and management of forest lands. The training of a professional forester is comparable to that of a civil engineer, or lawyer, or other qualified professional man.

Nonprofessional forest workers usually work under the general supervision of professional foresters. They may include such forestry technicians as timber cruisers, fire dispatchers, log scalers, and road survey party chiefs; or forestry aids such as lookouts, fire control assistants, smokejumpers, and recreation guards. Skilled workers in many trades also are needed in forestry work-mechanics, electricians, welders, bulldozer operators, cooks, and others. Federal, State, and other forestry agencies and forest industries, of course, have need in their offices for clerical workers-payroll clerks, mail and file clerks, stenographers, and typists. And there are jobs for semiskilled and unskilled laborers, in the woods, in forest industry plants, and in the offices.

When Bob said he wanted to be a ranger, he probably had in mind a U.S. Forest Service ranger on a national forest; 9 out of every 10 letters on this subject received by AFA indicate this preference. Very likely he saw in his mind's eye a man on horseback, riding along a trail through deep woods or pausing on a height to view a vast expanse of timbered hills. The work of the U.S. forest ranger has been glamorized in fiction and in movies and television dramas. Sometimes a ranger's work may involve just such exciting adventures as the TV and movies depict. But forest rangers have many other things to do besides rescuing lost or injured persons, or tracking down the "bad guys" who have been stealing Government timber. And rangers nowadays do most of their traveling by automobile or pickup truck, rather than on horseback.

We hope Bob will become a ranger, but we must tell him that he will not be stepping into the job at 17. A U.S. District forest ranger is a professional forester. He trained for the job with at least 4 years of college work. He didn't step into the job even then. Young college-trained foresters usually enter the U.S. Forest Service as assistant rangers or junior foresters. It may be several years before they are promoted to the job of district forest ranger.

A district forest ranger is the administrator and manager of a large area of forest land-a national forest ranger district that may cover several hundred square miles. He is responsible for the protection of his forest and its resources from fire, for the growth, management, and sale of its timber crops, the safeguarding of its watershed values, the development of its wildlife habitat and recreational facilities, the leasing of land for resorts and other special uses, the granting of permits for livestock grazing, and the management of recreational use. He may have one or more assistant rangers and a number of technicians, foremen, aids, and other workers on his staff. The volume of business he conducts may be larger than that of any other enterprise in the community.

The job of U.S. District forest ranger is only one of many important jobs in forestry.

FOREST MANAGEMENT AND MULTIPLE USE

Forestry has been defined as the scientific management of forests and forest lands for the continuous production of goods and services. Most jobs in forestry are concerned more or less directly with the management of lands. Some forest lands are managed for a specific purpose. An industrially owned tract, for example, may be managed primarily for the production of timber crops for lumber, pulp and paper, or other wood products. A tract of watershed land owned by a municipality or a water company will be managed primarily to improve and protect its values as a source of community water supply. The principal purpose of a national park is to protect and preserve certain outstanding natural phe

nomena or scenic values and to facilitate public study and enjoyment of these values. On many State parks and on national areas, the main objective is to provide opportunities and facilities for picnicking, camping, hiking, and other forms of public outdoor recreation. On a wildlife refuge, the main objective, of course, is to maintain and protect good habitat for wildlife.

Even on such single-purpose forest areas, the forest manager and his staff have a variety of tasks. They may have to make land surveys, or mark and cruise timber. They may need to plan and direct the reforestation of some cutover or burned-over lands, or conduct special soil erosion control or flood-control measures. Usually they also plan and direct the control of forest fires and tree pests.

Our great national forest (there are more than 150 of them, comprising more than 180 million acres, located in some 40 States) are managed for all of the various land uses mentioned above, and for other uses as well. Foresters call this multiple-use management, and right here is where your education as a forester starts. Multiple-use management means that within a national forest certain areas may be devoted to recreation, certain areas to timber growing, certain areas to livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, mineral production, preservation of outstanding scenic values, or other uses. Many areas within the forest may be devoted to a combination of several of these uses. If the national forest is in hilly or mountainous country, most or all of it is managed to safeguard its watershed values. The management of the forest as a whole looks to the development and coordination of all of these uses.

OWNERSHIP AIMS VARY

A young professional forester, assigned to a national forest, is likely to engage in many kinds of activities. He might be called upon to survey boundary lines, to cruise or inventory timber, to select and mark trees for cutting and help supervise the sale of timber, and the logging operations of the purchaser. He might help direct tree planting operations or timber stand improvement work, or the use of forest ranges by livestock owners for the grazing of cattle or sheep under permit. On some forests he would spend much time on maintaining and improving recreation facilities and on controlling their use by the public. Very likely, he would help to supervise the work of fire lookouts, "smokechasers," and other subprofessional employees in the forest's fire protection organization.

The work of a young forester on a State forest or an industrial forest would be generally similar, except that on an industrial forest a greater proportion of the activity would probably be devoted to the growing and harvesting of the timber. Work for counties or municipalities may also involve multiple-use management of local forests, or it may call for special attention to watershed management or to park and recreation development.

As the young forester gains in experience and demostrates his capabilities he will be given greater administrative and technical responsibilities. He may be promoted to district ranger, or the equivalent position on a State or industrial forest, and perhaps eventually to forest supervisor or other higher administrative post. Or, because of a particular interest or aptitude, he may go in for special work in watershed management, range or wildlife management, timber management, or some other specialized field. Then he will work up to a staff position on a national forest, and perhaps to a regional staff or to other special work in his field.

COOPERATIVE FORESTRY WORK

In the field of forest management, there are also many jobs calling for advisory work

a Federal-State cooperative forest management program, many State forestry departments employ "farm foresters" or "service foresters" whose work is to help farmers and other owners of forest tracts in preparing and carrying out management plans for their woodland holdings. These management plans are intended to make a woodland tract more productive so that it will bring greater continuing returns to its owner and continue to help meet the country's needs for timber. Other service foresters work with the owners and operators of small lumber mills and other small wood processing plants, helping them to improve their processes and operate more efficiently.

FOREST CONSULTANTS

Some foresters hang out their shingles as self-employed consulting foresters. For a fee, they advise and assist private forestland owners, and sometimes public agencies, in such matters as making appraisals, studying investment possibilities, marketing timber, making timber management plans, and supervising timber operations. Some forestry consultants are permanently retained to direct the management of forested estates or other timber properties. A few have built up businesses big enough to employ several younger foresters as assistants.

Usually a forester goes into private consulting work only after he has acquired considerable previous experience.

RESEARCH IN FORESTRY

As in other fields of science, the search for new knowledge in forestry goes on continuously. Young foresters with a special liking and aptitude for study and investigation may wish to go into research. Research in forestry is carried on by the Federal Government-mainly the U.S. Forest Service, by some State agencies, by colleges and universities, and by a number of the larger forest industry companies. The vistas here are wide and the rewards can be great.

By far the largest and most comprehensive forestry research program is that of the Forest Service in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Forest Service maintains 10 regional forest experiment stations.

Within the region served by each of the stations, the Forest Service has a number of project centers and experimental forests. It is at these field locations that most of the actual on-the-ground studies are conducted. At one, a research forester may be studying tree-soil relations in a particular forest type; at another, investigations may be under way on the biology and control of certain forest insects; at another, the subject of study may be watershed management in the mountain snow zone. Some of the western regional forest experiment stations are called "forest and range" experiment stations because studies in the management and utilization of grassland ranges is included in their research programs.

In the Washington, D.C., headquarters office of the Forest Service, a Deputy Chief of the Service heads up all research. Under his supervision are half a dozen divisions which provide overall direction for the research program. One division is concerned with timber management research, which includes studies in forest genetics or tree breeding to produce trees superior to present ones in growth rate, wood quality, resistance to disease, or other special qualities; studies on three site requirements, growth characteristics, and other silvicultural problems (silviculture: the art of producing and tending a forest); and studies in tree physiology, nursery, and planting techniques, timber growth rates, and harvesting methods. Other divisions deal with research in watershed management, range forage, and livestock grazing practices, wildlife and fish habitat, forest fire, forest insects, and diseases, forest products utiliza

tion and forest engineering. A division of forest economics and marketing research supervises studies on the financing of forest operations, forest products requirements and demand, marketing of forest products, and various other statistical and economic studies. This division also conducts a nationwide survey and inventory of the forest resources of the United States.

RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED

At the colleges and universities, much forestry research is underway. Many of the faculty members in the forestry schools do part-time work on research projects along with their teaching. Often these projects

are concerned with what scientists call fundamental research-that is, research aimed at expanding our basic knowledge, rather than applying knowledge to a particular problem. Some research in forestry and related subjects also goes on at the agricultural experiment stations maintained at State agricultural colleges. An act of Congress passed in the early 1960's authorized Federal grants of funds to colleges and universities to aid and encourage more research in forestry.

Some of the larger pulp and paper, lumber, and other forest products companies have research programs, devoted mainly to problems of growing and managing timber, and harvesting and processing timber products. This is called applied research. Some of the forest industry associations sponsor research in such fields as timber engineering, either by members of their own staffs or by colleges and other institutions.

THE NEED FOR GOOD TEACHERS Foresters have to be taught forestry, so some people go into teaching. Outstanding graduate students at the colleges and universities may be offered appointments as instructors. If they are successful in teaching work, they may rise to full professorships. A few become deans and one became president of a university.

Others may go into teaching after several years in forestry work with the Federal Government, State forestry agencies, or private industry. Some practical woods experience is helpful to any teacher.

Elementary forestry and conservation are taught in some high schools and vocational schools. Some foresters who have gone into high school teaching have found their forestry useful as a background for teaching science and other subjects.

RELATED CONSERVATION FIELDS

Except, perhaps, for fisheries management, forestry was the first field of natural resource conservation in which special professional training became available. As a result, men trained in forestry were among the first to go into a number of related fields, such as soil conservation, range management, wildlife management, watershed management, park administration, and recreation development. Instruction in most of these related fields is now included in the forestry curricula of many colleges and universities. And, in recent years, special curriculums in wildlife management and in recreation have been offered at some institutions.

Special courses in soil conservation and soil science are given at the agricultural colleges. Soil scientists determine the physical and chemical properties of various soils, and make soil surveys to determine what the land is capable of and how it can be used. The work of soil conservationists may include making soil maps, helping farmers and ranchers make plans for the use of their properties based on land capabilities, and aiding watershed groups, recreation agencies, construction men, and highway departments on problems of soil stabilization and land

use. In the western mountains, soil conservationists conduct snow surveys as a means of forecasting amounts of water available

for irrigation, and municipal and industrial for irrigation, and municipal and industrial use. The Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, is the country's leading employer of soil conservationists. In its broad program of soil conservation work, it also employs agronomists, soil scientists, foresters, range conservationists, engineers, biologists, geologists, hydrologists, and agricultural economists.

Wildlife management and fisheries management specialists are employed by the State fish and game departments and in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. A few find employment with hunting clubs, conservation organizations, and other public agencies or private concerns where some fish or wildlife management work is carried on as a part of other programs. Wildlife managers may be involved in administration of refuges, habitat-improvement programs, or the enforcement of game laws. Or they may engage in research on wildlife management problems or on problems of disease, nutrition, or habitat requirements of individual species. In the conservation of fishery resources, the work may involve projects for providing or improving fish habitat in streams and lakes, propagating fish in hatcheries and stocking fishing waters, and the enforcement of fish

ing laws. Research is conducted on the growth, food habits, and management problems of fish. Marine biologists carry on similar work with salt water species, including not only commercial and sport fish, but other aquatic organisms such as shrimp, oysters, clams, crabs, sponges, whales, seals, and seaweeds.

Range conservationists and watershed managers are employed by the U.S. Forest Service for work on the national forests and by the Bureau of Land Management in the Department of the Interior for work on the public lands. Other Federal and State agencies also employ considerable numbers of these specialists, especially the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Watershed managers find some employment with counties and municipalities, water and power companies, and, occasionally, with other industries. Range conservationists may be employed as ranch managers and managers or consultants on industrial properties. A goal of many a range conservationist is to own and operate a livestock ranch of his own. The work of ranch managers usually involves planning and obtaining effective and economic grazing use of rangeland, improving forage production by the application of good grazing techniques and by reseeding, brush removal, and other range improvement practices, and coordinating livestock grazing with wildlife management and other land uses. Watershed management work involves the establishment of vegetative controls, small dams and other works for flood prevention, planning and carrying out measures to improve watershed conditions and increase water yields, and coordinating watershed protection with timber management, grazing, and other land uses. Much research is under way, too, in both the range and watershed management fields.

The

The work of recreation specialists includes the administration of Federal, State, and community parks, supervision of recreation programs on National, State, and industrial forests, and planning and designing recreation areas and facilities, such as camping and picnic grounds, hiking trails, swimming places, and winter sports areas. national parks and some other parks also employ certain specialists such as park naturalists, archeologists, and historians, whose jobs are to interpret park features to visitors. There is a broad field of recreation work concerned with the development of playgrounds and municipal recreation facilities, and with planning and conducting group recreation programs and activities of young folks and adults. This kind of recreation work calls for training primarily in such subjects as

sociology or physical education rather than in forestry and land use. Recreation today offers the young forester a tremendously challenging and little-explored field.

TRAINING FOR FORESTRY

To be a professional forester, college training in forestry is practically a must. A minimum of 4 years of college work, leading to a bachelor's degree or equivalent, is required.

Many young men continue with advanced work for graduate degrees, especially those who wish to go into forestry research or into some specialized phase of forestry or related conservation work.

In high school, prospective forestry students should get as broad a general background as possible, in order to qualify for college work. It is not necessary nor desirable that you try to specialize in forestryrelated subjects here, but you should be sure to take the preparatory work available in chemistry, physics, mathematics, biological sciences, English literature and composition, and public speaking.

Your first years of college are devoted to broadening your cultural background and acquiring a foundation in scientific, engineering, economic, and social studies. Then, usually starting in your junior year, come technical courses in forestry, such as silviculture, forest management, forest protection, forest economics, and forest utilization.

Those who continue with graduate work choose some special subject to dig into more deeply.

Many of the forestry schools conduct sum. mer-school camps where the students get extra in-the-woods training. Many forestry students also get in-the-woods experience through employment in National or State forests or with lumber companies during the summer vacation periods. The U.S. Forest Service and most other forestry agencies, as a matter of general policy, give preference to forestry students over other college students in hiring young men for summer jobs.

Education in forestry need not end when one receives his degree. Practicing foresters now have opportunities for continuing professional education, through conferences, seminars, short courses, and other educational devices designed to help professionals keep abreast of new developments in their particular fields of interest. The colleges and universities, Federal and State agencies, professional organizations, and the forest industries often cooperate in arranging and conducting such special conferences or courses. The U.S. Forest Service and other agencies also provide job opportunities for special on-the-job training for their own employees.

SCHOOLS OF FORESTRY

In 1898, the first college course in the United States leading to a professional degree in forestry began with the establishment of the State College of Forestry at Cornell University. Cornell still has a department of forestry but no longer offers a full professional curriculum in this subject. The oldest American forestry school in continuous existence is at Yale University. Yale's forestry school was started in 1900.

Cornell's first graduate in forestry in 1900 was this country's one and only forestry graduate from an American school. Today more than 40 schools of forestry at American colleges and universities are turning out more than 1,500 forestry graduates a year. More than 400 each year earn advanced degrees.

ACCREDITED SCHOOLS

The Society of American Foresters has a standing committee for the advancement of forestry education which investigates the institutions offering professional training in forestry. The committee evaluates the status of each institution's forestry program, the size, duties, and qualifications of the faculty, the library and laboratory facilities,

and other factors. Institutions that meet the society's high standards for professional training are placed on an accredited list. At the present time the list of accredited forestry schools in the United States are:

Auburn University, Department of Forestry, Auburn, Ala.

University of California, School of Forestry, Berkeley, Calif.

Clemson University, Department of Forestry, Clemson, S.C.

Colorado State University, College of For

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have the editorial "Foreign Aid Put in Perspective" published in the Houston Post of June 20, 1965, printed in the RECORD.

Colo.

as follows:

[From the Houston Post, June 20, 1965]

FOREIGN AID PUT IN PERSPECTIVE One of the favorite tactics of critics of the around without relating them to anything U.S. foreign aid program is to toss figures meaningful.

To most people, a billion dollars is a horrendous figure beyond the capacity of their imaginations, and they cannot relate it to anything concrete in their experience. Taking advantage of this, foreign aid critics like to cite the huge sum that the program has cost this country since it was started following World War II. While picturing it as charity, they try to create the impression that it is a tremendous burden that the American people cannot afford.

For that reason Senator ROBERT F. KENNEDY of New York made a point during Senate debate on the pending foreign aid measure that deserves more attention than it is likely to receive.

He pointed out that 15 years ago, in 1950, the United States was contributing a sum

equal to 10 percent of the Federal budget and almost 2 percent of the Nation's gross national product to economic development in the rest of the world.

Today, this spending amounts to only 3 of 1 percent of the gross national product.

of Forestry, Durham, N.H.

North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina, School of Forestry, Raleigh, N.C.

Oregon State University, School of Forestry, Corvallis, Oreg.

HOUSTON POST COMMENDS SENATOR KENNEDY FOR PLACING FOREIGN AID IN PERSPECTIVE Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, out of the sound and fury of political propagandizing, it is often difficult for one to maintain the proper perspective. However, once in a while a speech or editorial cuts through the fog like a sharp ray of sunlight.

Such a service was rendered to the Senate a few months ago by the distinguished junior Senator from New York [Mr. KENNEDY] during debate on the foreign aid bill. He pointed out that whereas in 1950 the United States was spending 10 percent of the Federal budget and almost 2 percent of our gross national product on foreign aid, today, although we are still spending approximately the same $3 billion a year, we are allocating only 3 percent of the Federal budget or one-half of 1 percent of our gross national product to foreign aid. As Mr. KENNEDY pointed out, in 1965 we are putting only approximately one-third the effort into foreign aid that we did 15 years ago.

As the Houston Post noted in an excellent editorial, this observation really puts our present foreign aid program into perspective. I commend the Senator

In other words, the U.S. Government to

day is making less than one-third the effort it was making in this area 15 years ago. Because of change in the situations of many countries that have received help in the past and an increased ability on their part to stand on their own feet, it has been possible to curtail annual aid expenditures. This alone is eloquent testimony to the effectiveness of the program.

The approximately $3 billion a year that still is being spent on foreign aid may seem like a very large sum when it is used as an isolated figure, and it is large, of course. A billion of anything is quite a lot numerically. But the cost of the program has to be related to other relevant figures to be meaningful, and when it is, the foreign aid expenditure seems very much smaller.

Senator KENNEDY and some others are ask

ing whether or not, in light of the great needs of the people of the world and this country's vastly increased responsibilities, we are spending as much on foreign aid today as we should.

Senator JOSEPH CLARK of Pennsylvania said in the Senate discussion that the United States should be thinking about a $10 billion program of economic aid, in addition to military aid, instead of concentrating on how to reduce present appropriations.

Those who are opposed to any foreign aid will dismiss all this as a liberal point of view and therefore not worthy of consideration. But, assuming that the program is managed intelligently and efficiently and conducted in such a way that it truly serves conducted in such a way that it truly serves the national interest, the question raised is one that Americans of conscience should not ignore.

In any event, Senator KENNEDY did something that badly needed to be done. He helped place the present allocation for foreign aid in proper perspective.

I do not mean to minimize the suffering or injustices or frustration which helped to make Los Angeles and Chicago out that such violence runs counter to riots possible. However, I want to point the entire tradition of the American Negro and counter to the teachings of the legitimate civil rights movement.

A new element has been added to the situation in American Negro communities which makes them more riot-prone. This new element is the existence of organized extremist groups, preaching hatred, and committed to acts of violence. In addition to the Black Muslims, there are some hundreds of Negroes who are members of the Communist Party, or of the pro-Peiping Progressive Party, and there are other groups like the Deacons scattered around the country.

The broadcasts of the renegade American Negro Robert F. Williams, over Castro's Radio Dixie, constitute an open, crude, and brutal incitation to violence. They are now encouraging all American Negroes to follow the example of Los Angeles and to carry it further.

To give you an idea of the inflammatory nature of these broadcasts, I want to quote a few paragraphs from Robert F. Williams' broadcast of August 21 over Radio Dixie:

Yes; Los Angeles, Los Angeles. The glorious spirit of our brutally dehumanized people of the ghetto has restored our selfrespect, our human dignity. Los Angeles is a warning to oppressive racists who said, they can no longer enjoy immunity from retribution for their brutal crimes of violence and oppression of our people.

They are going to become ever more critical.

My brothers and sisters, times are critical.

We are facing a future wherein the streets shall become like rivers of blood. Let us be prepared to fight to the death, organize, arm, learn to shoot and to handle explosives. When the impending showdown comes, use the match and the torch unsparingly. The flame of retribution must not be limited to

urban buildings and centers, but the countryside must go up in smoke also. Remember the forests, the fields, and the crops. Remember the pipelines and oil storage tanks. Yes, let it be known to the world that we shall meet their sophisticated weapons of violence with the crude and simple flame of a match. We cannot escape our historical mission of destiny any more than our oppressors can escape the destiny of retribution.

I am informed that Radio Dixie broadcasts over only a limited area of the country-as far west as Texas and as far north as Virginia. It would be an exaggeration, therefore, to state that these broadcasts were directly responsible for the Los Angeles riots.

There is every reason for believing, however, that, to the extent that the Castro Communists and Peiping Com

munists have influence in the American Negro community, their followers are encouraged to foment unrest, to take part in Negro riots and uprisings, to seek to provide them with leadership and direction, and to seek to extend the area of hostilities.

So, while the broadcasts of Radio Dixie may not reach as far as Chicago and Los Angeles, it would be a fair conclusion that the contents of these broadcasts concide with the guidelines laid down by the Castro agents in this country for their followers in the American Negro community. There may not be many American Negroes who follow the CastroPeiping line. I doubt that there are as many as 1,000, and I think the number would be nearer several hundred. But in an inflammatory situation a handful of trained agitators, committed to violence and arson, can do an awful lot of damage.

It is a matter of record that Communist cadres undergo systematic training in the techniques of organizing riots and breaking through police lines. There is even a Communist handbook on the subject which has been distributed in many languages.

It is a matter of record, too, that, quite apart from providing leadership in riot situations, a handful of Communists in key positions can suffice to take over an entire country-as they did in Cuba, as they did in the Brazzaville, Congo, as they did in Zanzibar, and as they recently almost succeeded in doing in the Dominican Republic.

So let no one minimize the capacity for mischief of a handful of Communists. And let no one minimize the danger inherent in the fact that, in every major metropolitan center in the United States, there exists at least a handful of Communist extremists committed to the Castro-Peiping line.

Patterns of Communist activity are difficult to pin down, especially in riot situations. But I do read some significance into the fact that apparently some of the rioters made their first targets the gunshops and pawnshops in the Watts area and that not only did they succeed in escaping with many hundreds of weapons, but they systematically set the torch to all gunshops they had looted so that even the owners could not know how many guns were stolen and how many destroyed. The rioters also made

prime targets of drugstores for the purpose of obtaining narcotics, and of liquor

stores.

There is, therefore, some serious reason for believing that Castro had a hand, or at least a finger, in the Los Angeles riots, and that we may anticipate more trouble from this source over the coming period.

I don't mean to imply that if there were no Castro-Communist influence in the American Negro community, there would have been no Los Angeles riots. This would be a gross oversimplification. In order to effectively eliminate the danger of racial explosions like Los Angeles, we will have to eliminate the social conditions that breed frustration and anger and hatred among our Negro citizens.

We will have to eliminate the Negro ghettos.

We will have to conquer the serious residue of discrimination that still exists in our society.

We will have to achieve the goal that the administration has set for our Nation-the goal of a society free from every form of religious and racial discrimination, where every citizen not only enjoys complete political equality, but complete social equality and equality of opportunity as well.

But let us have no illusions. These goals are not going to be achieved overnight, even with the best of intentions and the most energetic programs.

During the period of readjustment to the American society of the future, it is my hope that our Negro citizens will continue to follow the lead of the responsible leaders of the civil rights movement, who have repeatedly warned them against the dangers of violence.

It is my hope that, with the help of these leaders, they will be able to discipline their more unruly members, and expose and isolate the agents of Castro and Mao Tse-tung, who urge the American Negroes to emulate Los Angeles and pursue the fatal path of violence.

FEEDING THE HUNGRY WITH U.S.

FARM SURPLUSES

such a low point, that there are not enough of some of basic commodities to maintain a 6-month reserve for home consumption.

ADMIT PROBLEMS

They admit that the problems in their plan could be many and complicated. But they argue that the results would be good for American farmers as well as for international relations. They believe President Johnson agrees.

The roots of the food-for-peace (FFP) program lie in a 1954 law which provides for the distribution of surplus U.S. crops to have-not nations. The food may be given, bartered, sold for the currency of the receiving nation, or bought through a 40-year American loan plan.

In 1961 the program was designated food for peace, with MCGOVERN as its first director. But he found his office carried little authority. He resigned in 1962 to run for the Senate. But his 18-month exposure to FFP left its mark.

On one side of the world he had seen mass graves of those who had starved to death; children whose gaunt limbs and distended stomachs testified to their hunger, and some blind from lack of proper nourishment.

At home were millions of acres taken out of production in a continuing battle against too much food, even while farmers declared that their private economic depression could eventually engulf the cities.

BILL LACKING

President Johnson suggested in his farm message to Congress establishment of strategic reserves of food but he submitted no bill to accomplish this.

Representative CLAIR A. CALLAN, Democrat, of Nebraska, did so June 3 with a measure which called for reserves of food equal to half a year's requirements.

Under his proposal, for example, 600 million bushels of wheat would be kept on hand. That would leave only 41 millions for distribution abroad.

Two weeks later MCGOVERN submitted to the Senate an International Food and Nutrition Act of 1965. It would authorize an additional $500 million of foods of all kinds, not merely those now surplus, for distribution to hungry nations.

Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, ever since he served as director of the foodfor-peace program, my distinguished colleague, GEORGE MCGOVERN, has been America's leader in urging us to undertake a more comprehensive, worldwide "war against want." "war against want." He has seen, as clearly as any man alive, the appalling contradiction between a world where millions starve and a United States where we seek to cut down our food production. He has introduced ambitious new legislation designed to make possible a much larger, more effective American program to use our agricultural bounty to feed the hungry of the world. In the Newark Sunday News of August Committee whose chairman, Senator J. W. 29, there appeared a United Press article which highlights the problem of world hunger and Senator MCGOVERN's role in opening America's eyes to it.

America has struggled and spent millions WASHINGTON.-For years, a bountiful to control its farm surpluses.

Now a farm State Senator wants an aboutface which would let farmers grow more food on more land and would distribute more of it to the world's hungry millions.

Led by Senator GEORGE S. MCGOVERN, Democrat, of South Dakota, a group of Midwestern Democrats in Congress contend it

States to follow a program of sharply curtailed food production when everyday half a billion people go to bed hungry.

is neither sensible nor moral for the United

And they warn that strict Federal controls have reduced the Nation's food stockpiles to

The program would be increased at the rate of $500 million a year until it reached $3.5 billion in 10 years.

FULBRIGHT BILL

His bill went to the Foreign Relations

FULBRIGHT, Democrat, of Arkansas, has indicated he believes FFP should be stepped up from the mere dumping of surplus foods to providing the vitamins and proteins which hungry children require.

Support for his plan was forthcoming.

Vice President HUBERT H. HUMPHREY promised whatever help he could give. Senator WALTER F. MONDALE, Democrat, of Minnesota, claimed that MCGOVERN's plan would work for this country's own interests.

"For every 10 percent the less developed countries increase their income level, they expand their dollar purchases of our farm products by 16 percent," he said. "Italy, Japan, and Nationalist China have moved from the status of food aid recipients to major dollar customers for our farm exports."

But some Members of Congress doubt that MCGOVERN's proposal would do the job.

NO FORMULA

Senator KARL E. MUNDT, Republican, of South Dakota, said attempts have been made in the past to feed the world's hungry but that no workable formula ever was devised.

Representative VERNON W. THOMSON, Republican, of Wisconsin, conceded the appeal of a program which would allow farmers to produce to capacity. But he questioned

whether the United States could afford this and its other obligations.

"I don't think we can protect and feed the world as a full-time activity," he said.

MCGOVERN said he did not expect the 1965 farm bill, now before Congress, to include his proposal, or that the administration would accept his bill unchanged. But he believes the outlook is bright for the principle.

PHIL ROSE, COURANT NEWS
EDITOR, RETIRES

Mr. RIBICOFF. Mr. President, an old friend of mine retired yesterday. He was a newspaperman-and there are not many like him any more.

Not many people have heard his name-he did not wander around the world, golfing with presidents or lunching with kings. But he was very important to all of them, for at his job, he supervised and edited the news for a great paper: the Hartford His Courant. His name is Phil Rose.

legacy will be that of a kind heart and an exacting task-not only well, but excellently done. All of his friends, I know, will join me in wishing him many, many years of happiness-and continued good works.

Mr. President, I ask that the Courant's story about Mr. Rose and its editorial be inserted in the RECORD at this point.

There being no objection, the editorial and article were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

AN EDITOR RETIRES

When R. Philip Rose began his career at the Courant 45 years ago, many a city room was more like the moviegoer's idea of it than it is today. During the change to a quiet, highly organized operation, Phil Rose filled many roles. As reporter, State editor, and news editor, he was given full opportunity to develop his instinct for searching out

the news. Now that he is retiring, the work will be continued by men he has helped train, and for whom he has set an example. Mr. Rose was concerned with the imAs mediate, the concrete part of the news. a working newspaperman who spent his entire professional life in the city room, he developed technical proficiency that won the respect of his colleagues. The daily flow of events, the specific in the affairs of men and governments, was his life. His career is typical of the sort of newswriter who is responsible for the headlines without ever appearing in them.

editor, Sunday editor, State editor, and news

editor.

As State editor, the post he held longest, he was demanding of correspondents and news sources alike as he ran down stories, big or little, that he thought would make tomorrow's paper a better one.

He did it, he says, with "accuracy, fair play, and compassion in dealing with people." They were newspaper guidelines he learned early and passed on to scores of others.

He would print the story about the swindler or the rapist with equal attention to the miscreant and the innocent victim. "Nothing is to be gained by sensational journalism," he says.

But he always printed the story. "He was the guy who fought to get every inch of news in the paper," one former correspondent says of Rose.

His dedication to the news of the day and his attention to the facts of a story were contagious. "When in doubt, leave it out," he still tells reporters.

DEMANDED GOOD WORK

His advice to his writers often came in bursts over the telephone under the pressure

of a deadline, when their image of him as "the great white father" might be brought into question.

One reporter who incurred Rose's lastminute wrath over the mishandling of a story thought he was fired. Nothing could have been further from the truth. "I do not now have, and never want, the power of economic life or death over a man," Rose told the reporter.

He simply wanted a good job done. Wasn't he, after all, the man who sent a cake to the reporter he had called away from his son's birthday party to cover a story, and wasn't he the man who collected the funnies daily to send to hospitalized children?

He was, and he was also the man who told a reporter to be in Winsted at 3 p.m. and in Middlefield at 4 p.m. to cover both stories. The men who had come to know him never

questioned his assignments, even when they showed a scanty regard for geography. "With Phil you didn't fool around," one now says as he recalls his year under Rose.

Rose, news editor for the past 15 years, still puts all the news in the paper, and has a trained eye for the things that brighten the paper. "Anything with human interest," he says. "You can't do without it. It has almost 100-percent readership."

His job as news editor makes him the last link between the news and the people who want to know about it. His enthusiasm today is the same as the day he started. He starts his day by reading several newspapers to keep abreast.

His day ends at about 2 a.m., and by then he's ready for the next day. "Every day is a new chapter," he says. "It's a new adventure, an unusual adventure-informing the public of modern history."

At 66, he's a little reluctant to leave the business. He still feels like he did the day in the twenties when he was a general assignment reporter and was asked if he would pinch-hit in the sports department-"It was like asking a kid if he wanted to go to the circus."

A CRISIS FACES THE AMERICAN MERCHANT MARINE

Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, in recent weeks I have spoken on several occasions, and at some length, about the crisis which is now facing the American merchant marine.

More and more news analysts and commentators apparently are recognizing the situation which has developed. A most informative article by George

Carmack, a staff writer on the ScrippsHoward News Service, appeared in Tuesday's Washington Daily News. Mr. Carmack deals with the decline in the American fleet and the almost minute percentage of American trade carried in our own vessels-a mere 1 percent of liquid cargo, for instance.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that Mr. Carmack's analysis be printed in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

WE'RE NOT SHIPSHAPE

(By George Carmack) The crisis in Vietnam is calling attention again to a serious U.S. problem-our growing weakness in ocean transportation.

Our lack of ocean shipping has not handicapped our effort in Vietnam and there is little likelihood it will. But our weakness is a fundamental one. Even though we spend many millions on it each year, the problem grows worse.

sion makes the trend clear. A recent report by the Maritime Commis

When the Commission was established in 1950, there were about 3,400 ships in our merchant marine. Now there are about 2,500.

Then there were 1,200 privately owned ships. Now there are 963.

Then the Government had 2,200 shipsmostly World War II ships in mothballs. This has now dropped to 1,542.

The portion of American exports and imports carried in American ships is surprisingly low. We carry about 32 percent of our own general cargo. But we carry only 5 percent of our dry bulk cargo, such as grain or coal.

And in liquid cargo-such as oil-we carry only 1 percent. only 1 percent. Two points, however, should be made. Much oil is carried in American tankers between U.S. ports. And there are also tankers owned by American oil companies which operate under foreign flags.

To try to maintain our ocean shipping strength, we pay three types of subsidies. First is an operating subsidy. This amounts to $200 million per year. This goes to 15 companies operating about 300 ships, one-third of our total private ships.

About 83 percent of the subsidy goes to pay the higher wages drawn by American

seamen.

The second subsidy is for ship construction. The Maritime Administration will pay the difference between having a ship built in a U.S. shipyard and abroad.

The third program is cargo preference and directly or indirectly it costs many millions.

For example, the Armed Forces can carry only about 25 percent of their normal peacetime cargoes in the vessels of the military sea transportation service. The remaining 75 percent are carried by privately owned vessels and Congress says these must be American ships except in emergencies.

THE STATE OF MARYLAND, THE PARTNER OF THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO IN THE ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS

Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, the Alliance for Progress is surely among the most noble programs of international cooperation in which this Government is engaged.

A vital part of this Alliance, one not well known or fully appreciated, is the partners of the Alliance program in which the citizens of various States or