prior to 1800 may be consulted gratis. In order to consult records of a later date, it is necessary to pay a fee varying with the number of documents or volumes called for.

Confederate Flag.

Editor HISTORY TEACHER'S MAGAZINE: Why did the Confederate States flag have thirteen stars in it?-A. D. S.

Answer:-On February 9, 1861, the Provisional Congress of the Confederacy ap pointed a committee of one from each State to take into consideration the adoption of a flag and a seal. The committee made a long report on March 4, 1861, which ended by recommending that the flag consist of a red field with a white space extending horizontally through the center and equal in width to one-third the width of the flag. The red space above and below was to be the same width as the white; the union was to be a blue square extending down through the white space and stopping at the lower red space. In the center of the union was a circle of stars equal in number to the States of the Confederacy. On February 14, 1862, it was agreed to leave the adoption of a flag to the permanent government. While no final action was taken on this report, the design was unofficially adopted, and became the so-called "Stars and Bars."

On the organization of the permanent government, the Confederate House and Senate provided on February 24 and 25, 1862, for a "Joint Committee on Flag and Seal." This committee reported, on April 19, 1862, the following design for a flag: a red field charged with a white saltire, having in the center a sun in its glory on an azure shield, the rays of the sun corresponding to the number of States in the Confederacy. Journal House of Representatives, C. S. A., 1st Congress, 1st Session, April 19, 1862; Journal Senate, C. S. A., 1st Congress, 1st Session, April 19, 1862.

At the next session on September 5, 1862, the resolutions and reports were referred back to the joint committee by both House

and Senate.-Journal House of Representatives, C. S. A., 1st Congress, 1st Session, September 5, 1862.

At the third session, on April 22, 1863, a new bill was reported from the joint committee, and, after many amendments, the design for the flag was established as follows: the field to be white; the length of the flag to be double the width; the union (now used as a battle flag) to be a square of two-thirds the width of the flag, having the ground red, thereon a saltire of blue, bordered with white and emblazoned with mullets or five-pointed stars corresponding in number to that of the Confederate States. Journal House of Representatives, C. S. A., 1st Congress, 3rd Session, May 1, 1863.

The Senate accepted certain House amendments to the bill and it was finally passed by both houses and signed by the President of the Confederacy on May 1, 1863. Journal Senate, C. S. A., 1st Congress, 3rd Session, May 1, 1863.

Until this date there had been apparently no official flag of the Confederacy. The flag named as the battle-flag was the South Carolina flag, the single star which had been in the center of the cross was reduced in size, and three new stars were placed on each arm, making thirteen in all. The two extra stars represented Kentucky and Missouri. These two States never technically seceded, but delegates from them were in the provisional congress of the Confederate States, and also in all the sessions of the First (permanent) Congress, at the third session of which the official flag was adopted. This flag did not, however, prove satisfactory for the Second Congress again took up the question, and passed a bill providing for a new flag. The design of this flag is not set forth in the journal. The bill was signed by President Davis on March 4, 1865. Kentucky and Missouri each had a Senator present at each session of this Congress, and Kentucky sent members of the House of Representatives, so that if any flag was made in accordance with the last bill there would still have been thirteen represented States to have been recognized in its design.

Macmillan Books

An Outline for the Study of American

Civil Government

Prepared by the Committee of the New England History Teachers' Association. Pupils' Edition. 12mo. Paper boards. xiv+192 pages. 50 cents net. Teachers' Edition. 12mo. Cloth. xxviii+192 pages. 60 cents net.

An outline for the Study of American Civil Government with special reference to Training for Citizenship. For use in Secondary Schools. Prepared for the New England History Teachers' Association by its Committee: Ray Greene Huling, Sc. D.; the late Wilson Ryder Butler; Lawrence Boyd Evans, Ph.D.; John Haynes, Ph.D.; William Bennett Munro, Ph.D., LL.B.

Mackenzie's Voyages. 2 vols. ALEXANDER MACKENZIE'S account of
his travels from Montreal to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans.
Lewis and Clark's Expedition. 3 vols. With an account of the
Louisiana Purchase by JOHN BACH MCMASTER.
Colden's Five Indian Nations. 2 vols.

CADWALLADER COLDEN, Surveyor-General of the Colony of New York, written from intimate knowledge of the Iriquois.

Harmon's Journal. By DANIEL WILLIAM HARMON, partner of the Northwest Company in 1800.

Butler's Wild Northland. GENERAL SIR WM. FRANCIS BUTLER'S story of his sledge journey across North America in 1872-73.

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