In short, every action of State government was predicated on this question: What will it do for the economy?

A veteran State legislator with an exceptional record of obtaining projects for his home area over the years was asked how he did it. He replied:

"When Leader was Governor I tied everything to mental health; when Lawrence was Governor I tied it to traffic safety. With Scranton I tie it to the economy."

In addition to marshaling the State's resources, Scranton has also utilized every Federal resource available to aid the econoriy.

Pennsylvania has been among the first to: Qualify for the Appalachia program. Utilize the Manpower Retraining Act. Utilize the Neighborhood Youth Corps project to find jobs for youths aged 16 to 21 who are members of public assistance families.

One provision of the Appalachia program is also a Scranton idea that was proposed by him to President Johnson and accepted. It involves providing funds to reclaim and beautify areas left scarred by working out mining projects.

Scranton has also embraced such originally Democratic proposals as Pennsylvania Industrial Development Authority and Projject 70, improved upon them, and utilized them to aid the State's economic growth.

Even his ill-fated run for the presidential nomination had an "economic aspect" to it. Once asked to appraise the effect of a possible defeat, Scranton said, "At the very least, Pensylvania would get some good publicity out of it."

The State's prosperity and Scranton's and Scranton's emergence as a national presidential possibility have heightened the political infighting over the State's economic good fortune.

Democrats with a majority in the house of representatives, have copied virtually every major Scranton legislative proposal of the current session and made Democrats instead of Republicans the chief sponsors of the bills.

Purpose is to enable them to claim "credit" for the programs, some of which were theirs to begin with. Democrats contend Scranton hasn't demonstrated any particular ability toward getting the economy rolling.

They say he is merely exceedingly lucky to happen to be Governor at a time when national prosperity has been induced by Democratic administrations in Washington. Scranton, however, says that a record State financial surplus, created by increased taxes due to good times, is no accident.

He goes back to the issues that were placed before the people of the State in the 1962 gubernatorial election. He says the voters accepted those ideas and now they have been translated into State policy and law. sees this cycle as having taken place.

"The people have worked and sacrificed to pull Pennsylvania out of the doldrums. The people created this State government. The government has created a good economic climate.

the Nation and greater than other major States in these relative indicators of prosperity:

Joblessness reduced 3.6 percent faster than national rate from January 1963 to May of this year.

Joblessness reduced at a rate greater than any of 12 major industrial States between April 1964 and past April.

Jobless rate went below national rate for the first time in history on four occasions (June and October 1964 and April and May 1965).

State steel companies recaptured 1 percent of the national steel output in 1964 that was lost in 1961.

The 1964 steel output was Pennsylvania's best steel year since 1956.

Pennsylvania's personal income growth rate was behind the Nation's and eight other major States for 1961-62. During 1963-64 Pennsylvania improvement ratio was better than the Nation's and better than any State except Michigan.

Total bank assets in Pennsylvania trailed in the rate of growth among the seven leading bank asset States from 1960 to 1962. From 1962 to 1965 Pennsylvania led the others in the rate of growth improvement.

Growth of personal income in the State has increased by over $1 billion the first two times ever in 1963 and again in 1964.

The State's growth percentage of personal income was half the national rate in 1961-62. During 1963-64 Pennsylvania's growth rate was faster than the national rate.

Every segment of the State's economy except mining showed an increase in employment in 1964, the only year during the 4-year national upturn that so many segments gained jobs.

During 1961-62 only the finance and service segments of the economy showed job gains for that period. During 1963-64 job gains were registered by construction, manufacturing, utilities, facturing, utilities, trade, finance, and service.

Per capita income in Pennsylvania increased by 4.2 percent in 1964 compared to a national increase of 3.8 percent.

Industrial production in Pennsylvania increased 12 percent in 1964 compared to a national increase of 4 percent.

GROWTH OF BANK ASSETS

Tables show how Pennsylvania improved its position among Nation's seven leading bank asset States in asset growth rates between 1960-62 and 1962-64 (in millions of dollars):

Growth Rate of growth

THE OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAIN Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, I wish the RECORD could print the magnificent color photo that accompanied an article in the fall issue of the Farm Quarterly.

This is a picture of one of my favorite Oregonians, Mr. Ernie Lyman, on the summit of Mount Shasta, where he is identified as "one of the oldest climbers. to have conquered Mount Shasta."

Mr. Lyman is a sturdy Oregon farmer, who pulled himself out of a hospital after a series of operations for cancer, and as he approaches his 70th year, he is running up and down our Western mountains like a goat.

I ask unanimous consent that this article be printed in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

THE OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAIN

(By R. J. McGinnis) (NOTE.-Approaching 70, this farmer is reaching his peak as a speed climber of mountains; 4 years ago he was an invalid.)

Stooped shoulders and an aching back are not necessarily the only byproducts of a lifetime on a farm. Toil in the sun and air can build up a reserve of stamina and strength that can save a life when disaster strikes. Ernie Lyman, an aging Oregon farmer, discovered this when he pulled himself out of a hospital to become a mountain climber.

Ernie is somewhat of a celebrity in the Northwest. Five years ago, after a series of operations for cancer, doctors condemned him to semi-invalidism for the dwindling 20.5 years left to him. In the fall of 1963, he broke the 25-year-old record for a speedclimb of Mt. McLoughlin. Born in 1896, Ernie had just reached 67.

19.3 15.4

14.9

He

14.2

Growth Change Growth (Per- (Percent) cent)

+3.0

11, 706

17.4

+2.6

-1.5

-1.8

-2.8 -5.2 -5.4

"The climate has attracted business and industry which have created jobs and profits. Jobs and profits, through taxes, have led to higher revenues for State government.

"These revenues now flow back to the people through programs and services," the Governor said.

He adds that, "It is true, and I freely admit, that Pennsylvania's accomplishment has occurred at a time of national prosperity. "But our State has not always shared in, much less exceeded, national prosperity."

INDICATORS OF PROSPERITY Pennsylvania's economic rebirth has seen it chalk up improvement rates greater than

Pennsylvania.......

New York.. Massachusetts. California.. Illinois..

Texas. Ohio...

REDUCTIONS IN UNEMPLOYMENT

He lives on the farm where he was born. 13.1 The farm was homesteaded in 1869, soon after the Civil War, by his step-grandpa, who built a cabin on a slope above the Rogue River. Later he built a more pretentious house nearer the Rogue, under the shade of a grove of oak and pine. The original split shingles are gone and even the replacements are curling, and the clapboard siding is weathered gray by 93 years of rain and wind that sweep up the Rogue Valley. This is Ernie's home now. He runs cattle, summering them on the mountain pastures and sending them to market fat from 20 acres of peas, oats and pasture.

Table shows how Pennsylvania's rate of reducing jobless percent of the work force

As a boy he developed a sturdy pair of legs climbing the mountain pastures where the family cow ranged during the summer. "I

never walked when I could run," he says. "I ran up and down the mountains and during track season I ran 3 miles a day to the school in Gold Hill. I figure I walked or ran 12,000 miles during my school years, about 1,000 miles a year."

He grew up to be the runningest man in those parts. A little under 6 feet and carrying 190 pounds, he could, they say, outwork any two men in the community. He has long arms, big hands and feet, and a barrel chest. His granitelike features reflect the durability which has become a myth along the Rogue. Judge Earl Day, who employed Ernie at odd times on his neighboring ranch, says, "Ernie Lyman was the best pear picker I ever saw. He could hold four large pears in each of his big hands and he ran up the ladder and ran down. When he worked in the fields he never tired."

But Ernie broke about every good-health rule in the book. "I was so strong I thought I could take anything," he says. "I smoked like a chimney, drank coffee all day long, and never seemed to need sleep."

Then in 1946 the sins against his body caught up with him. He underwent a major operation for cancer of the throat. Part of his larynx was removed and he could speak only in a whisper, and that painfully. A year later, and again 2 years later, he had further respiratory surgery.

These were dark days for Ernie. Somehow he had to make a living for his family. The only craft he knew was farming, and you can't do much farming from a rocking chair. His wife, Marian, like himself of pioneer stock and a resourceful and energetic woman, took over.

They had sold all their cattle except the family cow, which threw a fine bull calf in the spring of 1946. Marian bought two bull Holstein calves from a neighboring dairyman, and arranged to have their alfalfa hay baled. They were in the calf business. They bought calves wherever they could find them, mostly crossbreds from dairy herds. Marian did the feeding, cleaned the stables, and found a market for the grass-fat steers. Between operations Ernie tottered around to add what help he could.

By 1961 they were marketing 12 to 15 steers a year and, with a kitchen garden and

a small cash income from walnuts and cherries, the Lymans were making out. Then

came Ernie's final and most serious bout

with cancer, which confined him to the hospital for over 2 months for X-ray treatment and left him to sit in a chair under the big oak by the kitchen door. And there, the doctors told him, he would have to stay if he hoped to live at all.

A sedentary man could have adjusted to this, but Ernie was not that sort of man, and he rebelled. "One day I was sitting under that tree and looking up at the mountain I had climbed so often tending the cattle. I said to myself, 'I'm going to do that again or die in the attempt.'

He eased himself out of his rocking chair and started for the mountain. It was a mile

and a half to the top. Ernie made it after many rests, his heart thumping and his legs trembling. The next day he tried it again. In 3 months he was dogtrotting up the lower slopes and climbing to the top. He timed himself, always trying to do better.

After Ernie conquered the neighboring mountains he looked around for new conquests. One of his neighbors, John Day, is somewhat of a physical marvel himself. A grandfather, he was in training for the Olympic cross-country ski team. He had specialized in speed-climbing and held many national records. Ernie became Day's pupil and climbing partner. He spent a year trailing after Day up and down the slopes of the mountains on Day's ranch. Day advised him to take off some weight and have his heart checked if he was ambitious to become a speed-climber. Ernie took off 25 pounds in a few weeks by running 2 and 3 miles a day in two suits of heavy underwear. His heart, the doctor said, was as sound as a dollar.

Feeling reassured, Ernie decided to try a speed-climb of Mount Thielsen which is 9,173 feet high and called Oregon's Matterhorn. He made the climb in 1 hour, 56 minutes not a record but considered very fast time indeed.

In August 1963 Ernie decided he was ready to make his mark. He would try for a speedclimb of Mount McLoughlin, whose snowcapped peak he had seen all his life from his back door. While Mount McLoughlin is not the most difficult peak to scale, it is 9,495 feet, and is not to be taken lightly.

With Bob Huff, track coach at Medford

High School, and John Day, he set out from Four Mile Creek at the base of the mountain. The climbers ran the first 2 miles of the ascent; from there on to the summit the slope turns sharply upward. The last 4,000 feet are a steep climb, strewn with boulders, jutting rock, and shale.

Huff reached the summit first. His stop

watch indicated that he made the climb in 1 hour, 44 minutes and 45 seconds. Ernie and John Day were close behind; their time had broken the 25-year-old record of 2 hours was 1 hour, 50 minutes and 35 seconds. Both and 5 minutes. Ernie lost 3 minutes digging a pebble from his tennis shoe.

Now he felt invincible and he looked around for other worlds to conquer. Last fall, in the company of the Wy'east Climbers, of Portland, Oreg., he scaled Mount Shasta, a 14,162-foot major peak of the Rockies. He kept pace with the pros. Though this was not a speed-limb, they did the 6,300 feet from the ski lodge to the summit in 6 hours and a couple of minutes.

When they told him he was probably the Ernie felt that all his labor, self-denial and oldest man who had ever climbed Shasta, persistence had paid off. He had vindicated his belief that there is nothing impossible for a man to do as long as he has life in his body

and the will to do.

Ernie has his plans for the future. This year he plans to climb Mount Rainier which is 14,410 feet high. In 1966, he hopes to tackle the higher and more difficult Mount Whitney. As for the majestic Mount McKinley, the highest peak in North America, he will only say, "Not yet, not yet."

Ernie now runs the calf operation and is able to take care of a small herd of cattle on

the mountain pastures. Marian has been released from her farm chores and can indulge her hobby, the vegetable garden, and an adjoining plot of iris and tulips. Ernie makes short work of the ranching and finds time each day for a run up and down the mountains that ring his homestead.

performed such a feat of rehabilitation. In his squeaky voice he explains how he

My pulse at rest is in the fifties. When I tell my doctors-the family doctor and the others-about my exercises and the mountain climbing, they just look at me without enthusiasm and shake their heads and say, 'Good luck.'

"The best advice I could give to anyone who wants to be a mountain climber is to get yourself born on a farm, run several miles every day of your life, and live clean." "And," he adds, "there are two don'ts I want to say. Don't take any exercise at any age, light or heavy, without your doctor's approval. And don't do like I do."

Lodged in that part of the world where national independence is often precarious, where neighbors often prove to be subversive enemies, Malaysia, under the ingenious leadership of Tunku Abdul Rahman, has made great strides in economic, social, and political development.

Eager to encourage economic growth, phere conducive to private enterprise the government has created an atmosand individual initiative. Eager to expand the individual opportunities and enhance the general well-being of all its citizens, massive programs of education and rural development have been undertaken. Eager for its government to be responsive to the interests and needs of all its people, Malaysia has developed a remarkably stable democracy and nurtured an administrative system of excelworld. lence matched in few other areas of the

Mr. President, Malaysia is a sterling example of the progress that can be made by an independent and dedicated people. I know that many Americans join with me in lauding their achievements and saluting their independence.

SYNAGOGUE COUNCIL OF AMERICA

LABOR DAY MESSAGE Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, Rabbi Seymour J. Cohen, president of the Synagogue Council of America and also spiritual head of the Anshe Emet congregation in Chicago, has written a thoughtful and inspiring Labor Day message. The continued influence of Judaism on on our society is interestingly brought to bear on our observance of Labor Day by Rabbi Cohen's comment that in the Jewish tradition the word for work and prayer are synonymous.

This message is of such a nature as to appeal to everyone, Mr. President, and I ask unanimous consent that it be printed in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the message was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

On Labor Day, 1965, the Synagogue Council of America extends its warm greetings and fraternal blessings to the American labor movement. In this good land, the forces of religion and of labor have worked in close and harmonious cooperation for many decades. Together we share the action and passion of our times. With all people of good will we are committed to building the better society for ourselves and our loved ones.

Judaism, since the dawn of its existence as a faith, has respected the laborer. Some of its greatest masters were humble craftsmen. In the Jewish tradition the word for work and prayer are synonymous. "Great is work," an ancient teacher taught, "for it honors the workman." "We do not consider work as a curse or even as a bitter necessity nor even as a means of making a living," a modern Jewish spokesman said, "we consider labor as a high human function, as the basis of human life." In the Biblical tradition, the first man was not to taste of anything until he had done some work. Only after God commanded him to "till and to tend" the garden (Genesis 2: 15) did He give man permission to eat of its fruit.

The Bible was consciously rejecting the pagan notion that labor was punishment. The ancient Greek word for labor had the double meaning of work and sorrow.

On this Labor Day, we must admit that much of our modern attitude toward leisure is conditioned by this pagan approach to labor. Some workingmen regard labor as a necessary evil and leisure as a relief. Judaism stresses that labor and leisure are part of a divinely ordained plan for the world. God Himself formed the world in 6 days. On the seventh day he ceased from His work and rested. This rhythmic pattern of work and rest, of labor and leisure is part of God's design for living. Leisure should not be regarded as an escape from work but rather as an opportunity to refresh our souls and renew our spirits. Leisure is to work what air is to the life of man. The more air you breathe out the more air you must breathe in. In our age so filled with tension, when man expends so much emotional energy in his work life, his leisure should be purposeful and his periods of rest creative.

Living in a bountiful land we recognize that despite the high material standards enjoyed by most Americans, there are still pockets of poverty. Millions of Americans are underemployed or unemployed. The rabbis taught that oppressive poverty deprives a man of a proper knowledge of God. Labor, management, and government must harness their efforts to conserve human resources, to spare people from the debilitating effects of unemployment. Every student of labor acknowledges that unemployment does much to harm the worker's emotional health and weakens his faith in himself. Judaism's concern for the underprivileged and the disadvantaged touches at the very heart of man's religious situation. Judaism does not make a fetish out of poverty. It asks that all who are able and willing to work be given a chance to earn their daily bread.

Speaking for a tradition that has placed great emphasis upon education, we urge that all Americans harness our collective power to improve academic, commercial, and tional training on every level. There are great unmet needs not only in the field of education but in better housing, the renewal of our cities, and the conservation of our countryside. The labor movement must help eradicate the blight of discrimination. The cause of the racially segregated should be the cause of those who only a few decades ago were the underdogs of American society. In this age where compassion has been sucked out of the soul of man, where bru

tality and violence are all too prevalent, the labor movement should do its share in helping to humanize our society. All of us All of us must struggle to restore the basic dignity of man in this trying time of depersonalization.

May our Heavenly Father, who made man His own partner in completing creation, give us the strength to build the better society. May our land under His providence be an example to all the world of how men and women join together in enhancing the common welfare.

TRIBUTE TO JUDGE HENRY J.
GWIAZDA

Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, PresiMr. President, President Johnson appointed Probate Judge Henry J. Gwiazda, of New Britain, Conn., as Chairman of the three-member National Selective Service Appeal Board, a panel on which he has served since 1961. Twice the mayor of New Britain, and judge in probate court since 1955, Henry Gwiazda has always been close to the people, involved with their problems and concerned that they meet with justice and fair treatment. I am indeed proud to be his friend, and I congratulate Judge Henry Gwiazda on this new

honor.

I ask unanimous consent that an article concerning Judge Gwiazda, which appeared in the Hartford Courant on August 30, 1965, be printed at this point in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

PROBATE JUDGE NEW BRITAIN'S GWIAZDE ACTS ON DRAFT APPEALS

(By Milton Berkowitz) President Johnson reached into New Brit

ain a fortnight ago and picked Probate Judge Henry J. Gwiazda as Chairman of the National Selective Service Appeal Board. Twice mayor of New Britain and a veteran of an armored division in World War II, Gwiazda was named to the three-member board in 1961 by the late President Kennedy. The term of office is "at the will of the President" and the Connecticut man, in this allimportant position, is answerable only to the President.

The New Britain probate judge will receive a per diem payment, based on the number of hours and days he is called upon to work.

Other board members are Dr. Kenneth Clement of Cleveland, Ohio and Attorney Charles N. Coulatos of Boston.

SUPREME COURT

As the judge says, "it is the Supreme Court of all selective service appeals."

The National Selective Service Appeal Board does not interview anyone; doesn't see anybody in connection with draft reclassifications. It merely looks over the papers of a registrant and adjudicates if an error has been made, or if the particular case warrants reclassification.

With the Vietnam crisis, and with other trouble spots around the globe, selective service is increasing its draft calls, and, as a result, more men are applying for deferments.

Regularly, at his office in New Britain's courthouse, Gwiazda receives a large, brown envelope containing a batch of important data of people in the 50 States.

The other two members of the board also receive the same information.

CONSIDER EACH CASE

Gwiazda and his colleagues, in their respective offices or homes, give serious con

sideration to each case and mark their findings in the appropriate space, and affix their signatures.

Returned to the national offices in Washington, if the three men's decision is unanimous, the decision stands. If it is a 2 to 1 vote, the matter is brought up for discussion at the committee's monthly meeting in the Nation's Capital.

"We try to reach a meeting of minds," said Judge Gwiazda, and some of the time the majority prevails.

There are 18 different draft classifications, and throughout the land, in Hawaii and Alaska, and wherever an American lives, requests are made to be placed in various categories.

Religious sects have been in the news during recent wars and times of emergencies, because some of their members believe they should not be required to bear arms.

These are the so-called conscientious objectors. However, there are students and those young men deemed by their employers to be engaged in sensitive work for the defense effort, and there are others who ask

for reclassification. From the local boards the appeals are transferred to the State appeal board, and then they are sent to Chairman Gwiazda's national selective service

appeal board for the final decision.

WELL SCHOOLED FIGURE

To this delicate national position comes a man well schooled in politics, in the Army, and in probate work.

A New Britain High School graduate and an athlete there, Gwiazda, at 55, is an able, aggressive competitor who has earned the respect of Democratic Party bigwigs and his own community.

His middle name is John, and his last name Gwiazda-means "star" in Polish.

His star has shone for some years and was especially bright when powerful forces alined against him when he ran twice for mayor, winning both times (he did not seek a third term) and twice when he beat off all opposition, and substantially, for the probate position.

His sworn political enemies in New Britain admit that "Henry's tough," and it's a safe bet that he'll be left alone now to carry on his work in the probate court of the New Britain-Berlin district, said to be one of the best operated courts in the State.

Gwiazda shipped overseas as a private, received a promotion to technician, fifth class, earned several battle stars in Europe with a tank outfit and later was transferred to an information and education division under Frank Kowalski, former Congressman.

JUDGE SINCE 1955

When he returned home, Gwiazda beat the late Republican George A. Quigley in the mayoralty campaign, twice. Later, he won out in a five-way Democratic primary for the probate judgeship, and won the election, and another one after that, going away. He has been probate judge since January 1955.

Gwiazda remains active in the New Britain community. He is a leader among Polish-American citizens, has held many offices and has performed much civic work. He is interested in scholarships for needy youths and is now a delegate from the sixth district to the Constitutional Convention and is cochairman of the judicial committee on resolutions of the convention.

"Somewhere, sometimes, somehow," says Judge Gwiazda, "every man, woman, and child living in our probate district will find their way into a probate court."

Not only does the probate court oversee wills and estates but, in its business, it covers many other things, like adoptions, marriage waivers, guardianships, alcoholic commitments, and the court is contacted by those struck by the ravages of time elderly who cannot take care of themselves; conservators.

THE WIDESPREAD USE OF ELECTRONIC EAVESDROPPING FACT OR FANCY? Magazines, newspapers, and Sunday supplements all find the subject of electronic eavesdropping stimulating enough, and set aside space for some inside revealing account on how your privacy is being invaded. From a professional point of view, it would be highly desirable to sort out fact from fiction. I would like to point out as quickly as possible that I do not have any unique sources of information that would make me the authority on the subject. I believe, however, that I can offer certain facts which can be blended with some educated guesses and finally tempered with technical information that can produce a reasonably accurate picture of the art of eavesdropping. Some writers and columnists would have their reading public believe that nothing they say goes unmonitored. These writers will tell you that your office phone is tapped, that the washrooms are bugged, that your boss has a hidden recorder in his desk.

Continuing on, they will warn you that matters or the sale of property, don't let the whenever you talk to anyone about legal fact that you are standing out on the sidewalk make you feel your conversation is completely private. For they will tell you

TAP

Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. President, the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure has received much conflicting evidence as to the extent of wiretapping and eavesdropping throughout the country. There is much "homework" yet to be done.

Meanwhile, a most interesting article on this subject has come to my attention. It is in the July 1965 edition of Law and Order and is written by Mr. William Shaw.

I ask unanimous consent that this article, entitled "An Introduction to Law Enforcement: Electronics and Communications," be printed at this point in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

[From Law and Order, July 1965] AN INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT:

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS
(By William Shaw)

In the strictest sense of the word surveillance is defined as the action of watching over or close watch. Today a new term, sound surveillance, is becoming popular and though there is no dictionary definition it might be listed as listening over or close listening. For the sake of everyday language it is better defined as "electronic eavesdropping."

To introduce this topic as a new and completely mysterious subject to the reader would be an affront to his intelligence. For what American man, woman, or child could not describe in great detail some portion of a movie or TV program in which a hidden microphone is supplying to an agent in the next apartment all the words being spoken by some unsuspecting group of people.

It is the purpose of this month's column first to delve into the major areas in which electronic eavesdropping is employed. Included are the results of a survey, limited in scope but comprehensive enough to indicate a realistic picture of electronic snooping.

Section (b) of part IV will describe the basic hardware used by eavesdroppers. In addition the devices employed to defeat snooping devices will be explored.

equipped with a transistorized battery-operated tape recorder or a miniature transmitter which is picking up every word you say.

The big question mark about electronic eavesdropping is not can it be done, but to what degree is this technique being used. Eavesdropping devices are not only feasible but are commercially available, thus any of the snooping techniques described by writers has no doubt been tried out. But on what scale? This is the important question that must be answered before the panic button is pressed.

To gather some factual information, I not only contacted some close associates who are connected with industrial and commercial, security departments but also law enforcement officials in several States.

In an attempt to get uniform replies from the security groups and the law enforcement officials, I prepared standard forms. The

form supplied those associated with plant or office security contained a request for the following:

1. Total number of organizations reviewed along with the type of business (industrial, laboratory, business office) along with the number of people employed by each.

4. Supply any additional information that would be useful.

The same notice appeared on this form, no names or places and use the self-addressed envelope supplied with the form.

TABULATION OF THE SURVEY

It took slightly over 4 months to retrieve all the forms. A total of 106 industrial, laboratory, and business office organizations were interviewed by my associates. Of the 106, 19 refused to supply any information whatsoever, but strangely enough practically all of these uncooperative people indicated they would like to see the result of the survey.

Of the 87 companies that responded, 55 were industrial, 14 were large retail stores, 11 were laboratories, 7 were business offices. A fairly good spread was obtained with respect to number of employees engaged; the largest had 3,400, the smallest just under 200.

law enforcement groups. Only 42 out of I was disappointed at the response from 93 contacted were willing to answer the questions. While disappointed, I was not too surprised at the poor return. The reason probably was many departments know that electronic snooping is a touchy subject and to admit to it, even in the strictest con

fidence, could be potentially embarrassing.

Of the 42 departments, 7 belonged to cities of over 150,000, 12 belonged to cities of over 75,000, 23 belonged to towns over 20,000.

THE RESULTS OF THE SURVEY

First, let me point out that this was a limited survey conducted on a voluntary basis by associates who were kind enough to go out of their way to gather the information I requested. On the good side of the ledger, however, is the fact that this was a random sample, small but random. Mathematicians who specialize in probability and statistics will tell you that even a small, truly random sample can be meaningful.

Second, it should be kept in mind that there is no way to verify these results as I had to depend completely on the integrity of the interviewers and the honesty of those interviewed.

countermeasures, etc.

3. Obtain opinions from those responsible for security as to the value of eavesdropping and the feelings their management hold about employing these snooping devices.

4. In large type I indicated that no names or places were to be included and that all information must be typewritten.

5. Finally the forms were to be returned in the self-addressed envelope supplied.

The reasons for complete dissociation with the interviewed, the interviewer, and myself were numerous. The most obvious of these was that it was hoped that more detailed and accurate information could be obtained if the supplier was assured his name and organization would not be placed on some master file. Also for my own peace of mind, as I then could not be considered a source of inside information.

The form supplied the law enforcement officials was somewhat different, containing the following:

1. Had they ever employed electronic snooping devices of any kind? If so, what

DATA FROM THE SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS Of the 55 industrial organizations, only admitted they had employed eavesdropping techniques. Of the nine, six said they had means to monitor selected groups of telephone extensions but indicated this was not a full-time operation. Three organizations indicated they had employed wiretapping and hidden microphones in washrooms and lounge areas. One of these three said they had tried out a miniature radio trans

mitter in a conference room.

Of the 14 retail stores, 9 indicated they had employed hidden microphones in washrooms and dressing rooms. Only four of this group said that they had the equipment operating on a regular basis. Not one store would admit to the use of wiretapping.

Laboratory groups were the least informative. Only 3 of the 11 admitted the use of electronic snooping equipment. However, all three indicated they use telephone monitoring, hidden microphones and "other de

The business office groups contacted did not have security departments in the strictest sense of the word, but rather building superintendents. The people holding this title were responsible for the overall handling of the premises, maintenance, supplies, and security, for whatever the word might mean. Of the seven business offices, two said

they had employed telephone monitoring on a part-time basis. Three of the remaining seven indicated that while they did not have nor did they intend to employ any form of snooping devices, they had sort of leaked out to their employees that such devices were being used.

Up to this point the survey indicates that while electronic snooping is employed by all the various groups included, it seems to suggest a limited use. In addition, you will note that with the exception of the one radio transmitter used for a test and the statement

"other devices" by the laboratory group, only

the well-known and time-honored techniques of wire taps and hidden microphones are employed.

REASONS FOR USING ELECTRONIC SNOOPING

To understand why eavesdropping devices are employed will give the reader some insight into the area of actual value. This is extremely important because the value of anything that costs in manpower, time, and money must be measured against the return it will bring.

1. Telephone monitoring, the survey indicated, was employed for the following reasons: (a) to get an idea how much of the telephone usage was for company business and how much was personal; (b) to gather information as to what opinions of the company the employees might be passing on to outsiders; (c) to discover if any employees were passing on trade secrets to competitors.

The survey did not contain any reports that telephone taps were used to spy on union activities.

2. Hidden microphones, the survey indicated, had a wide variety of uses: (a) to collect data on the number of people loitering in washrooms during working hours; (b) to gather information about the opinions employees had about supervision and management; (c) to listen in on the way stockroom personnel handled material orders; (d) to find out how sales people talked to customers and customer reaction; (e) in only one case did the survey indicate that a hidden mike was set up in a conference room for the purpose of recording the proceedings of a meeting with members of a competitive company. OPINIONS ON THE VALUE OF ELECTRONIC SNOOPING

In this area the survey moves away from the collection of statistics to what a person thinks. While this is very useful information, no precise value can be placed on the statements recorded. Once again, however, this random sample type of arrangement can supply a down-to-earth picture of what many people believe is the eavesdropping art. Note that I have carefully avoided injecting my own opinions into the survey as this will be done after this section has been completed.

(a) The majority of security chiefs have indicated that the value of listening in on employee telephone conversations without any specific or urgent reason is of questionable value. They indicate that in the majority of cases upper management makes the request for it. Seldom do security people suggest it.

(b) Security people feel that spying just for the sake of spying can cause more trouble than it is worth.

(c) Those security people employed by firms engaged in Government work or experimental commercial work do feel that there is worth to monitoring selected extensions. The basic reason is not to catch people stealing secrets but rather to determine how loose security procedures are.

(d) The general consensus on the value of telephone monitoring with respect to catching employees in the process of committing dishonest acts was lukewarm.

(e) The hidden microphone application in washrooms and lounge areas is considered a low blow by most security chiefs. A few, however, thought that the information ob

(f) The use of hidden microphones at sales desks was not considered a security operation by most but rather a sales force efficiency check and customer reaction arrangement.

(g) The majority of the interviewed indicated that they did not understand the mechanics of electrons snooping but they felt it was their responsibility to learn as much about it as possible.

(h) Security chiefs in plants doing work for the Government felt that not only did they want to learn more about snooping techniques and the hardware employed but the countermeasures used to defeat these devices.

SUMMATION OF THE SECURITY CHIEF'S SURVEY

Nowhere can you find the application of some exotic device to accomplish some adventurous assignment. But let's be realistic. One, I will be the first to admit that the sample was extremely small; two, to obtain a large, accurate sample a large staff of full-time interviewers would have had to be recruited; three, not only would the large

volume of data have been difficult to assemble but there is no way to be sure that it would have been any more informative; four, there are no doubt security groups within the portion of the "refused to answer" section who would not reveal under any circumstances what they are doing.

Now, the widespread use of electronic eavesdropping, fact or fancy? It is my opinion that there is far less electronic snooping that many of the "exposé writers" would have you believe. My reasons for saying this, I believe, are basic. Hardheaded businessmen must see an end result of a monetary gain of some kind before they will invest in equipment, installation, and manpower costs for electronic snooping. People in top management must also consider the company image, for labor-management relationships can become quite strained if the employees suspect they are being spied upon. On the other hand, to brush off the subject of electronic snooping as nonexistent would be naive.

The writer who screams out warnings about the invasion of privacy can present some factual and logical arguments to support his claims. It is a matter of record that the Federal Communications Commission has detected and caught people using miniature radio transmitters for the purpose of snooping. Further, there are documented court cases where illegal wiretapping evidence has caused an uproar.

The extremely important factor makes accurate evaluation of this topic difficult is the current availability and low cost of the devices used in electronic snooping. For example, battery operated, transistorized, miniature tape recorders can be purchased for as low as $15. If one shops If one shops around a reasonable good unit with excellent voice quality reproduction can be had for $50. Fancy rigs with all kinds of features can be bought for about $200. Subminiature microphones cost as little as $2, a miniature 3-stage audio amplifier costs less than $5. Countless tinkerers and hobbyists can build a simple but effective hidden microphone system for under $15. Miniature radio transmitters, about the size of a pack of cigarettes, which can transmit up to 200 feet, can be bought for as low as $39.50. Hobbyist magazines supply detailed plans on how to build long-range sound pickups (price of parts less than $30). Admittedly, these devices are not capable of professional results but they can handle the basic jobs in snooping. In the second section of electronic eavesdropping, I will describe the hardware in reasonable detail. In essence, the widespread availability of electronic devices that can be employed to snoop coupled with the low cost of these

able to one and all. So, is it any wonder that a person with imagination could dream up a tremendous number of situations where these devices might be used? Who could prove him wrong?

DATA FROM LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

As mentioned in the section "Tabulation

of the Survey," only 42 of the 93 law enforcement contacts were willing to fill out the forms. Of the 42 departments, responding, 34 indicated that they had employed wire tapping occasionally. Twelve departments indicated they found the technique useful enough to use it whenever possible.

Only 15 departments indicated that they had ever employed hidden microphones on cases. Six departments said they owned brief case type kits consisting of wiretap equipment, microphones, amplifier and batteryoperated tape recorders.

All but five departments indicated that the rooms they had set aside for interrogation were wired for sound. However, most said the equipment was seldom used.

Not one department said they have ever employed or owned a miniature wireless microphone. (More on this later.)

As you can see, this portion of the survey is pretty thin, but notice the similarity between the security and law enforcement sections. Both indicated a limited use of snooping equipment. Telephone monitoring was the major source of information.

REASONS FOR USING ELECTRONIC SNOOPING

1. The primary use of the telephone monitor (wiretap) as indicated by the survey was to help solve a case, not as a means to get tape-recorded information for court purposes.

2. The hidden microphone and recorder were listed as a means to get the accused to admit to his or her crimes. An equally important application was to aid in obtaining information that would help to solve the case. OPINIONS ON THE VALUE OF ELECTRONIC SNOOPING

(a) The majority of the departments that employed wiretapping techniques indicated that only a small percentage of their cases were of such a nature that telephone monitoring was practical; that the time and effort required to set up the tap before the situation changed was in most cases too great.

(b) Most law enforcement officials felt that wiretap and hidden mike equipment should be part of a department's kit of tools but they also felt that it has limited use.

(c) Several departments indicated that they had seen and heard the wireless mike demonstrated but not one would comment on its usefulness.

(d) One department head supplied a detailed list of electronic devices that were available to him through a civic-minded hobbyist. His report indicated that he was quite knowledgeable in the subject, but it was devoid of any application notes.

SUMMATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT SURVEY

As you can see, this part of the survey was even less informative than the security section. It does, however, in my opinion, indicate that wiretapping and hiding microphones in various locations are not as widespread as some people would have you believe. This becomes obvious when you run down the list of crimes that an average department comes into contact with each week. I had made comment earlier that I would discuss the reason why little or no information was obtained on the miniature radio transmitter, more commonly referred to as the wireless mike. Most law enforcement officials, as well as security chiefs, know that the Federal Communications Commission in its rules and regulations spells out what is and is not permitted with respect to lowpower radio transmitters. Simply stated, all types of electronic snooping that depend on