judging of the uprightness of their walls. The direction that intersects the vertical line at right angles, is called the horizontal direction. Although all things tend towards the earth, it must not be forgotten that the attraction of bodies is mutual, and in proportion to the matter they contain ... Therefore any object, however small, exerts some degree of attraction upon the mass of the earth. If it were possible for us to bring any body of sufficient density and size down from the heavens towards the earth, we should feel the earth rising up to meet it... It is thus that the planets, when they approach each other, are drawn out of their proper paths or orbits by mutual attraction. It is found, too, by experiment, that a plumb-line suspended in the neighbourhood of a large mountain is drawn out of the vertical groove. All attraction of objects upon the earth exerts itself in a direction which points to the centre of the earth, and it is from the earth's centre that the influence of all the attractive force must be calculated; one would, therefore, naturally think that as a falling body approaches the centre of the earth its velocity should increase; or, as we may express the same truth, that its pressure downward, or weight, should be the greater... The fact, however, contradicts this expectation. A body weighing a pound, would weigh less at the depth of a mile below the surface, and continually less and less as the depth increased, till at the centre of the earth its weight would be nothing The reason of this is, the mutual attraction of the particles of matter; when a body is below the surface of the earth, there is of course a part of the earth's shell above it, which attracts it upward in the same way as the mass of the earth attracts it downwards to its centre; its downward pressure must thus be diminished; and at the centre the mass of matter in the earth attracts the body equally on all sides, so that it can press no more in one direction than another, that is, it can have no weight. It is a curious consideration that (as a consequence of this fact that all bodies fall towards the centre of the earth) a stone let fall from a height in New Zealand, and another let fall from the top of the Monument in London, although they are both going to the ground, are also proceeding in lines which would meet in the earth's centre. If we say that the stone in London is falling downward then the stone in New Zealand must be falling upwards, in relation to us; and downward and upward are just the opposite directions to us, which downward and upward are to the New Zealanders. Also with the people who live at a quarter of the circumference of the globe from us what they call downward and upward must be to us sideward, to the right and left... This is easily understood by taking a ball and considering how lines proceed from all points of its circumference to its centre. Up and down, then, are only relative terms. Down, everywhere means towards the centre of the earth; and up, means from that centre. A. H. D. THE END. BY RICHARD HILEY, Principal of the Collegiate and Commercial School, Thorp-Arch, Tadcaster. English Grammar, Composition, Geography, &c. I. Elementary. 1. The CHILD'S FIRST ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 18mo. 4th Edition.. 2. The CHILD'S FIRST GEOGRAPHY. 18mo. 4th Edition The preceding will form a useful series for Preparatory Schools. II. The Junior Series. 3. ABRIDGMENT of ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 18mo. 8th Edition s. d. 1 0 0 9 1 96 4. PRACTICAL ENGLISH COMPOSITION. PART I. 18mo. 8th Edition 1 5. PROGRESSIVE GEOGRAPHY, in Four Courses. 18mo. 6th Edition 20 III. Middle Series. 2 6 6. ENGLISH GRAMMAR, STYLE, and POETRY. 12mo. 8th Edition 3 6 7. ENGLISH EXERCISES, adapted to the same, and divided into Lessons, with the principal Rules attached. 12mo. 6th Edition 8. PRACTICAL ENGLISH COMPOSITION. PART II. 18mo. 5th Edition ... .......... 3 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 IV. Latin, Arithmetic, Mensuration, &c. 9. LATIN GRAMMAR (in English). 12mo. 3rd Edition 10. FIRST PROGRESSIVE LATIN EXERCISES. 12mo. 2d Edition 11. The ARITHMETICAL COMPANION, to which are added Mensuration, Book-keeping, and Mental Arithmetic. 18mo. 4th Edition V. For Teachers only. 12. KEY to the ARITHMETICAL COMPANION, and the Companion bound together. 18mo. 3rd Edition. 13. KEY to the ENGLISH EXERCISES. 12mo. 2d Edition. Adapted to the last Edition of the Exercises 14. KEY to ENGLISH COMPOSITION. PART I. Or bound with the Composition, PART I. 15. KEY to ENGLISH COMPOSITION. PART II. Or bound with the Composition, PART II. THE volume of exercises on English | Composition to which the present manual forms the Key, was drawn up from a conviction, the result of long experience, that all attempts at teaching original composition had hitherto been failures; from the fact that boys, rather than draw upon their own knowledge, invariably resort to any surreptitious aid within reach. To obviate this, a series of exercises was framed that 3 0 36 2 6 4 0 4 0 7 0 could not be worked out otherwise than by thought and reflection. Such a process, however, in the absence of a Key, necessarily entailed on masters using the work considerable labour in correcting the pupils' exercises. This toil the Key will entirely remove, as the Solutions are full, and the references from one work to the other easy and direct. *** The Author believes that the above Works form a progressive, efficient, and superior series of books for English Middle-class Schools. WORKS FOR SCHOOLS AND YOUNG PERSONS. HIS ISTORY of the EARLY CHURCH, from the first Preaching of the Gospel to the Council of Nicea. For the use of Young Persons. By the Author of Amy Herbert..... "MISS SEWELL has gifts which especi ally qualify her for picturesque and rapid description. Her History of the Early Church is exactly the sort of book which is stimulating in the right direction. It is a series of pictures, AN 18mo. 4s. 6d. carefully drawn, which on the whole convey a good and fair notion of the inner life of early Christianity. We know of no book which is likely to do more in the way of instructing young persons on this subject." CHRISTIAN REMEMBRANCER. NCIENT HISTORY of EGYPT, ASSYRIA, and PERSIA. For the use of Young Persons. By the Author of Amy Herbert. [In preparation. THE CHILD'S FIRST HISTORY of ROME, from the Foundation of Rome, B.c. 753, to the Fall of Jerusalem under Titus, A.D. 70. By the Author of Amy Herbert. Eighth Edition. "A CAREFUL abstract, chiefly taken from Dr. Schmitz's history, and well adapted to the capacity of children. We recommend it for schools and families." A LITERARY GAZETTE. GIVE Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. IVES the outlines of the principal events and facts of Roman history clearly and concisely, and in language well adapted from its simplicity to the comprehension of children." SUNDAY TIMES. FIRST HISTORY of GREECE, from the Siege of Troy, B.C. 1184, to the Destruction of Corinth, B.C. 146. By the Author of Amy Herbert. New Edition, revised. . Fcp. 8vo. 3s. 6d. CONTES FACILES: A Series of amusing Stories in French, intended to give Children an interest in reading when they are beginning to understand the language; and to precede in use Extraits Choisis by the same Author..... [In preparation. XTRAITS CHOISIS; or, Selections from Modern French Writers. By the Author of Amy Herbert. New Edition RENCH reading-books for beginners EXT 66 modern French works for their perusal after the elementary manuals have been read; and the French of our age is too unlike that which was written by the classical authors of France to let the student be contented with them alone. Miss Sewell has come to his aid with a book Crown 8vo. 58. of Extraits Choisis, consisting of long passages from modern writers, such as Victor Hugo, Dumas, Lamartine, Emile Souvestre, Alphonse Karr, to some of whom a young reader could hardly have been referred for indiscriminate perusal, even if their works had been accessible to him. It will be very useful." GUARDIAN. SELF-EXAMINATION before CONFIRMATION: With De "A votions and Directions for Confirmation-Day VERY compact and portable little volume; and we doubt not that it will prove useful, especially to the middle and higher classes READINGS for a MONTH ..32mo. 1s. 6d. of young persons, not only before Confirma- PREPARATORY to CON. FIRMATION: Compiled from the Works of the Writers of the Early and of the English Church. By the Author of Amy Herbert. New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 48. R EADINGS for EVERY DAY in LENT. Compiled from the Writings of Bishop JEREMY TAYLOR. By the Author of Âmy Herbert. Third Edition Fcp. Svo. 5s. JOURNAL kept during a SUMMER TOUR, for the Children London: LONGMAN, GREEN, and CO., Paternoster Row. |