foreign Universities: from whence returning a good scholar, and an accomplished perfon, he was created M. A. in 1626. He tranflated from Spanish into English" Gerardo, the Unfortunate Spaniard, 1622," 4to. written by Gonçalo de Cefpedes: and, from Latin into English verfe," Claudian's Rape of Proferpine, 1617," 4to. He died in 1635, being accounted a good poet and orator; and a great master of the English, French, and Spanish languages.

His fon Dudley, who was his third fon, was alfo of UniversityCollege, Oxford, where he took the degree of B. A. in 1631-2; and the year after was elected fellow of All-Souls-College. He took a master's degree in 1635; and became a good poet and linguift, and a general fcholar. He died in 1643; having diftinguifhed himself only by the two following productions: 1. "An Anfwer to a printed Book entitled, Obfervations upon fome of his Majefty's late Anfwers and Expreffes, Oxon, 1642." 2." The Unlawfulness of Subjects taking up Arms against their Sovereign in what Cafe foever, with Anfwers to all Objections, Lond. 1643," 4to.

DIGGES (WEST), was a celebrated comedian, formerly of the Haymarket, and for fome time manager of the Edinburgh theatre. This gentleman is frequently fpoken of in Mrs. Bellamy's memoirs. He performed latterly in Dublin, and became useful to the Irish manager by giving him fecret inftructions; he was fuddenly feized with a paralytic ftroke, which rendered him incapable of following his profeffion. Neceffity now obliged him to play the fycophant off the stage, and become entirely the manager's inftrument: this procured him an allowance, but at the fame time, the envy and ill-will of all the company. His first appearance upon the stage was at Dublin in 1749. He died at Cork in 1786.

DINOCRATES, a celebrated ancient architect of Macedonia, of whom several extraordinary things are related. He laid out the Mount Athos into the form of a man, in whofe left hand he defigned the walls of a great city, and all the rivers of the mount to flow into his right, and from thence into the fea. Alexander feemed pleafed with his design, but, after fome little debate about it, declined putting it in execution. However, he kept the architect, and took him into Egypt, where he employed him in marking out and building the city of Alexandria. Another memorable inftance of Dinocrates's architectonic skill is his reftoring, and building, in a more auguft and magnificent manner than before, the celebrated temple of Diana at Ephefus, after Heroftratus, for the fake of immortalizing his name, had deftroyed it by fire. A third instance, more extraordinary and wonderful than either of the

former,

former, is related by Pliny in his "Natural Hiftory;" who tells us, that he had formed a fcheme, by building the dome of the temple of Arfinoë at Alexandria of loadftone, to make her image all of iron hang in the middle of it, as if it were in the air. Dinocrates was commanded to do this by Ptolemy Philadelphus in honour of Arfinoë, who was his fifter and his wife; but the king's death, and his own, hindered him from proceeding far, if at all, in the defign.

DIO (CASSIUS), an ancient hiftorian, known also by the furnames of Cocceius and Cocceianus, was born at Nicæa, a city of Bithynia, and flourished in the third century. His father Apronianus, a man of confular dignity, was governor of Dalmatia, and fome time after proconful of Cilicia, under the emperors Trajan and Adrian. Dio was with his father in Cilicia; and from thence went to Rome, where he diftinguished himself by public pleadings. From the reign of Commodus, he was a fenator of Rome; was made prætor of the city under Pertinax; and raifed at length to the confulfhip, which he held twice, and exercifed the second time, jointly with the emperor Alexander Severus. He had paffed through feveral great employments under the preceding emperors. Macrinus had made him governor of Pergamus and Smyrna: he commanded fome time in Africa; and afterwards had the adminiftration of Auftria and Hungary, then called Pannonia, committed to him. He undertook the task of writing history, as he informs us himself, because he was admonished and commanded to do it by a vifion from heaven; and he tells us alfo, that he spent ten years in collecting materials for it, and 12 more in compofing it. His hiftory began from the building of Rome, and proceeded to the reign of Alexander Severus. It was divided into 80 books, or eight decades; many of which are not now extant. The first 34 books are loft, with part of the 35th. The 25 following are preferved entire; but instead of the laft 20, of which nothing more than fragments remain, we have only the Epitome, which Xiphilinus, a monk of Conftantinople, has given of them. Photius obferves, that he wrote his Roman history, as others had alfo done, not from the foundation of Rome only, but from the defcent of Æneas into Italy; which he continued to the year of Rome 982, and of Chrift 228, when, as we have obferved, he was conful a fecond time with the emperor Alexander Severus. What we now have of it, begins with the expedition of Lucullus against Mithridates king of Pontus, about the year of Rome 684, and ends with the death of the emperor Claudius, about the year 8.6.

Dio obtained leave of the emperor Severus to retire to Nicæa, where he spent the latter part of his life; after the example of thofe animals, fays La Mothe le Vayer, who always return to die

in their manfions. He is fuppofed to have been about 70 years old when he died; although the year of his death is not certainly known. His hiftory was firft printed at Paris 1548, by Robert Stephens, with only the Greek; but has often been reprinted fince with a Latin translation by Xylander. Photius ranks the ftyle of it amongst the most elevated: Dio seems, he fays, to have imitated Thucydides, whom he follows, especially in his narratives and orations; but he has this advantage over him, that he cannot be reproached with obfcurity. Befides his hiftory, Suidas afcribes to him fome other compofitions; as, "The Life of the Philofopher Arrianus," "The Actions of Trajan," and certain "Itineraries." Raphael Volaterranus makes him alfo the author of three books, entitled, "De Principe," and some small treatises of morality,

DIO (CHRYSOSTOM), a celebrated orator and philofopher of antiquity, was born at Prufa, a city of Bithynia, and called Chryfoftom on account of his eloquence. When he had gone through the ftudies of his juvenile years, and was almost grown a man, he travelled into Egypt and other countries in queft of knowledge, Afterwards, in the year 94, he fell under the cognizance of Domitian, for fome liberties he allowed his tongue about a friend, whom that tyrannical emperor had put to death; and, this bringing his own life into danger, he banished himfelf, by the advice of an oracle he confulted, to the extremities of the Roman empire, among the Getes, the Myfians, and the Thracians, as he himself relates. On the death of Domitian, he put a stop to a great tumult among the foldiers by the force of his oratory: upon which he was recalled by Nerva, and was afterwards fo dear to Trajan, that the emperor ufed to take him up in the fame gilded litter or chariot in which he himself was carried. Photius fays, that he was a man of a fmall and flender body, but of a great and noble mind. He was at first a sophist, but afterwards quitted that profeffion, and became a philofopher; following the Stoics, as far as he thought the Stoics followed nature and right reason. It is faid, that he affected a prodigious feverity of manners; and when he appeared in public, which was often, ufed to be clothed in the fkin of a lion. How long he lived is not certain; but he tells us more than once, that he had reached old age. There are extant of his 80 orations and differtations upon political, moral, and philofophical subjects; which are fufficient for us to form a judgment of the compliment which Synefius has paid him, when he fays, that we may confider him either as an eagle or as a fwan; that is, either as a philofopher

or as an orator.

DIODATI (JOHN), a famous minifter, and profeffor of theology at Geneva, was born at Lucca in 1579, and died at Geneva in 1652. He is distinguished by translations, 1. of "The Bible

into Italian, with Notes, Geneva, 1607," 4to. The best edition at Geneva in 1641, folio. This is faid to be more a paraphrafe than a tranflation, and the notes rather divine meditations than critical reflections. 2. Of" The Bible into French, Geneva, 1644." 3. Of "Father Paul's Hiftory of the Council of Trent, into French."

DIODORUS (SICULUS), an ancient hiftorian, was born at Agyrium in Sicily, and flourished in the times of Julius Cæfar and Auguftus. Diodorus fays, in the beginning of his work which he calls an Hiftorical Library, that he was no lefs than 30 years in writing it, in the capital of the world, viz. Rome; where he collected materials, which he could not have procured elsewhere. There are comprised in 40 books the most remarkable events which had happened in the world during the fpace of 1138 years; without reckoning what was comprehended in his fix firft books, of the more fabulous times, viz. of all which happened before the Trojan war. But, to the great grief of the curious, of the 40 books only 15 are now extant. The first five are entire, and give us an account of the fabulous times; and explain the antiquities and tranfactions of the Egyptians, Affyrians, Perfians, Libyans, Grecians, and other nations, before the Trojan war. The five next are wanting. The 11th begins at Xerxes's expedition into Greece; from whence, to the end of the 20th, which brings the hiftory down to the year of the world 3650, the work is entire; but the latter 20 are quite loft.

This hiftorian was printed by Henry Stephens, at Paris, 1559, with the Greek only. Verfions were afterwards made, one of the five first books by the Florentine Poggius, at the requeft of pope Nicholas V. and the reft have been tranflated fince. The beft edition of Diodorus is that in 2 vols. folio, printed at Amfterdam, 1743, "Græcè & Latinè, cum Notis & Emendationibus variorum, curà Petri Weffeling."

DIOGENES (the Cynic), was born at Sinope, a city of Pontus ; and was expelled from thence for coining falfe money; as was his father alfo, who was a banker. He retired to Athens, and prevailed on the philofopher Antifthenes to become his master. He not only fubmitted to the kind of life which was peculiar to the followers of that founder of the Cynics, but added new degrees of aufterity to it. He ordered fomebody to provide him a cell; but as that order was not fpeedily executed, he grew impatient, and lodged himself in a tub. He used to call himfelf a vagabond, who had neither houfe nor country, was obliged to beg, was ill clothed, and lived from hand to mouth and yet he took as much pride in those things, as Alexander could in the conqueft of the world. He looked down on all the world with fcorn; he magifterially cen

3

:

fured

fured all mankind, and thought himself unquestionably superior to all other philofophers.

Some perfons have charged this philofopher with drunkenness; but certainly moft injuriously. Far from being a drinker, he thought it strange, that they who are thirty do not drink at the firft fpring they meet with, inftead of hunting after choice wines; he thought them more unreasonable than brutes; and for his own part, he defired no other liquors to quench his thirft, than what nature provided for him in a river. Diogenes had a great prefence of mind, and was therefore called by Plato "a mad Socrates." He spent a confiderable part of his life at Corinth and Athens. He died at the former place, when he was about 90 years old: but authors are not agreed either as to the time or manner of his death. Some fay, he died of an overflowing of the gall, occafioned by his eating a neat's-foot raw; others, that he fuffocated himself by holding his breath; others, that he died of the bite of a dog; others, that he threw himself down a precipice; others, that he ftrangled himself. He fhewed a ftrange indifference about being buried; notwithstanding he had an honourable funeral. He was interred near the gate of the ifthmus; and his tomb adorned with a column, on which was placed a deg of marble. The inhabitants of Sinope erected also statutes of brass to the honour of this philofopher, their countryman.

Diogenes had fome illuftrious difciples, and wrote feveral books. What his religion was, or whether or no he had any, may well be difputed; but it is allowed, that his moral precepts were many of them very good. He preached against luxury, avarice, ambition, and the fpirit of revenge, with all poffible ftrength. He fhewed the vanity of human occupations, from this reafon principally, that we neglect to regulate our internal faculties and paffions, while we fpend all our time upon things external. It mult not be diffembled, however, that he held fome moft admirable maxims; and the most exceptionable circumftance of his life, was his committing acts of carnality in the open view of the world. He ufed to argue thus, in the defence of them: It is no fin to dine, therefore it is no fin to dine in the streets. On this foundation he ate any where, and pretended his principle was to be extended to all natural wants; fo that, as it was allowable to lie with a woman; he concluded there was no harm in lying with her publicly. Nay, he extended it, if hiftory can be credited, even to unnatural wants; for he made no fcruple to be guilty of felf-pollution in the streets.

His manner of confuting the philofopher who denied the exiftence of motion, has been much admired: it was by riling from his feat and walking.

DIOGENES (LAERTIUS), fo called from Laërtius, a town of Cilicia, where he is fuppofed to have been born, is an ancient VOL. IV.

Greek