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ted as far back as the year, 1808; Jacobs was arrested and confined, but soon made his escape, and fled to the west, where he continued to reside, util he was recently discovered and brought back. He was accordingly

ment.

tried and convicted, and appealed for a new trial, but the appeal court refused to grant it. He was sentenced to be executed, which sentence was carried into effect.

GEORGIA.

1827.-In December of this year, the legislature adopted a report of the committee on the state of the republic, containing their views upon the powers claimed and exercised by congress, for the purpose of encouraging domestic manufactures, and effecting a system of internal improveIn this report, the committee contend that the states, through their legislatures, have a right to complain of, and redress if they can, all usurpations by the general government. Respecting internal improvements, they say, "if the subjects of domestic manufactures and internal improve. ments depended upon the question of expediency, we should have nothing to say; for that is a matter purely within the power of congress; and although we should greatly deplore the adoption and continued prosecution of a policy obviously grinding down the resources of one class of states to build up and advance the prosperity of another of the same confederacy, yet it would be ours to submit under the terms of our compact. All argument is vain, against interest supported by power. But we do most solemnly believe, that such policy is contrary to the letter and spirit of the federal constitution." After this assertion, the committee proceed to state their reasons for this construction of the constitution, and conclude with the following resolution:

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Wm. C. Dawson, Clerk. BANKS.-There are six banks in the state, viz. the bank of Augusta, which has a capital of $600,000.00, and bills in circulation to the amount of $379,923.00; the bank of Macon, the proportion of the capital stock of which paid in, is 50,000, and which has bills in circulation to the amount of $87,972; the Marine and Fire Insurance Company, which has deposits to the amount of $43,217.95, and bills in circulation to the amount of $125,845.00; the bank of the state of Georgia, which has capital stock to the amount of $1,500,000.00, and notes in circulation $1,119,853; the Planters' bank, which has notes in circulation of the old and new emission, $259,210, and a capital stock of $649,050.00; and the bank of Darien, which has a stock of $484,450.00, and bills in circulation to the amount of $396,524.44.

TREASURY.-Receipts and expen

ditures for the year ending on the Balance remaining in the treasury

31st of October, 1828.

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31,250 00

1824,

1822,

1,273 75 1,500 00 $186,929 16

513 21 581 25 1,689 83

October 31st, 1828,

631,529 36 $818,458 52

TARIFF.-Much feeling was excited in this state by the passage of the tariff, and the people generally were strongly opposed to it. The following protest received the sanction of the legislature, and was transmitted to congress, and entered on the journal, January 12th, 1829:

PROTEST, To the senate of the United States, by the state of Georgia, against the tariff.

From a painful conviction, that a inanifestation of the public sentiment, in the most imposing and impressive form, is called for by the present agitated state of the southern section of the union:

The general assembly of the state of Georgia have deemed it their duty to adopt the novel expedient of addressing, in the name of the state, the senate of the congress of the United States.

In her sovereign character, the state of Georgia protests against the act of the last session of congress, entitled "An act in alteration of the several acts imposing duties on imports," as deceptive in its title, fraudulent in its pretexts, oppressive in its exactions, partial and unjust in its operations, unconstitutional in its well known objects, ruinous to commerce and agriculture; -to secure a hateful monopoly to a combination of importunate manufacturers.

Demanding the repeal of an act, which has already disturbed the union, and endangered the public tranquillity, weakened the confidence of whole states in the federal government, and diminished the affection of large masses of the people of the union itself-and the abandonment of the degrading system which considers the people as incapable of wisely directing their own enterprise-which sets up the servants of the people, in congress, as the cxclusive judges of what pursuits are most advantageous and suitable for those by whom they were elected; the state of Georgia expects, that, in perpetual testimony thereof, this deliberate and solemn expression of her opinions will be carefully preserved among the archives of the senate, and in justification of her character to the present generation and posterity; if, unfortunately, congress, disregarding this protest, and continuing to pervert powers granted for clearly defined and well understood purposes to effectuate objects never intended, by the great parties by whom the constitution was framed, to be intrusted to the controlling guardianship of the federal government, should render necessary, measures of decisive character, for the protection of the people of the state, and the vindication of the constitution of the United States.

In December, the following resolutions were passed:

Resolved, That this legislature concur with the legislature of the state of South Carolina, in the resolutions adopted at their December session in 1827, in relation to the powers of the general government and state rights. [Vide page 137 supra.]

Resolved, That his excellency the governor be requested to transmit copies of this preamble

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Approved December 20, 1828:

JOHN FORSYTH, Governor. AGRICULTURE.-In Nov. 1827, a resolution was passed by the Georgia legislature, to instruct the committee on agriculture and internal improvements, to inquire into the expediency of adopting measures to promote the cultivation of certain plants, in consequence of "the continued depression of the cotton market," and we find that in their report,

They recommended that attention be devoted particularly to those tracts of land called Pine Barrens, where mulberry trees might be raised with facility, and silks might be made in large quantities. Before this branch of culture was destroyed by the revolutionary war, in one year ten thousand pounds of silk were received at Savannah. As women and children are able to perform all the necessary labour, the committee were of opinion that the subject was worthy of the encouragement of the legislature.-Olives may be raised in Georgia, as was proved by an experiment made on the plantation of Thomas Spalding, esq. of McIntosh county, where five trees were bearing, and forty or fifty were growing well. Good wine was made on the same plantation, of native grapes; and there was evidence referred to by the committee, which proved that very good wine was made in the state as early as 1740.

Tobacco, indigo, madder, the white poppy, and several kinds of grass were also recommended; and it was proposed that large tracts of country, now useless, should be converted into sheepwalks. For the purpose of exciting the zeal, attention and industry of the inhabitants on these and parallel subjects, the committee recommended that various premiums be offered.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.-Within the last thirteen years, the sum of

$321,500 has been expended by the state of Georgia, for internal improvements, but to so little purpose that the legislature has adopted a resolution "that no further appropriations be made for the purpose of internal improvement, until some better and more effic ent system shall be matured and adopted, and that the office of civil ingineer be abolished for the present.'

In January, 1829, the legislature directed a subscription of $44,000 to the stock of the Savannah, Ogechee, and Alatamaha canal, and appropriated $7,000 to build an arsenal in Savannah.

Jan. 4th.-The resolutions granting to the Darien Bank the privilege of redeeming her notes in the treasury, by instalments of $150,000 a year, to which the governor dissented, were passed in both branches of the legislature of Georgia, by the constitutional majority of two thirds.

On the question of removing Judge Moses Ford from office, by an address to the governor, as recommended by the committee, (on a charge of habitual intemperance, and consequent incapacity for the duties of his office,) the vote in the house of representatives, was yeas 80, nays 36; in the senate, yeas 39, nays 27. So that there was a constitutional majority of the house, but not of the senate, for his removal.

November.-JUDICIARY.-The judiciary of the state of Georgia is periodically elective by the legislature. The election of the judges of the circuit courts took place this month, and resulted as follows:

For the northern circuit, Wm. H. Crawford was re-elected. He received 165 votes. Thirty scattering votes.

For the Ocmulgee circuit, Eli S. Shorter was elected. He received 124 votes, Thomas W. Cobb, 61, Adam G. Saffold 20.

For the middle circuit, W. W. Holt was elected. Holt 122, and Schley 84 votes.

For the western circuit, A. S. Clayton was elected. Clayton 107, and Harris 5 votes.

For the Flint Circuit, C. B. Strong was elected. Strong 111, and Prince 86 votes.

For the southern circuit, Thaddeus G. Holt was elected. Holt 153, and Long 51 votes.

For the Eastern Circuit, William Davies was elected. Davies, 184 votes; scattering 10.

For attorney general of the state, George W. Crawford. Mr. Crawford received 104, and Thomas Berrien, 83 votes.

December.-In the legislature of the state, a serious attempt was made to abolish penitentiary punishment. It was rejected in the house of representatives on the 4th instant, by a majority of only ten votes. The hostility to the systern, appeared to be rather directed to the manner of conducting the establishment, than to the moral efficacy of this sort of commutation for corporal punishment.

A bill proposing the call of a convention, was rejected, 40 votes to 31. A bill to create a board of agriculture for the state, to provide for the organization of agricultural societies, and to appropriate funds for the payment of premiums, was also rejected.

INDIANS.-The controversy between Georgia and the Indians has been continued during the last two years, and both parties have exhibited a determination not to relinquish, in the least, their respective pretensions. In December, 1827, the following laws were passed by the legislature: "An act to divide the counties of Carrol and Coweta into electoral districts, and to add a certain part of the Cherokee nation to the counties of Carrol and De Kalb, for the purposes of giving criminal jurisdiction to the

same.

"Sec. 8.-And be it further enacted, That, all that portion of the Cherokee nation, lying within the following lines, shall be attached to,

and considered as a part of the county of Carrol, under the several laws heretofore passed for the trial of offences committed in the Cherokee or Indian nation, to wit," &c.

"Sec. 9. And be it, &c., That, all that portion of the unlocated territory of this state, lying north of the aforesaid line, and south of the High Tower Trail, be added to the county of De Kalb, for the purposes of criminal jurisdiction, and that all crimes and misdemeanours committed on any part of the aforesaid territory, by or against any citizen of this state, or of the United States, shall be cognizable and liable in the aforesaid county of De Kalb."

Assented to, Dec. 26th, 1827.

JOHN FORSYTH, governor. In January, 1828, proceedings were had by the legislature with regard to the course pursued by the United States, on the Indian question, and a report on the subject of the Cherokee lands, was made to the legislature, and the committee recommended the adoption of the following resolutions:

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"Resolved, That the United States, in failing to procure the lands in controversy as carly" as the same could be done upon peaceable" and "reasonable terms," have palpably violated their contract with Georgia, and are now bound, at all hazards, and without regard to terms, to procure said lands for the use of Georgia.

"Resolved, That the policy which has been pursued by the United States towards the Cherokee indians, has not been in good faith towards Georgia; and that as all the difficulties which now exist to an extinguishment of the Indian title, have resulted alone from the acts and policy of the United States, it would be un

just and dishonourable in them to take shelter behind those difficulties.

"Resolved, That all the lands appropriated

and unappropriated, which lie within the conventional limits of Georgia, belong to her absolutely; that the title is in her; that the Indians are tenants at her will, and that she may, at any time she pleases, determine that tenancy by taking possession of the premises; and that Georgia has the right to extend her authority, and to coerce obedience to them, from all descriptions of people, be they white, red, or black, who may reside within her limits.

"Resolved, That Georgia entertains for the general government so high a regard, and is so solicitous to do no act that can disturb the public tranquillity, that she will not attempt to enforce her rights by violence, until all other means of redress fail.

"Resolved, That to avoid the catastrophe which none would more sincerely deplore than ourselves, we make this solemn-this final

this last appeal, to the president of the United States, that he take such steps as are usual, and as he may deem expedient and proper for the purpose of, and preparatory to, the holding of a treaty with the Cherokee Indians, the ob ject of which shall be, the extinguishment of their title to all or any part of the lands now in their possession, within the limits of Georgia.

"Resolved, That if such treaty be held, the president be respectfully requested to instruct the commissioners to lay a copy of this report before the Indians in convention, wich such comments as may be considered just and proper, up

hope, and fear, were depicted in the countenances of the multitude of applicants for money, who had come from the extreme points of the state, from east, west, north, and south. Á little past 10 o'clock, the door of the bank was opened, when a rush was made to be first at the cashier's desk. The room was instantly crammed so

found it very difficult to make their escape. This scene, instructive to the indifferent spectator, but at the same time humiliating, continued throughout the day.

on the nature and extent of the Georgia title to full, that those who wished to get out the lands in controversy, and the probable consequences which will result from a continued refusal, upon the part of the Indians to part with these lands. And that the commissioners be also instructed to grant, if they find it absolutely necessary, reserves of land in favour of individual Indians, or inhabitants of the nation, not to exceed one sixth part of the territory to be acquired, the same to be subject to the future purchase by the general government, for the use of Georgia.

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OLIVES.-Olives of a very excel lent quality, are abundantly raised on Cumberland island.

COAL. A valuable bed of coal has been discovered near Marion, in Twiggs county. It is hailed as a discovery more valuable than if of silver or gold.

SUGAR.-During the year 1828, Mr. John Mizzle, residing on the head waters of Spanish creek, Camden county, produced from a spot of pine barren manured ground, measuring 56 yards, or 168 feet square, 33 barrels of superior quality sugar, and 14 barrels dripped molasses-average weight of sugar, 230 lbs. 805 lbs.molasses, 48 gallons.

BANKING. The following description was given in the Georgia Journal, of the opening of the bank, in Milledgeville, on June 27th, 1829:

The pencil of Hogarth would have been inadequate to the representation of a scene exhibited before the Central bank, on Saturday last, when the bank was first opened to pay out money. The state house passage, near the door of the bank, was crowded almost to suffocation, the weather melting hot, impatience, anxiety,

January, 1829.—PENITENTIARY. It is said in a Georgia paper, to the credit of the morals and habits of the female part of the population of the state of Georgia, that there have been but two females imprisoned in the penitentiary at Milledgeville, since that system went into operation in that state, eleven years ago. One of these unfortunates, as was afterwards proved, had been convicted through the perjury of a witness; and the other was but the accomplice of her husband, in forging that kind of small paper currency, called change bills, and which used to inundate the whole country, during the suspension of specie payments.

April.-CASTOR OIL.-Dr. Reese, of Jasper county, in 1828 made an experiment in cultivating the palma christi, or castor oil bean, (Ricinus Americanus.) It is thought, this culalmost any other that could be adopttivation would be more profitable than ed in the up country. It yields about the same to the acre as indian corn; and each bushel of the berry yields from a gallon and a half to two gallons of oil; which is worth $2.50 per gallon. With the exception of gathering, this crop requires no more labour than one of corn.

FIRES. A terrible and destructive fire occurred at Augusta on the 3d of April. The number of houses destroyed were estimated at from three hundred to three hundred and fifty; and the loss of property, not far short of half a million of dollars; not

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