TRUTH IN PACKAGING BILL IS VITAL ΤΟ CONSUMER FREE CHOICE

Mr. HART. Mr. President, a favorite weapon of opponents of the truth in packaging bill, S. 985, is a survey conducted by the Opinion Research Corp. at the request of the Grocery Manufacturers Association.

It seems that that survey concluded than 75 to 85 percent of U.S. consumers are satisfied with present packaging practices and that only 8 to 22 percent wanted specific changes. This conclusion, the bill's opponents say, proves that truth in packaging is not needed.

Now surveys, as this body well knows, can be tested on many grounds-the most obvious being to measure the slant of the questions. And several proponents of S. 985 indeed have suggested that if they had drafted the questions the NAM survey results would have been different, but of equally doubtful value if in fact the questions were slanted.

This, of course, is a rather academic argument which could go on and on and

on.

But it seems to me that the president of the Maryland Consumers Council, Jack Besansky, has gone a step further and succeeded in putting the facts in perspective.

Writing in the August 11, 1965, issue of Co-op Newsletter, published by Greenbelt Consumer Services, Inc., he comments first on the phrasing on the survey's questions.

Then, while not subscribing to the manner in which the survey questions actually were phrased, he turns to evaluating the results.

Commenting on the fact that even in this disputed survey 22 percent of consumers were adjudged to want some changes in packaging, the writer made an interesting point:

To find anything on which an absolute majority can agree and also take action is almost impossible. Consider, for instance, that when Lyndon Johnson was elected to

the Presidency in 1964 with one of the great

est landslides in American history, he received only 37 percent of the votes of the 114 million persons eligible to vote.

Put in that light, Mr. President, the 8 to 22 percent of consumers-which translates to 15 to 41 million Americans-seems to amount almost to a consensus in favor of changes in today's packaging practices.

This comes as no surprise to me. But I wonder if it does not to the Opinion Research survey's sponsors.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the article mentioned be printed in full at this point in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

Such conclusions are ridiculous but, never

theless, the reports do raise the more perplexing question, which is: "If there are so many consumers who really want truth-inpackaging laws enacted, where are they and why don't they make themselves better heard?" The answer is that they are making themselves heard.

CONSUMER INTEREST KEEN

The publication "Consumer Reports" notes that interest in this subject is greater than that on any consumer issue during all its 31-year history. But let's not be trapped by our own statistics either. No doubt, readers of Consumer Reports are a biased sample of the consumer population by virtue of their existing interest in a magazine dedicated to a high order of consumer protection. What then, are the fallacies, if any, in the opinion polls which the manufacturers trot out? The very first thing is that the small percentage of protests recorded does represent at least 10 million adult consumers, and that is not a negligible amount.

More to the point, however, the most common fault of opinion polls is that unless they are taken with the strictest regard for objectivity, the validity of their findings must be doubtful. It is not at all difficult to achieve the percentages you want by selecting, to fit a certain purpose, the people or the places at which you ask the questions, or, more simply, by the type of questions you

ask.

For example, you might ask a person if he

feels confused about package sizes or whether

he feels confident that he can choose the better buy between competing brands. Chances are, 8 out of 10 times he will believe in his own competence to make independent judgments. On the other hand, ask him if he would prefer to see pancake syrup bottled in 104-ounce bottles or in full pint bottles, and the odds favoring the 104-ounce bottle will lessen.

Most importantly, percentages are not a realistic way of looking at consumer interconsists of consumers. Their specific interests. The entire population of this country ests are infinitely varied in kind and in

tensity because of the wide range of wealth, food habits, ability to sound off, etc.

CONSENSUS IMPOSSIBLE

To find anything on which an absolute majority can agree and also take action is almost impossible. Consider, for instance, that when Lyndon Johnson was elected to the Presidency in 1964 with one of the great

CHOICE

(By Jack Besansky)

Ever since Senator PHILIP A. HART intro

duced his bill to provide more effective regulation of packaging and labeling of consumer products, the grocery manufacturers and advertisers have been busily grinding out opinion surveys to prove that the average

ceived only 37 percent of the votes of all 114 million persons eligible to vote.

Thus, the important point about the truth

in-packaging bill is not whether opinion polls indicate a particular percent of consumers are concerned or not, because if they are not concerned they should be. The fact is, that without some improved regulations, they are

powerless to exert their necessary influence on the production of what they want. An individual consumer can exert surprisingly little economic power in a transaction with an association of manufacturers.

MULTIPLE POWERS

More than economic power, manufacturers and greater experience regarding the transhave greater information, greater training

action than the buyers. Furthermore, when reflecting on the expense of going to court versus the value of the product purchased, individual consumers may feel they cannot afford to assert their legal rights.

So it is clear that, by himself, the consumer does not dictate what the manufacturer will produce or how he will sell it. The protective mechanism of the truth-in-packaging regulation would provide a countervailing force in the market, not stripping the manufacturer of any of his power but forcing him to package his products so that contents could be easily compared with competing products.

This would truly permit the consumer to make a free choice of competing products on the basis of truthful and comparable labels and packages.

GREAT LAKES Mr. HART. Mr. President, the Senator from Utah [Mr. Moss], on Tuesday, submitted a concurrent resolution-Senate Concurrent Resolution 55-relating to the diversion of surplus Arctic water. I congratulate the Senator for his energy in furthering discussion and consideration of this proposal.

A year ago last April I asked the Secretary of State to open discussions with the Canadians on the question of diversion of Canadian water into the Great Lakes. The Secretary, after receiving a go-ahead signal from the administra

tion, did so and these discussions resulted in agreement on a joint United StatesCanadian referral to the International Joint Commission.

The referral involved primarily a study of Great Lakes levels, which is now underway. However, in the agreement made last fall between the two nations,

the following sentence was included:

The two Governments have agreed that when the Commission's report is received they will consider whether any examination

of further measures which might alleviate

the problem should be carried out, including extending the scope of the present reference.

As I pointed out at the time, the only long-term solution that makes sense in terms of the needs of the Midwest is to seek to divert additional water into the economic and engineering feasibility Great Lakes Basin. In my judgment an study will indicate that such a resource development is as much to the advantage of the Canadians as to ourselves.

Certainly the signs are clear enough for all to read. We must get started, assessing the advantages and disadvantages of all proposals.

Assuming that the study which I initiated and which is already underway in the International Joint Commission will lead to an analysis of diversion possibilities in midcontinent, I am glad to join in sponsoring Senate Concurrent Resolution 55 so that we and the Canadians may have the benefit of exploration of all thoughtful approaches.

MICHIGAN CONCURRENT RESOLUTION RELATIVE TO ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SLEEPING BEAR DUNES NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

Mr. HART. Mr. President, on Thursday, August 26, the Senate passed for the second time legislation authorizing the establishment of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. Hopefully, Hopefully, we will see final passage by both Houses in the present Congress.

As an indication of the growing support for this proposal in Michigan, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the RECORD, House Concurrent Resolution 101 in which the Michigan Legislature memorializes Congress to take early action to save this area for enjoyment of future generations.

There being no objection, the resolution was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 101 Concurrent resolution memorializing the Congress relative to the establishment of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Recreation Area

Whereas a survey of the vanishing Great Lakes shoreline was made by the U.S. Department of Interior during 1957 and 1958; and

Whereas this survey revealed three outstanding areas, all of them in Michigan, worthy of incorporation in the national park system; and

Whereas one of these areas and the one nearest our population centers is at Sleeping Bear Dunes in Leelanau and Benzie Counties; and

Whereas this beautiful area is deserving of national recognition and preservation; and

Whereas legislation to this effect, modified to safeguard the property rights of homeowners, has been introduced in the Congress by the Senators from the State of Michigan; and

Whereas early action to save this area for enjoyment of future generations has been recognized as desirable by the President of the United States, the Michigan Conservation Commission, the the Michigan Tourist Council, and numerous nongovernmental organizations and individuals; and

Whereas such action would clearly be in the interest of the State of Michigan, its citizens and its economy: Now, therefore, be it

Resolved by the house of representatives (the senate concurring), That the Congress is hereby respectfully urged to authorize the establishment of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Recreation Area in Michigan; and be it further

Resolved, That copies of this resolution be transmitted to the President of the United States, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and to each Member of the Michigan delegation to the Congress.

Adopted by the House June 16, 1965.
Adopted by the Senate July 29, 1965.

NORMAN E. PHILLEO,

Clerk of the House of Representatives.
BERYL I. KENYON,
Secretary of the Senate.

TRIBUTE TO AMBASSADOR
ARTHUR GOLDBERG

Mr. HART. Mr. President, expressions of appreciation have been given in many tongues to the President of the United States for having the wisdom,

and to the former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, Arthur Goldberg, for having the willingness to step aside so having the willingness to step aside so that he might fill the place so ably filled by our late friend, Adlai Stevenson. Many tributes were reported in the pages of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.

Mr. President, following the occasion on which those tributes were given, I came across a very warm and very personal tribute which I ask unanimous consent to have printed at the conclusion of my remarks.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered.

(See exhibit 1.)

Mr. HART. Mr. President, the article to which I refer is a column written by to which I refer is a column written by an old and good friend of Arthur Goldberg's. The writer is Msgr. George berg's. The writer is Msgr. George Higgins, whom so many of us know.

Monsignor Higgins is the director of the social action department of the National Catholic Welfare Conference. The article is very simple for many, and I expect for others it is a very meaningful word of tribute. It expresses a prayer which we all share that the cause of peace will indeed be served well by Ambassador Goldberg.

I am struck particularly by the emphasis that the monsignor places on the family life of Ambassador Goldberg. I am reminded of the magnificent night of the Seder that Mrs. Hart and I were of the Seder that Mrs. Hart and I were privileged to spend with the Goldbergs.

Mr. President, many more eloquent voices have applauded the appointment and commended the loyalty of Ambassador Goldberg, and I should like to see this very thoughtful and pleasant column by Monsignor Higgins added to the list. EXHIBIT 1

ARTHUR GOLDBERG

(By Msgr. George G. Higgins) Perhaps the most laudatory of the hundreds of editorials and columns written in praise of Justice Goldberg on the occasion of his appointment came from the pen of Msgr. Salvatore Adamo, editor of the Catholic Star Herald, newspaper of the Diocese of Camden. "Whereas Stevenson went to the U.N. after failing to win the Presidency of the United States," Monsignor Adamo wrote, "I am confident that Ambassador Goldberg will succeed so handsomely at the U.N. that he will one day go on to win the Presidency." Time alone will tell whether Monsignor Adamo is a reliable prophet. But there must be many who agree that Ambassador Goldberg's "unique record of public service is preparing him to reach the pinnacle of duty and honor in America" and who share his hope that the Ambassador will live to be the first American of the Jewish faith to occupy the White House.

Why has Ambassador Goldberg's appointment to the U.N. been so enthusiastically acclaimed by people of all faiths and from all walks of life? More specifically, why do some of his admirers predict and others, like the present writer, at least entertain the hope that he will one day be elected President of the United States?

Presumably the editors of the Reporter asked the present writer to tackle these questions because they felt that even the most laudatory profiles of the Ambassador have not adequately answered them. Readers of the Reporter are warned in advance that, in trying to do so, I will be writing as a devoted personal friend of the new Ambassador and his family and not as a coldly analytical commentator.

It will not be necessary in this brief piece to recount, in detail, the story of the Ambassador's career, up to this point, as a brilliant and resourceful labor lawyer and labor negotiator, as Secretary of Labor, and, more recently, as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. That story has been told so often and so exhaustively in recent weeks that there is really nothing I could add to it. I would prefer, instead, to single out a few of judgment, help to account for his extraordithe Ambassador's qualities which, in my

nary success and, more importantly, help to explain why his friends, whose name is legion, have such profound respect for him as a human being.

It would tell very little about Ambassador Goldberg to say that he is intellectually brilliant. He is that, to be sure, but so are many other lawyers of my acquaintance. A large part of the secret of the Ambassador's phenomenal success is to be found in the fact that his acknowledged intellectual gifts are balanced, not only by comparable qualities of the heart-a profound understanding of and compassion for the frailities of human nature-but also by an uncanny sense of practical judgment and political know-how,

in the best and broadest sense of the adjective as well as the noun. I have seldom met a man in whom all of these qualities of mind and heart are so integrally balanced.

Secondly, it would tell us very little about the Ambassador to say that he is a man of extraordinary self-confidence in the face of staggering problems which would frighten or again. But what has endeared him to his many friends more than almost anything else is the fact that, for all his self-confidence, he is also a modest person who sincerely respects the other man's opinion and, unlike so many self-made men in private as well as in public life, will go out of his way very unobmen and with less accomplished friends and trusively to help and to counsel with younger professional associates.

bewilder men of lesser stature. He is that,

Thirdly, Ambassador Goldberg has a wholesome sense of humor. Of all the men I have encountered in positions of honor and public trust, he is the least stuffy or pompous. It is this quality, I suspect, which has made it possible for him, over the years, to retain the close personal friendship of people from all walks of life-rank-and-file trade unionists, corporation executives, clergymen of all faiths, artists and intellectuals, political leaders of both parties and of every rank.

His sense of humor also helps to account why, while he can be as tough and tenacious a negotiator as the situation requireswhether at the collective bargaining table or in the councils of government-he knows how and when to bend in the interest of resolving problems or controversies constructively and equitably. The press has described him as a "liberal." That he is, in the best sense of the word, but his "liberalism” is pragmatic-again in the best sense of the word-and is never doctrinaire. He can see too many sides of every question and is too conscious of human weakness and fallibility to push his own genuinely liberal principles to unrealistic or utopian conclusions.

It is this quality of enlightened, compassionate, and nondoctrinaire liberalism which helps to explain why he has been one of the most successful troubleshooters in the history of American labor-management relations. This same quality will stand him in good stead as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and may well have been one of the principal qualities which recommended him to President Johnson for this crucially important post. In this connection, I would confidently predict that the fears of those who have hinted-sometimes rather crudely-that his Jewish faith and Jewish loyalties will make it difficult for him to deal objectively with the Israeli-Arab controversy will prove to have been completely unfounded.

I am confident, in other words, that the same qualities of fairness, principled flexibility, persistence, and creative imagination which have won for him the reputation of being something of a genius in working out honorable and constructive compromises in the field of labor-management and intergovernmental relations will serve him equally well if and when he is called upon to get involved, as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, in the Israeli-Arab controversy. Indeed, I can think of no American who is better equipped to make a constructive contribution to the solution of this unfortunate controversy.

I am reluctant, in conclusion, to say anything about Ambassador Goldberg's family life or about his religious beliefs and practices. These are matters which are almost too personal and too sacred to be written about in the press. On the other hand, even a brief profile of the Ambassador would be incomplete and would really miss the point if it failed to note, if only in passing, that he is loyally and unashamedly devoted to the Jewish faith and to the ancient religious

identity of Nazi and Communist totalitarianism. In speaking of the Nazi invasion of Poland, let us not forget that it was the Nazi-Soviet pact which made this invasion possible.

Let us not forget that while the heroic Polish Army was desperately resisting the Nazi panzer divisions, the Red army, in one of the most glorious military actions in history, struck the embattled Polish Army from the rear.

And let us not forget Molotov's boast over the prostrate body of Poland:

One blow from the German Army, and one blow from the mighty Red army-and this ugly duckling of Versailles ceased to exist.

Unfortunately, the Polish people, unlike some of the Western European countries occupied by the Nazis, were not to enjoy the freedom from oppression which was anticipated upon the defeat of the Germans. Agreements were reached

and workers in medical and related fields. In spite of this fact, however, Congress has failed to carry on the wise policy set in our earlier GI bills.

I, like Mr. Dalton, find it to be a national disgrace to allow the talents and ambitions of those who have served our country to be disregarded and allowed to go to waste through a lack of financial aid.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have Mr. Dalton's entire letter printed in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the letter was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

[From the Washington (D.C.) Post,
Aug. 29, 1965]

NEW GI BILL

finest of these traditions, a devoted family man, first, last, and always. As a Catholic priest, I count it a singular blessing and a great privilege to have been permitted to observe this side of the man at close range over a period of many years. With apologies for closing on such a personal note, I would say that there are few other men in my own circle of friends for whose family loyalty I

have greater respect and few whose sympathetic interest in the religious beliefs and traditions of other men, combined with a profound loyalty to his own traditions, has impressed me more.

Ambassador Goldberg is a worthy successor

of his friend of long standing, Adlai Stevenson. The fact that he was willing to resign from the Supreme Court to take up where Stevenson left off at the United Nations has caused a certain amount of wonderment among people who have never met him. To those who know him personally, however, it came as no surprise that he was willing to answer the demanding call of duty so promptly and so cheerfully, however difficult it must have been for him to step down from the highest court of the land. That's the kind of man he is a devoted and selfless public servant of the highest quality, ready at all times to do everything within his power, at whatever personal cost, to advance the well-being of his own country and to promote the cause of world peace, "inch by agonizing inch," as he put it so characteristically when he took the oath of office just a few weeks ago in the rose garden of the White House.

ern Powers that ostensibly guaranteed to the Polish people and to the other peoples of Central Europe the right to select governments of their own choosing. These agreements were from the first violated by the Soviet Union, which used and in the other countries of Central the presence of the Red army in Poland and Eastern Europe to impose regimes that were as completely Communist as they were without popular support.

Mr. President, I hope that all Americans will reflect on the crime committed against the human race by the Nazis and by their Soviet accomplices 25 years

ago.

I hope that all freedom-loving men and women will steel themselves to preclude a repetition of such aggression as the rape of Poland and its continued occupation.

I hope that we shall find it possible to dedicate ourselves to the task of bringing freedom to all enslaved peoples of the world.

Because of the particular bond of friendship which has always existed between ourselves and the people of Poland, I hope that we will not forget nor forsake our Polish friends and neighbors but that we will remember them in our prayers and by our deeds until they too are as free as we are.

INVASION OF POLAND

Mr. DODD. Mr. President, yesterday, September 1, marked the 26th anniversary of the invasion of Poland by the Nazis. Since that time, a new generation, to whom this event is only history, has been born and reached maturity. Even those of us who were alive at the time have let the passage of years dull our memories and deaden our once strong feelings of indignation; and the

lessons we we learned or should have learned, have, at least in part, been forgotten.

The first lesson we should have learned is that appeasement never pays off and that in the long run it makes war more likely, not less likely.

The second lesson we should have learned is that of the essential moral

I am a married cold war veteran who served on active duty in the U.S. Navy for 5 years. After I was released from service, I realized the value and the necessity of student. However, I have found that it is becoming increasingly difficult to continue as a student due to the many financial barThere are many riers I have encountered. other veterans in similar situations. I think it is a national waste to allow their talents and ambitions to be dispresent National Defense Education Assistregarded through lack of financial aid. The ance Act is not enough. In order for these millions of needy and worthy Americans to help themselves and their country, they need direct financial assistance, such as the type proposed in the cold war GI bill which has recently been passed by the Senate and is

now under consideration by the House.

Following World War II and the Korean. war, both Congress and the administration swiftly enacted legislation to aid the veterans of those conflicts. Not the least of this These two

legislation were the GI bills. bills enabled 11 million exservicemen to obtain education and training which assisted them in competing adequately in the labor market, depress unemployment, and to be an even greater asset to their country than the framers of these measures had imagined.

These GI bills have given our Nation 625,000 engineers, 375,000 teachers, 165,000 natural and physical scientists, 220,000

workers in medical and related fields, and professional fields. scores of thousands of people in many other

A cold war GI bill is desperately needed by our veterans and by the Nation. A measure of this sort can only help in the war against poverty, the battles with unemployment, and in obtaining the much-sought-after ard of living through higher education. Great Society by helping to raise our stand

COLLEGE PARK.

FRANCIS E. DALTON, Jr.,

NAVY VETERAN ATTENDING COLLEGE TELLS OF NEED FOR GI BILL

Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, in this last Sunday's Washington Post there was published an excellent letter written by Mr. Francis E. Dalton, Jr., of College Park, Md., detailing with clarity the need for the passage of the cold war GI bill.

As Mr. Dalton points out, past GI bills have been responsible for supplying the financial support needed to educate thousands of engineers, teachers, scientists,

OF PENNSYLVANIA

Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, the economy of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is remarkably healthy today as the result of the amazing recovery it has experienced in the last 3 years. This recovery has been spurred in large part by the aggressive efforts of the Commonwealth's government, under the leadership of Gov. William W. Scranton, to promote industrial development. The growth of the new Pennsylvania was recently described in a series of articles appearing in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. I ask unanimous consent that these articles be printed in the RECORD.

Industrial expansions and new industry projects totaled 1,972 as compared to 1,426 projects in 1961-62.

There were 91,730 new jobs created as compared to 55,845 new jobs in 1961-62.

State per capita income was highest in history, $2,575 in 1964.

Manufacturing jobs hits a record weekly average wage of $105.71.

Over 25,000 workers whose job skills became obsolete have been retrained and put on new jobs.

Purchases of life insurance, a form of savings, is up 11.4 percent.

A total of 50,000 more State residents are driving new cars; 12,000 more have new trucks.

Department store sales rose from a yearly index of 110 up to 124.

The general business index rose from a yearly level of 109 up to 122. In May it was at 130 and higher above the expected trend than ever recorded.

Bank resources set a record increase of $626 million in 1963, the biggest yearly gain except for the 1944-45 war years.

Bank net earnings set an alltime record in 1964 of $116.7 million.

Total bank deposits set a record in 1963 and 1964 of $19.3 and $21.5 billion respectively. So did total bank resources.

The electrical power required to feed a growing economy increased in 1963 by 4.2 million kilowatt hours over 1962.

The Pennsylvania Industrial Development Authority set records in 1964 for new projects, an even 100; that created 11,824 new jobs.

Building construction went over the $1 billion mark for the first time ever in 1963 and 1964. In May of 1965 it was running 14 percent ahead of 1963 and 9 percent ahead of 1964.

Traffic on the Pennsylvania Turnpike has generated an additional $4.6 million in fare

revenue.

Liquor stores sales are up by $23.1 million. They're drinking better stuff, too. Higher priced, import sales are up by 4 percent.

Business failures have steadily declined from 820 in 1962 down to 790 the following year; to 695 during 1964.

Tourism, the State's newest industry, hit a record $2 billion in 1964. It is going even better this year.

Revenue of major utilities, prime gages of economic activity, in 1963 alone rose by $88 million. The gas, electric, telephone, and water utilities also increased payrolls by $17 million.

Exports at Delaware River ports totaled 1.8 million tons more in 1963 than in 1962. Plane cargo tons went up by 2,599; passengers increased by 163,033.

Public welfare rolls dropped below 400,000 in May, the earliest point in any year since 1960 because of early seasonal employment demands. There were nearly 31,000 less on relief than a year ago.

AMAZING COMEBACK OF OUR STATE: ECONOMIC REBIRTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

(By Marvin E. Miller) Pennsylvania's economic growth rate has caught up to and overtaken that of the United States and of 11 other leading industrial States.

After a slow start during the 1961-62 years of the national economic upturn, Pennsylvania hit full stride in 1963-64 that has seen it:

Place a higher percentage of its work force in jobs at a rate 3.6 percent faster than the United States.

Reduce the number of jobless persons in its labor force at a rate faster than 11 other major industrial States.

End a 33-year record as the second worst unemployment rate State in the Nation.

Since 1931, Pennsylvania had the second highest rate of unemployed workers in the Nation. Only West Virginia was worse.

By 1964 Pennsylvania advanced to 18th in the Nation in unemployment. The advance is continuing. Thus far economy is firmly entwined this year.

Everyone agrees that Pennsylvania has made one of the most dramatic economic recoveries in modern history. They disagree as to why or what caused it.

Attempts to place credit for Pennsylvania's new found productivity and prosperity become complicated by what could be termed the Siamese twins of the American enterprise system-the bodies politic and economic.

Movement by one affects the other to the extent that elections are won and lost on economic issues.

Pennsylvania's resurging economy is firmly entwined in national and State politics be

cause:

The 4-year national recovery has taken place under the Democratic administrations of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson in Washington.

The administration of Pennsylvania during the national boom has been split-almost equally-between the Democratic administration of David L. Lawrence and the Republican administration of William W. Scranton.

The major issue of Pennsylvania's 1962 election for Governor was chronic high unemployment.

Today, Republicans say, primary credit for the State's improvement should go to Scranton administration policies and news laws that were enacted to aid the economy.

Democrats say that the primary credit belongs to a whirring national economy.

Scranton says the disagreement over which party should get credit "is a silly argument." Both his administration and the national economy are factors, he says.

For those who insist upon giving the credit to someone, Scranton suggests: "The first share and the largest share of the credit should go to the people of Pennsylvania. It is their work and their initiative that has

made the difference.

"They are getting the kind of State government and the new way of doing things they voted for and are willing to pay for."

Two prominent economists were asked for their viewpoints on what happened to Pennsylvania's economy.

Both of them, one from eastern Pennsylvania, the other from western Pennsylvania, asked not to be quoted. They do not want to become embroiled in the obvious political overtones.

They each said the facts of the State's new economic life lie somewhere in between the highly partisan claims.

The western Pennsylvania economist said: "The Nation's economy has certainly given Pennsylvania the springboard it required. At the same time more recent internal changes have provided added momentum to the creation of employment opportunities."

He said, "it must be remembered that Pennsylvania at its best is only an average growth State. That it is exceeding its historic average is indicative of economic forces separate and distinct from those generated nationally."

Undergirding the changes emerging within Pennsylvania, he said, "are the national factors of increased auto production, increased steel production, and increased consumer spending encouraged by the tax cuts and a confidence in the economy."

The real test for Pennsylvania's economy, he said, will come "when it is called upon to sustain itself in the face of a letdown in the national economy.

"Indications are that the State may become diversified sufficiently to better withstand a recession at the national level than it did previously," he said.

Both economists were inclined to give the Scranton administration credit for doing something apart from the national economy that resulted in increasing the pace of Pennsylvania's prosperity.

What has been done?

The State has rid itself of an antibusiness image by the simple expedient of creating a tax and administrative structure that assures business and industry of making a fair profit.

Profits enable plants to expand and expansions create job opportunities anew.

Not to be overlooked in the political aspect of Pennsylvania's economic resurgence is the fact that Scranton, a millionaire about nine times, entered politics solely because he was concerned about joblessness.

He got a first hand view of chronic unemployment in his home Lackawanna County and ran for Congress in 1960 pledged to do something about it.

In March of 1962, shortly after he was tabbed for Governor, he told the Lancaster New Era during a Washington interview:

"With the proper climate, I believe that Pennsylvania's prominence in the national economy can be restored."

He was elected in 1962 and in the past 22 years there has emerged from Harrisburg a precise plan to get a larger share of national prosperity for Pennsylvania.

Generally the plan unfolded this way:

The business and industry community was asked what Government could do to restore investment confidence in the State.

The State's financial and administrative structure was stabilized.

Tax law changes were made to induce more industrial expansion and relocation within

Pennsylvania Industrial Development Authority liberalized loan policies to induce more investment in industry.

The eastern Pennsylvania economist said: the State. "Two forces are basically at work. "One is the general national expansion. "The other is the change in climate brought about by changes made in Harrisburg.

"Had the general national economy not responded, the State situation wouldn't look nearly so well as it does. The facts are that the national economy is favorable in the shorter run but the State is setting the stage for a longer term reversal.

"Pennsylvania is consolidating its past gains due to things that changed in Harrisgains due to things that changed in Harrisburg."

What changed? The economist said:

1. "The State is now trying to make it possible for people within Pennsylvania who are in business to be profitable, to grow, and to employ more people.

2. "The State has done much to correct the image that Pennsylvania is over the hill. It is no longer looked upon as a decadent State with old industry."

The unemployment compensation fund was stabilized by closing loopholes costing $35 million a year, and by asking industry to pay an additional $35 million into it.

Civil service was extended to State em

ployees in an effort to keep competent workers from the traditional political dismissal at a change of administrations.

The best technical minds in the State were enlisted to forecast what educational and technical skills should be available for today's and future labor forces.

State assets such as resources, geographic location, tourism, available work force, recreation opportunities, forestry, and agriculture was promoted by a comprehensive and vigorous advertising campaign.

A citizens group of 100,000 Pennsylvanians was enlisted to spread the news of the advantages of the State wherever they went.