are transferred shall continue to enjoy the same rights and privileges as the other company enjoyed, including those conferred on it by the present Treaty.

(c) In Turkey companies of Allied nationality to which the property, rights and interests of Turkish companies shall have been transferred in virtue of paragraph (a) of this Article, and, in territories detached from Turkey, companies of Turkish nationality controlled by Allied groups or nationals and companies of nationality other than that of the State exercising authority in the territory in question to which the property, rights and interests of Turkish companies shall have been transferred in virtue of paragraph (b) of this Article, shall not be subjected to legislative or other provisions or to taxes, imposts or charges more onerous than those applied in Turkey to similar companies possessing Turkish nationality, and in territory detached from Turkey to those possessing the nationality of the State exercising authority therein.

(d) The companies to which the property, rights and interests of Turkish companies are transferred in virtue of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Article shall not be subjected to any special tax on account of this transfer.

SECTION VII.-GENERAL PROVISION.

ARTICLE 317.

The term "nationals of the Allied Powers," wherever used in this Part or in Part VIII (Financial Clauses), covers:

(1) all nationals, including companies and associations, of an Allied Power or of a State or territory under the protectorate of an Allied Power;

(2) the protected persons of the Allied Powers whose certificate of protection was granted before August 1, 1914;

(3) Turkish financial, industrial and commercial companies controlled by Allied groups or nationals, or in which such groups or nationals possessed the preponderant interest on August 1, 1914;

(4) religious or charitable institutions and scholastic establishments in which nationals or protected persons of the Allied Powers are interested.

The Allied Powers will communicate to the Financial Commission, within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty, the list of companies, institutions and establishments in which they consider that their nationals possess a preponderant interest or are interested.

PART X.-AERIAL NAVIGATION.

ARTICLE 318.

The aircraft of the Allied Powers shall have full liberty of passage and landing over and in the territory and territorial waters of Turkey and shall enjoy the same privileges as Turkish aircraft, particularly in case of distress by land or sea.

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ARTICLE 319.

The aircraft of the Allied Powers shall, while in transit to any foreign country whatever, enjoy the right of flying over the territory and territorial waters of Turkey without landing, subject always to any regulations which may be made by Turkey with the assent of the Principal Allied Powers, and which shall be applicable equally to the aircraft of Turkey and to those of the Allied countries.

ARTICLE 320.

All aerodromes in Turkey open to national public traffic shall be open for the aircraft of the Allied Powers, and in any such aerodrome such aircraft shall be treated on a footing of equality with Turkish aircraft as regards charges of every description, including charges for landing and accommodation.

In addition to the above-mentioned aerodromes, Turkey undertakes to establish aerodromes in such localities as may be designated by the Allied Powers within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty. The provisions of this Article will apply to such aerodromes.

The Allied Powers reserve the right, in the event of the provisions of this Article not being carried out, to take all necessary measures to permit of international aerial navigation over the territory and territorial waters of Turkey.

ARTICLE 321.

Subject to the present provisions, the rights of passage, transit and landing provided for in Articles 318, 319 and 320 are subject to the observance of such regulations as Turkey may consider it necessary to enact, but such regulations must be approved by the Principal Allied Powers and shall be applied without distinction to Turkish aircraft and to those of the Allied countries.

ARTICLE 322.

Certificates of nationality, air-worthiness or competency and licences, issued or recognised as valid by any of the Allied Powers, shall be recognised in Turkey as valid and as equivalent to the certificates and licences issued by Turkey.

ARTICLE 323.

As regards internal commercial air traffic the aircraft of the Allied Powers shall enjoy in Turkey most-favoured-nation treatment.

ARTICLE 324.

The benefit of the provisions of Articles 318 and 319 shall not, without the consent of the Allied Powers, be extended by Turkey to States which fought on her side in the war of 1914-1919 so long as such States have not become Members of the League of Nations

or been admitted to adhere to the Convention concluded at Paris on October 13, 1919, relating to Aerial Navigation.

ARTICLE 325.

No concession or rights in a concession relating to civil aerial navigation shall be granted by Turkey, without the consent of the Allied Powers, to nationals of States which fought on her side in the war of 1914-1919 so long as such States have not become Members of the League of Nations or been admitted to adhere to the Convention concluded at Paris on October 13, 1919, relating to Aerial Navigation.

ARTICLE 326.

Turkey undertakes to enforce the necessary measures to ensure that all Turkish aircraft flying over her territory shall comply with the rules as to lights and signals, rules of the air and rules for air traffic on and in the neighbourhood of aerodromes, which have been laid down in the Convention concluded at Paris on October 13, 1919, relating to Aerial Nvaigation.

ARTICLE 327.

The obligations imposed by the provisions of this Part shall remain in force until Turkey shall have been admitted into the League of Nations or shall have been authorised, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention relating to Aerial Navigation concluded at Paris on October 13, 1919, to adhere to that Convention.

PART XI-PORTS, WATERWAYS AND RAILWAYS.

SECTION I-GENERAL PROVISIONS.

ARTICLE 328.

Turkey undertakes to grant freedom of transit through her territories on the routes most convenient for international_transit, either by rail, navigable waterway or canal, to persons, goods, vessels, carriages, waggons and mails coming from or going to the territories of any of the Allied Powers, whether contiguous or not; for this purpose the crossing of territorial waters shall be allowed. Such persons, goods, vessels, carriages, waggons and mails shall not be subjected to any transit duty or to any undue delays or restrictions, and shall be entitled in Turkey to national treatment as regards charges, facilities and all other matters.

Goods in transit shall be exempt from all customs or other similar duties.

All charges imposed on transport in transit shall be reasonable having regard to the conditions of the traffic. No charge, facility or restriction shall depend directly or indirectly on the ownership or the nationality of the ship or other means of transport on which any part of the through journey has been, or is to be, accomplished.

ARTICLE 329.

Turkey undertakes neither to impose nor to maintain any contro! over transmigration traffic through her territories beyond measures necessary to ensure that passengers are bonâ fide in transit; nor to allow any shipping company or any other private body, corporation or person interested in the traffic to take any part whatever in, or to exercise any direct or indirect influence over, any administrative service that may be necessary for this purpose.

ARTICLE 330.

Turkey undertakes to make no discrimination or preference, direct or indirect, in the duties, charges and prohibitions relating to importations into or exportations from her territories, or, subject to any special provisions in the present Treaty, in the charges and conditions of transport of goods or persons entering or leaving her territories, based on the frontier crossed, or on the kind, ownership or flag of the means of transport (including aircraft) employed, or on the original or immediate place of departure of the vessel, waggon or aircraft or other means of transport employed, or its ultimate or intermediate destination, or on the route of or places of trans-shipment on the journey, or on whether any port through which the goods are imported or exported is a Turkish port or a port belonging to any foreign country, or on whether the goods are imported or exported by sea, by land or by air.

Turkey particulary undertakes not to establish against the ports and vessels of any of the Allied Powers any surtax or any direct or indirect bounty for export or import by Turkish ports or vessels, or by those of another Power, for example, by means of combined tariffs. She further undertakes that persons or goods passing through a port or using a vessel of any of the Allied Powers shall not be subjected to any formality or delay whatever to which such persons or goods would not be subjected if they passed through a Turkish port or a port of any other Power, or used a Turkish vessel or a vessel of any other Power.

ARTICLE 331.

All necessary administrative and technical measures shall be taken to expedite, as much as possible, the transmission of goods across the Turkish frontiers and to ensure their forwarding and transport from such frontiers irrespective of whether such goods are coming from or going to the territories of the Allied Powers or are in transit from or to those territories, under the same material conditions in such matters as rapidity of carriage and care en route as are enjoyed by other goods of the same kind carried on Turkish territory under similar conditions of transport.

In particular, the transport of perishable goods shall be promptly and regularly carried out, and the customs formalities shall be effected in such a way as to allow the goods to be carried straight through by trains which make connection.

ARTICLE 332.

The seaports of the Allied Powers are entitled to all favours and to all reduced tariffs granted on Turkish railways or navigable waterways for the benefit of Turkish ports (without prejudice to the rights of concessionaries) or of any port of another Power.

ARTICLE 333.

Subject to the rights of concessionaires, Turkey may not refuse to participate in the tariffs or combinations of tariff intended to secure for ports of any of the Allied Powers advantages similar to those granted by Turkey to her own ports or the ports of any other Power.

SECTION II.-NAVIGATION.

CHAPTER I. FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION.

ARTICLE 334.

The nationals of any of the Allied Powers as well as their vessels and property shall enjoy in all Turkish ports and on the inland navigation routes of Turkey at least the same treatment in all respects as Turkish nationals, vessels and property.

In particular, the vessels of any one of the Allied Powers shall be entitled to transport goods of any description and passengers to or from any ports or places in Turkish territory to which Turkish vessels may have access, under conditions which shall not be more onerous than those applied in the case of national vessels; they shall be treated on a footing of equality with national vessels as regards port and harbour facilities and charges of every description, including facilities for stationing, loading and unloading, tonnage duties and charges, harbour, pilotage, lighthouse, quarantine and all analogous duties and charges of whatsoever nature levied in the name of or for the profit of the Government, public functionaries, private individuals, corporations or establishments of any kind.

In the event of Turkey granting a preferential régime to any of the Allied Powers or to any other foreign Power, this régime shall be extended immediately and unconditionally to all the Allied Powers.

There shall be no restrictions on the movement of persons or vessels other than those arising from prescriptions concerning customs, police, public health, emigration, and immigration and those relating to the import and export of prohibited goods. Such regulations must be reasonable and uniform and must not impede traffic unnecessarily.

CHAPTER II.-PORTS OF INTERNATIONAL CONCERN.

ARTICLE 335.

The following Eastern ports are declared ports of international concern and placed under the régime defined in the following Articles of this section;

Constantinople, from St. Stefano to Dolma Bagtchi;