Essay. Page B. it increases the ability of the inhabitants to pay taxes, No. XII. 74 C. the system of "direct taxation" unsuccessful in the United States,..... D. "indirect taxation" the main dependence for the necessary 74 75 revenues,. A. because "the genius of the People "is opposed to excise laws,..... 75 B. because the scarcity of money will render the collection of excise duties difficult, ..... 75 E. the union of the States will best enable us to improve this resource,...... 75 A. by being conducive to commerce from whence it is drawn,.. 76 B. by simplifying the regulations for its collection,........ F. the separation of the States would destroy this source of revenue,.... A. by promoting illicit trade,.... B. by promoting jealousy between the States, and ultimate reduction of impost duties, in order to secure trade,........ 76 c. from the absence of sufficiently rigorous border-guards between the States, and the improbability of their establishment,... .... 76 a. the ordinary powers of border-guards intolerable in a free country,....... b. border-guards unnecessary with the States united,.. 76 77 G. the effect of a destruction of this resource,. 78 A. necessity of revenue to the existence of a nation,.. 78 B. if it cannot be obtained from commerce it must be taken from the real estate of the inhabitants,.. b. because the objects proper for excise within the agricultural States will be insufficient to produce the requisite revenue,.. c. because it is difficult to trace personal property,.. 9. in the greater economy in the administration of government, XIII. 80 A. "if the States are united under one government, there will be but one national civil list to support," 80 B. "if they are divided into several confederacies, there will be as many national civil lists to be provided for," A. speculations on the number of confederacies to be formed from the debris of the Union,..... .... 80 .... 80 B. each small confederacy will require a civil list as extended as has been proposed in the new system for the aggregate of all the States,. 80 a. because of the extent of territory which each will occupy, 80 b. because of the necessary plurality of the revenue departments..... 82 Essay. Page. c. because of the necessary plurality of the military estab .....No. XIII. 83 lishments,..... 10. the objection which has been drawn from the extent of territory which the Union occupies, answered,.. .....XIV. 83 A. the distinction between a republic and a democracy noticed,.. 84 B. the errors of political writers concerning the turbulence in the ancient republics,..... C. practicability of extending the limits of a republic,. 84 85 D. the territory of the United States not too extended for their proper government,. . . . . . .... 85 E. the territory of the United States compared with those of some European nations,...... F. the jurisdiction of the United States limited to objects of general interest,....... 86 86 G. the objects of the proposed Constitution are to secure the union of the thirteen primitive States, and to add to their number,. 87 H. the intercourse between the States will be daily facilitated by improvements for transit of passengers, etc.,..................... 87 I. almost every State being a frontier State, all will be exposed to foreign aggression, and all, alike, need protection,.. J. an appeal to the People of New York to avoid disunion,. III. "THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE PRESENT CONFEDERATION TO PRESERVE THAT UNION,”. 1. introductory remarks,.. . 88 90 2. the proposition neither controverted nor doubted,. 3. disastrous result of its inefficacy,.. 91 91 4. an appeal to the People to "break the charm" of the confederation,... 5. the character of the opposition to the Constitution, and its inconsistency,.... 93 6. the character of the defects in the confederacy,.. A. the legislation for States, in their corporate capacity,. ..... c. the peculiarities of a simple league between independent nations, considered,.... D. the effect of a simple league, as the bond of union between the States, considered generally,.. E. such a bond of union inconsistent with the organization of 66 a superintending power, under the direction of a common council,".. F. it is also inconsistent with the authority, over the persons of the citizens, which is necessary in the establishment of a government,... ........ a. the purposes of government considered generally,.. Essay. Page. b. the penalties which governments find it necessary to in- B. the coercion of arms, which is applicable only to States, 96 96 96 96 c. the argument that breaches of the laws by the States need not be expected, considered,... 96 A. such breaches would arise from the passions of the in- 97 . B. from the impatience of control which arises from the sovereign powers of the States,.... 97 G. the improbability of the execution of the Fœderal measures, in a simple league of the States, considered and averred,.. 98 a. supported by the natural constitution of the local authorities,..... 98 b. supported by the experience of the United States, under the old confederation,........... 99 c. supported by the experience of similar confederacies, elsewhere,... ..XVI. 100 A. the Lycian and Achæan leagues not thus exposed,.... 100 H. the employment of force in executing the measures of such a league, "in its application to us," considered,.. 100 a. it would be productive of constant war between the States, 101 b. it would lead to counter-alliances between individual States,...... ......... .... 101 c. it would lead to alliances between foreign nations and portions of the Union,.... 101 d. it would lead to "the violent death of the confederacy," 102 e. and to the establishment of a military despotism,...... 103 1. the impracticability of sustaining the Union by military coercion,. J. an efficient government can only be established on the responsibility of individual citizens,... .... a. objections answered; that the States, as such, may still interpose their authority, and obstruct the execution of the laws,..... 103 103 .... 104 b. that individuals, also, more or less numerous, may still oppose the government,.. 105 .XVII. 107 c. that the reserved rights of the States would be invaded by the Fœderal government,.. A. the absence of any competent inducement,... ...... 107 B. the People of the several States, through the House of Representatives, could frustrate such an attempt,.... 108 Essay. Page C. the greater danger that the delegated authority of the governments,..... a. from the superior influence which they will exercise 108 i. from the diffusive construction of the Fœderal gov- 108 ii. from the nature of the objects of local control,.... 108 b. the general subject considered,.. 169 i. enforced by argument, 109 ii. illustrated from the history of the feudal system,. 110 iii. illustrated from the history of Scotland,..... 111 iv. illustrated from the history of the Amphictyonic league,.... .XVIII. 112 v. illustrated from the history of the Achæan league, 115 vi. illustrated from the history of the Germanic league,... .XIX. 119 125 vii. illustrated from the history of Poland,.. lands,... K. concluding remarks,. B. "the total want of a SANCTION to its laws,". .XX. 126 181 .XXI. 132 A. the Fœderal government possesses no power to exact obedience,..... 132 B. the Fœderal government possesses no power to punish disobedience,.. 132 132 c. the Fœderal government has received no express delegation of authority to use force against the States,.. . . C. "the want of a mutual guaranty of the State governments," 133 A. the consequent absence of authority in the Fœderal govern ment to assist a State in enforcing its own laws,......... 184 B. the danger of an "officious interference in the domestic concerns of its members" by the Fœderal government considered,.. ....... ..... 134 D. "the principle of regulating the contributions of the States to the common treasury, by QUOTAS,”. 135 A. the standard of constitutional wealth,. 135 136 c. the rule of the confederation, on taxation, is unequal and oppressive, 136 D. this cause alone is sufficient to work the destruction of the 136 E. the remedy proposed for this evil,... . 137 a. the advantages of taxes on articles of consumption,. 137 138 Essay. Page E. "the want of a power to regulate commerce," '....No. XXII. 139 A. it operates as a bar to the formation of commercial treaties, 189 B. it has given occasion for dissatisfaction between the States, 139 F. the raising of troops by quotas,.. A. it produces great expense in raising troops,. B. it is not conducive to a vigorous system of defence,.. 140 140 140 c. it is unequal in the burden it imposes on the several States, 141 G. the right of equal suffrage among the States, in the Congress, 141 A. arising from the inequality of weight among the States,.. 142 a. objection that sovereigns are equal, answered,.... 142 b. objection that "a majority of the States will be a majority of confederated America," answered,... .......... 142 c. objection that two thirds of the States, in approval, are 142 A. the mischief which is incident to the last-named rule, 148 145 146 i. the deputies of the United Provinces,. 146 146 H. "the want of a judiciary power,". 146 A. to expound and define the true meaning and operation of the laws,.... 146 B. to ascertain the true import of treaties with foreign na- 146 147 c. to secure uniformity in the decision of the judges,.. I. "the organization of Congress utterly improper for the exercise of those powers which are necessary to a Fœderal Union,.. .... 148 J. the existing Fœderal system never had a ratification by the IV. "THE NECESSITY OF A GOVERNMENT AT LEAST 149 .XXIII. 150 1. concerning "the objects to be provided for by the Fœderal government,". 150 A. "the common defence of the members," 150 .... A. "the authorities essential to the care of the common de c. "to prescribe rules for the government of both" the ar- 150 d. "to direct their operations," 150 e. "to provide for their support," 150 |