Canadian laws are less restrictive. The Dominion places no restriction on the exportation of live game, and several of the Provinces authorize the proper authorities to issue licenses for shipment of game intended for breeding purposes. A few States have adopted this principle, and some others make exceptions in nonexport laws, or permit the possession at any time of game intended for propagation. These exceptions are shown in the following list:

EXCEPTIONS TO NONEXPORT AND OTHER LAWS IN FAVOR OF GAME FOR PROPAGATION.

Arizona.-Possession of game birds for propagation permitted during close season. Fish and game commissioners authorized to take eggs of game birds for hatching. (Acts of 1901, No. 57, secs. 2, 18.)

California. Exception in case of deer and game birds for propagation, provided that a permit in writing be obtained beforehand from the State board of fish commissioners. (Penal Code, as amended 1901, secs. 6261, 627a, p. 821.)

Colorado.-Game commissioner may grant permits to proprietors of parks for exchange of game with other persons within or without the State.

Game for propagation may be imported from any other State or Territory, and the commissioner shall issue certificate therefor without charge.

The commissioner may, upon being satisfied that the possession or transportation of game is not in violation of the spirit of the law, grant a permit therefor. (Laws of 1899, ch. 98, pp. 196, 204, 207.)

Illinois.-Lawful to export any squirrels or game birds captured within the State, under a license from the State of Illinois. (Laws of 1899, p. 224, sec. 2.)

Indiana.-Exception in case of deer, wild turkeys, or imported pheasants in possession for breeding purposes. (Laws of 1901, p. 444, sec. 7.)

Maryland.-Exceptions in the local laws of Cecil and Harford counties in case of game for propagation. (Acts of 1896, ch. 237; acts of 1894, ch. 139.)

Michigan.-State game and fish warden authorized to issue permits to capture any game animals or birds for propagation if not for sale; also to issue permits to trustees or custodians of public parks to export animals intended for free exhibition or for exchange with other public parks. (Pub. Acts of 1901, H. B. No. 104, secs. 21–22.) Nevada. Exception in case of residents taking big game and game birds for propagation or domestication under written permit from governor. (Stats. of 1901, Ch. CX, sec. 15.)

New Jersey. Exception in case of bringing into the State any animals or birds for propagation or keeping the same until a seasonable time for their release. (Laws of 1901, ch. 120, sec. 15.)

New York.-Elk, moose, caribou, and antelope may be brought into the State and kept in possession for breeding purposes. (Laws of 1901, ch. 147.)

Oklahoma.-Exception in case of fine birds or animals captured for domestic or scientific purposes, provided that not more than one pair of such birds or animals may be shipped at one time. (Laws of 1899, p. 167, sec. 11.)

Oregon.-Exception in case of game for propagation, provided written permit first be obtained from State game and forestry warden. (Gen. Laws of 1901, p. 226, sec. 23; p. 233, sec. 42.)

Texas. Exception in case of live Mongolian or English pheasants shipped for scientific or breeding purposes. (Gen. Laws of 1897, ch. 149, sec. 7.)

Utah.—Exception in case of quail taken for propagation, in Kane and Washington counties. (Laws of 1899, ch. 26, sec. 26.) Wisconsin.-Exception in case of live birds.

(Wis. Stat., 1898, Vol. I, sec. 1498m. ) Wyoming.-Lawful to sell any colin or quail for the purpose of breeding, or for any person to take alive on his own premises at any time any big game for domestication or for scientific or breeding purposes. (Rev. Stats., 1899, sec. 2117.)

Manitoba.-Exception in case of big game, grouse, prairie chickens, and pheasants, provided special permit be obtained from the minister of agriculture and immigration, and not more than two animals or birds be shipped at one time. (Stats. of 1900, ch. 14, sec. 17.)

New Brunswick.-Lawful to export live game under license from surveyor-general. Newfoundland.-Exception in case of caribou, willow or other grouse, and partridge under authorization by minister of marine and fisheries, for sale to or exchange with game societies or institutions in other countries. (Acts of 1899, cap. 18, sec. 21; cap. 27, sec. 4.)

Northwest Territories.-Young deer, elk, moose, caribou, antelope, sheep, and goats may be taken alive and domesticated, but only deer, sheep, and goats can be lawfully exported from the Territory. (Con. Ordinances, 1898, ch. 85, secs. 2, 13.)

II. ABSTRACTS OF LAWS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SHIPMENT AND SALE.

FEDERAL LAWS.

Federal game laws consist of statutes regulating interstate commerce in game, the importation of game from foreign countries, and provisions for the protection of game on territory under the jurisdiction of the United States. They comprise (1) the Lacey Act, regulating the importation of game and its shipment from one State to another; (2) tariff regulations governing animals and birds imported from abroad; (3) game laws of the District of Columbia, Alaska, and the Indian Territory; (4) provisions for protecting game in the national parks,1 forest reserves, and other Government reservations. These acts of Congress are supplemented by regulations issued by the Secretaries of the Treasury, War, Interior, and Agriculture, relating chiefly to the protection of Government reservations and the details of importing foreign animals and birds.

2

The territory protected by Federal statutes comprises more than 20 percent of the total area of the United States, and, besides the District. of Columbia, the Indian Territory, and Alaska, is made up of reservations and parks ranging in size from a few acres to the great areas covered by the Indian reservations in Montana and South Dakota, which occupy a large part of those States. This vast domain is very unevenly protected. The District of Columbia, with an area of about 70 square miles, has a fairly complete and satisfactory game law, and, with the exception of Alexandria County, Va., is the smallest area in

1The national parks, now 12 in number, have all been established during the last thirty years. They may be grouped as follows: Five parks proper-Yellowstone, Wyo., 1872, 2,142,720 acres; Yosemite, Cal., 1890, 967,680 acres; Sequoia, Cal., 1890, 160,000 acres; General Grant, Cal., 1890, 2,560 acres; Mount Rainier, Wash., 1899, 207,360 acres: five military parks-Chickamauga, Ga., 1890, 6,195 acres; Shiloh, Tenn., 1894, 3,000 acres; Vicksburg, Miss., 1899, 1,233 acres; Gettysburg, Pa., 1895, 877 acres; Antietam, Md., 1890, 43 acres: the Hot Springs Reserve, Ark., 1880, 912 acres, and the Casa Grande Ruins, Ariz., 1892, part of 480 acres. The first five only are of special interest from the standpoint of game protection.

2 The regulations of the Department of Agriculture may be found in Circular 29 of the Biological Survey, entitled 'Protection and importation of birds under act of Congress approved May 25, 1900,' and Circular 30, entitled 'Wild animals and birds which may be imported without permits.'

the United States protected by a special game statute. The Yellowstone National Park, with an area of 3,578 square miles, has also a comprehensive law, passed in 1894; and, like the Sequoia, Yosemite, and General Grant parks, in California, is guarded by United States troops. The Indian Territory, 31,400 square miles in extent, almost as large as the State of Maine, and one of the best regions in the Southwest for small game, is protected only by a provision prohibiting persons other than Indians from destroying game, except for food, in the Indian country. The forest reserves, aggregating 46,766,529 acres, or about 73,000 square miles, an area nearly equal to that of New England and New York combined, are subject to regulations of the Secretary of the Interior, who is authorized by Congress to "make provisions for protection against destruction by fire and depredations upon public forests and forest reservations." There is further protection, however, in the provision of Congress that offenses concerning which the Federal laws are silent, when committed on Government reservations, shall receive the same punishment as that prescribed for like offenses by the laws of the State in which such reservations are situated. The great Territory of Alaska, embracing 570,000 square miles (more than twice the total area of Texas) is at present practically without protection, having but the nucleus of a game law in a provision prohibiting the export of eggs of cranes, ducks, and geese.

As a rule Federal laws are less subject to change than State laws. The game law of the District of Columbia passed in 1878, remained in force for twenty-one years; that of the Indian Territory enacted nearly seventy years ago (in 1832) is still on the statute books, and is now the oldest game law in force in the United States. These laws are scattered through the Revised Statutes and the Statutes at Large, often in very obscure places, and are easily overlooked. For example, the prohibition against importing eggs of game birds is contained in the free list of the tariff act of 1897; that conferring authority on the Secretary of the Interior to make regulations for the forest reserves, in the sundry civil bill for 1897, and that providing for the enforcement of State laws by Federal authority on Government reservations, in an act to protect harbor defenses, passed in 1898. In the absence of any complete compilation of the Federal provisions concerning game, it has been deemed advisable to bring them together in the present publication for greater convenience of reference.

'Such tribal laws as exist are not enforced by the United States courts.