"remove with her husband to this State". Tennessee. Indignities to the person of the other to render his or her condition intolerable-Alaska, Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington and Wyoming. Conduct rendering it unsafe for wife to live with husband, or turning wife out of doors-Tennessee. Violent and ungovernable temper-Florida. Attempt by either upon the life of the other-Illinois, Louisiana and Tennessee. Gross neglect of duty-Kansas and Ohio. Wife given to intoxication-Wisconsin. Husband a vagrant-Missouri and Wyoming. Mental incapacity at time of marriage-District of Columbia, Georgia and Mississippi. Permanent and incurable insanity occurring subsequent to marriageArkansas. Incurable chronic mania, or dementia, of ten years or more existenceWashington. Any cause rendering marriage originally void-Maryland and Rhode Island. (See "Marriage Laws.") Marriage within prohibited degrees-Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, New-Jersey and Pennsylvania. Marriage by duress or fraud-Connecticut, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Washington. Marriage of either party under the age of consent-Delaware. When either party has obtained a divorce in another State-Florida, Michigan and Ohio. Defamation-Louisiana. Any other cause deemed by a court sufficient and when the court shall be satisfied that the couple can no longer live together-Washington. Insanity for six years-Idaho.

LIMITED DIVORCE.-Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota (in favor of wife only), Nebraska, New-Jersey, New-York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania (in favor of wife only), Rhode Island, Tennessee (in favor of wife only), Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin.

Alabama.-Courts of Alabama have decided that the Legislature cannot grant divorces.

PREVIOUS

New

RESIDENCE REQUIRED. Five years, Massachusetts (if when married both parties were residents three years); three years, Connecticut, Jersey; two years, District of Columbia, Florida, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan (when the cause for divorce occurred out of the State, otherwise one year), North Carolina, Tennessee; one year, Alabama (abandonment, three years), Arkansas and Vermont (if cause occurred out of the State), Colorado (unless cause for divorce occurred within the State, or while one or both of the parties resided in the State); Illinois (same as Colorado), Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky (if cause occurred out of the State, plaintiff must have been a resident of the State at time of occurrence), Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi (in case of desertion, two years); Missouri (same as Colorado), Montana, New-Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin; six months, Arizona, California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, New-Mexico, Texas, Wyoming; ninety days, the Dakotas.

The new divorce law of South Dakota reads:

A divorce must not be granted unless the

plaintiff is in good faith a resident of the State of South Dakota for at least six months preceding the granting of such divorce, and in no case shall a divorce be granted without personal service of the summons within the State, or personal service of the summons and complaint in case of non-residents without the State. If such personal service as aforesaid, within or without the State, be not had, then in that event the plaintiff shall not be entitled to a decree of divorce until the plaintiff shall have been a resident of this State one year preceding the granting of such divorce.

The statutory grounds remain the same as before. In effect the law requires a residence in South Dakota of three months before an action can be begun, and three months more are required before a decree can be granted. The weak point in the old divorce law was that in case the defendant could not be found, a decree could be obtained by default, but in such cases the courts always held that the defence could come in and reopen the case, which often resulted in embarrassing complications. The present law does away with the difficult feature.

OKLAHOMA.-Divorces granted prior to 1895 by Probate Courts are made legal; hereafter divorces can be had only through the District Court.

SOUTH CAROLINA.-The Constitutional Convention adopted a clause forbidding the passing of any laws by the State Legislature recognizing divorce.

BALLOT REFORM.

The following States and Territories have adopted new ballot laws, based more or less on the Australian system: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New-Hampshire, NewJersey, New-Mexico, New-York, North Dokota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Under the New-Jersey laws each party ticket is printed on a separate ballot. Connecticut uses the envelope system. In New-York and all the other States having the ballot-reform laws the single or "blanket" ballot is used; that is, all the names in nomination are printed on one sheet, the voter's choice to be indicated by marking.

The only States in which ballot-reform does not yet exist are: Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina.

The Alabama Legislature, immediately after the conclusion of the campaign of 1892, enacted what is known as the Sayre Election law. This law in its general effect is a modification of the Australian ballot. But the Sayre law contains one provision which requires that election returns from no county shall record a number of votes greater than the registration list of that county warrants, and then it

goes on with almost preternatural ingenuity to guard against fraudulent registration lists. As soon as the registration is completed the lists are required to be displayed in the courthouse, where, during June and July, they are subject to inspection and to whatever investigation interested parties may see fit to prosecute. A false registration makes the offenders subject to prosecution for perjury and forgery, and the mere presence on the list of the name of a voter who did not actually register is held to be prima-facie evidence of guilt.

Everybody has heard of the "eight boxes" used in South Carolina. The law says:

"At each precinct a space or inclosure, such as the managers of election shall deem fit and sufficient, shall be railed off or otherwise provided with an opening at one end or side for the entrance of the voter, and an opening at the other for his exit, as a polling-place in which to hold the election for the State, circuit and county offices." The statute then declares that "but one voter shall be allowed to enter any polling-place at a time, and no one except the managers shall be allowed to speak to the voter while in the polling-place casting his vote."

The new method of voting in Australia, adopted in 1892, is thus described by Chief Justice Griffith, of Queensland: It allows the voter to indicate his first and second choice candidates by placing the figure 1 opposite the name of his first choice and the figure 2 opposite his second choice. Then if the first choice candidate proves to be unpopular, the first choice is disregarded, and the vote is given, according to the second choice, to some other candidate. By this means a great economy of votes is effected. Where there are three candidates the least popular candidate would fail of election and the votes of his supporters would go to one of the two remaining candidates according to the wish of the voter. In this way two minorities may become a majority. This method was described in The Tribune of October 28, 1891.

NOTE.-See "Tribune Almanac," 1893, for dates when ballot-reform laws passed.

WOMAN SUFFRAGE.

Women have equal suffrage with men at elections in Colorado and Wyoming.

In Montana women who are taxpayers have the same voting privilege as men at elections.

Judge Dixon, of the Supreme Court of New-Jersey, on November 8, 1894, handed down a decision in the Vineland School case, which, in substance, declared that women can vote on all questions at school district meetings, but not for election of trustees. At the 1894 election the proposition to give women equal suffrage with men at elections was rejected by a vote of 130,129 against to 95,302 in favor.

The act of the Michigan Legislature of 1893 giving women the right to vote at municipal elections was declared uncon

stitutional by the Supreme Court of that State in October, 1893.

Women formerly voted in Washington, but the Territorial Supreme Court subsequently decided against the right being given to them. When the State Constitution was adopted a clause allowing women to vote was defeated.

In some form, mainly as to taxation and school matters, women may vote in the following States and Territories: Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, NewHampshire, New-York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Vermont and Wisconsin.

The Suffrage Act of Ohio reads that every woman "born or naturalized in the United States," possessing the other necessary qualifications, may vote for school officers. A woman not born in the United States and who had not obtained naturalization papers, but whose husband had been naturalized, was denied the right to vote and the case went before Judge Ricks, who decided that, although a woman was born an alien, her marriage to a citizen of the United States made her a naturalized citizen. Unmarried women born in other countries are compelled to apply for naturalization before they can vote.

The Woman Suffrage law of California was declared unconstitutional early in March, 1875.

The Constitutional Convention of Utah adopted the clause on woman suffrage on April 5, 1895, by a vote of 75 to 15.

The New-York Legislature of 1895 passed an amendment to the Constitution providing for full woman suffrage, but it must be repassed by the next Legislature to be of effect.

The Cape Colony, the Russian colonies in Siberia, Australia, New-Zealand and Tasmania have municipal woman suffrage. Iceland, the Isle of Man and Pitcairn Island have full woman suffrage.

EUROPE-In England, Scotland and Wales women vote for all elective officers but members of Parliament. In France the women teachers elect women members of all boards of education. In Sweden women vote for all elective officers but Representatives; also, indirectly, for members of the House of Lords. In Norway they have school suffrage. In Ireland they vote for harbor boards, poor-law guardians, and in Belfast for municipal officers. In Russia women householders vote for all elective officers and on all local matters. In Finland for all elective officers. In Austria-Hungary they vote, by proxy, for all elective officers. In Croatia and Dalmatia they do so at local elections in person. In Italy widows vote for members of Parliament. In Prussia women vote, mainly by proxy, at local elections and for members of provincial Diets. In Belgium women taxpayers have municipal suffrage by proxy, and in Luxemburg for members of the Legislature also. In Switzerland owners women real estate have local suffrage in the canton of Berne. In Rumania women taxpayers have municipal suffrage by proxy. Women have full suffrage in Iceland.