tional discussions, if Hanoi prefers it that way.

No door is closed. All avenues are open. It was this third door on which the Democratic Senate leader rapped the hardest.

MANSFIELD Compared the objectives outlined by Mr. Johnson in various speeches and the objectives set out by Hanoi on April 12. He found that on three out of four stated objectives both sides were in substantial agreement:

On the right of the people of South Vietnam to have a government of their own choosing without violence or coercion from any quarter.

On the right of the people of North and South Vietnam, on the basis of a peaceful, free, and verified plebiscite, to decide whether to unite or not to unite the two halves of the country.

On the desirability of having all foreign bases and troops removed from both South and North Vietnam after peace is restored.

Either side might phrase these conditions of peace in different terms, but basically each is saying the same thing. This is why MANSFIELD says he sees a narrowing of the issues and hopes that his effort to narrow the dispute will show Hanoi that there is a basis for early negotiation.

A wide difference does exist on one objective: Hanoi wants the Communist Vietcong to have a decisive or major role in any government in South Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam doesn't want any part of the Vietcong. That's what the war is all about. We're prepared to leave this issue to the verified decision of the people of South Vietnam-if Hanoi is.

The MANSFIELD speech did two other things:

For the United States it closed off the most serious chink in the unity of the Democratic Party in support of the President's military actions in Vietnam. MANSFIELD has been a partial critic and, more recently, a reluctant advocate of the President's course. His latest speech shows that Hanoi might as well give up its hope that disunity within the United States will force the Government to stop defending South Vietnam.

For Hanoi, the MANSFIELD speech might add credibility to Mr. Johnson's repeated willingness to negotiate. The Communists have been saying that the President's talk of peace was only a coverup for his desire for war. Not true.

And MANSFIELD, speaking as one who opposed the air raids to the north, makes the peace overtures even more meaningful.

GOOD START FOR HEAD START

Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the brickbats continue to fly at the antipoverty program in spite of an impressive and heartwarming record of accomplishment.

Seldom have we had a domestic program designed to help people escape from the chains of ignorance that bind them to poverty like Operation Head Start. Little children, who otherwise would, in many cases, have faced a lifetime of difficulty, just because schooling and the facilities of our culture were so strange to them, are going to have a real chance. Not just a few such children, Mr. President, but half a million of them. This program has been a smashing success, one of which all American can be proud.

I ask unanimous consent to have an article analyzing the program published in Sunday's New York Times, entitled "Education: Good Start for Head Start" printed in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

EDUCATION: GOOD START FOR HEAD START

(By Fred M. Hechinger)

The United States last week took a historic step toward the extension of school by at least 2 years, beginning at age 3 or 4 instead of the traditional 5 or 6. This may be the eventual effect of President Johnson's announcement that Project Head Start, introduced this year as a short-term summer program for underprivileged youngsters, will cational system. be turned into a permanent part of the edu

The Head Start summer project, which ended a week ago, was attended by nearly 560,000 children at 13,400 centers in 2,500 communities. It provided an introduction to group activities, art, music, books, and speaking skills and stressed various aspects of getting ready for school. It offered free lunches and medical checkups.

A preliminary report showed that 70 percent of a large sample of children had their first medical and dental examination during the project. In one center, at Tampa, Fla., 12 tubercular cases were found and 50 youngsters were found to have nutritional deficiencies.

Dr. Vera John, of Yeshiva University, said that visits to 14 centers in New York, South Dakota, and California showed the most striking result to be the involvement of parents from minority groups.

A New York staff member commented on the openness of the project. "Mothers came with baby carriages," she said. She added that, in addition to an official ratio of one professional teacher for every 15 children, there was a huge support force of aides, teenagers, college students, and volunteers.

"How can I go back to my crowded classroom after this?" was a typical question among the teachers in the project.

The original program is a form of educational lifesaving. President Johnson described it as the path of hope for youngsters who had been "on the road to despair." But the extension of preschool education beyond the summer, as a continuing, allyear operation, is probably the prelude to a change in the school-starting age.

This is not as revolutionary as it sounds. The children of the well-to-do and of many child-oriented, middle-class families already attend private nursery schools, at least from age four. With the children of the poor now also going to school, the majority of middle- and lower middle-class parents will soon expect the same opportunities for their children.

The reasons for the lowering of the school age are not the same for all segments of society. Today children with a comfortable ciety. Today children with a comfortable home environment are exposed from infancy to a variety of educational influences. Few educators appreciate the change brought about by television. The around-theclock impact of words illustrated by pictures is to the old reading and learning "readiness" exercises what a space ship is to the horsedrawn carriage.

NARROWING THE GAP

In addition, today there are more collegetrained parents than there were high-schoolgraduated families at the turn of the cengraduated families at the turn of the century. The result is much conscious or untury. The result is much conscious or unwitting home-teaching at an early age.

This widens the gap between the affluent majority and the disadvantaged minorities. Head Start was a last-minute effort to help deprived youngsters to make that gap less forbidding. The permanent preschool program, which is already being tested on a small scale by some communities, including New York, and which the President's announcement turned into a regular adjunct to

schooling, aims at narrowing the gap systematically before going into formal schooling.

A major element in such instruction would be to give slum children verbal facility and the security that comes from contact with sympathetic adults in a friendly setting. These are prerequisites both for mastery of such academic skills as reading and writing and for the acquisition of social skills which replace aggressive and destructive behavior.

For privileged and underprivileged children alike, much of the preschool experience is an effort to teach self-centered little animals how to function as individuals as well as members of a group.

These considerations were undoubtedly in the minds of the educational experts who persuaded President Johnson to take quick post-Head Start steps. These steps are:

1. To establish all-year centers for disadvantaged children from the age of 3, with an expected enrollment of 350,000 needy children in the coming school year and many more within the next 5 years.

2. To offer summer programs for those who are not included in the year-around centers.

3. To initiate a follow-through program for the Head Start children, including home visits, special tutoring, and a careful observation throughout the first grade. For this purpose, Head Start teachers have prepared reports on every child, to be given to the first grade teacher.

The official enthusiasm over the preschool program is understandable at a time when the social dynamite of the Negro slums must be defused. Faith in education as the great social healer is deeply rooted in the American philosophy. It is a faith proven justified again and again-from the night school for immigrants to the impact of the land-grant colleges.

But many experts, including some who are deeply committed to preschool education, are troubled by potential confusion between humane hopes and excessive claims.

President Johnson said that Head Start, "which began as an experiment, has been battle-tested-and it has been proven worthy." But in the view of many experts the question which has not been "battletested" is how the preschool experience can be so intensified that it will wipe out handicaps of deprivation, not momentarily but permanently. There is already some experimental evidence that children, who have had preschool opportunities, backslide again rapidly in second and third grade unless highly skilled teachers can continue to guide them and their families.

Dr. Bernice Fleiss, early childhood consultant to New York's operation, said: "Many of the children at the beginning of the summer did not know the names of parts of their body or even their own name. Now, they know not only what their chin is, but who they are. They have an enlarged knowledge the world around them and the desire to learn more this coming fall."

But this also implies how important it is that the world around these children-in and out of schood-be changed so that it will not wipe out short-term gains through long-term futility.

Preschool experts warn privately-they do not want to curb the enthusiasm for the esto avert disillusionment, after a head start of sentially sound movement-that the only way hope, is to grasp the magnitude of the task.

than has been possible in the first, hastily They call for more pretesting of children planned round.

More important, they warn that local communities, States, and the Federal Government ought to prepare the public for the extent of the cost in personnel and operations that must be invested if preschooling is to be more than a flash of hope.

For example, New York City had a Head Start enrollment of about 27,000 this summer. But its year-round preschool experiment had, after 2 years grown only to 7,000. During the summer regular teachers and col

lege students are readily available and school

facilities are otherwise largely unused.

Yet many communities have not even begun to provide kindergartens in the regular school structure.

The chronic ills of the schools have largely resulted from large classes. What if Head Start graduates move into such classes?

Last week, as Head Start's success was hailed, a less enthusiastic report was issued on a related enterprise "Higher Horizons.” Introduced in 1959 in some of New York's slum schools and hailed throughout the

country, the enrichment program appears increasingly to have relied on its slogan and publicity value-without the support in funds and staffing that gave it promise as a well-funded pilot project.

"School is a place that families have begun to trust as an institution for the first time," said a consultant to the New York Head Start program last week.

If this implied criticism of the regular school system is justified, then the optimism based on preliminary Head Start reports will have to be tempered by concern over the total task of education ahead.

VIEWS ON PROGRAM

An official report on Head Start last week

included these comments:

A teacher in Kiln, Miss.: "The Negroes and whites are working beautifully together."

From a consultant's report: "There's not too much difference between little Phillip who *** had to climb a narrow, steep footpath each day (in New Mexico) and then be driven 25 miles to his first Head Start class and Manuel, the tiny Puerto Rican boy who came to his first class stark naked except for his pencil and notebook."

A parent-coordinator in New York: "We have made more progress in 6 weeks than we have been able to make with parents in 4 years."

Out of a total public and private elementary school attendance of 35,900,000 the parochial schools expect to account for 4,593,000 children, a 1-percent gain over last year.

The Roman Catholic high schools project a 1,124,000 enrollment and a gain of 3.4 percent over the previous year. The Nation's total high school enrollment, public and private, for 1965-66 is set at 12,900,000.

I ask unanimous consent to have Mr.

McGill's column, entitled "Young Geniuses Still Need Schools," printed in the

RECORD.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

Rickover advocated Government aid to teaching salaries so that the professors might

be more ready to remain in teaching positions

and not be tempted by consultant salaries of industry and Government.

Many educationists are made uneasy by Rickover. They try with little success, to discount him. He remains influential. His dis

Sept. 2, 1965]

YOUNG GENIUSES STILL NEED SCHOOLS

(By Ralph McGill)

"After talking with Uncle Charles the other night about the worthies of the country, Webster and the rest, as usual considering who were geniuses and who not, I showed him up to bed, and when I had got into bed myself, I heard his chamber door open after 11 o'clock, and he called out in a stentorian voice, loud enough to wake the house, 'Henry. Was John Quincy Adams a genius?' 'No, I think not,' was my reply. 'Well, I didn't think he was,' answered he."

Uncle Charles was satisfied, accepting the word of his nephew-whom later generations

came to view as at least something of a genius. Time was when the popular concept of a genius was that of a more or less eccentric person who invented something novel, exciting, and useful.

But in our time the broadening of science in our daily life, accelerated and underscored by the marvels of the space age, has enabled us to note that there are many geniuses about. Indeed, a large majority of the students admitted to such an institution as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology may be described accurately as young geniuses.

Demands of science, industry, and the humanities, however, have revealed a need for educational reform in method and curriculum in the elementary and secondary grades. The already serious shortage of teachers is sure to be at a critical point in our colleges and universities by 1970 or sooner.

Adm. Hyman Rickover, an admitted critic of American education, provided testimony at hearings on the Higher Education Act of 1965 that brought new focus on yet another controversy. He strongly criticized the policy of industry and government of luring off professors from both undergraduate and graduate level to serve as consultants. In his testimony the admiral said:

IN TEACHING

Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, a great breath of fresh air has been blown into American education by Adm. Hyman Rickover, that iconoclastic devotee of education, who has so persuasively deplored the terrible tendency of educators to get lost in the forms, procedures, and mechanics of education, and to forget the basic life of the mind-the great human culture on which our progress is based and on which our future depends.

Ralph McGill recently discussed this Rickover contribution in a recent column. Mr. McGill points to the recent Rickover testimony calling attention to the consequences of Government and industry taking professors out of teaching and into Government or industrial work,

the education of students who have completed their general education and are specializing in a particular professional field. But the student gains nothing and loses much when his professor goes off consulting government or industry, leaving him to be tended by a substitute, all too often a graduate student working while he writes his doctoral thesis.

"It is generally recognized that we have a shortage of first-rate liberal arts colleges and graduate universities; the shortage springs basically from a lack of qualified professors. We shortchange our youth when we exacerbate the already existing deficit by deflecting college and university professors from their proper task. We adults have been complacent, but the students feel bitterly about this. Much of the research being done for the Government is of dubious value to the student, possibly also to the Government, while the practice of using professors as con

siderable reform.

His congressional testimony and his continued writings and addresses on proposed reforms in higher education will be a healthy

influence.

BIG BROTHER: OUR IMAGE ABROAD

Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. President, today's "big brother" item is an article from a newspaper in Brisbane, Australia, Sunday Truth, dated August 15, 1965.

I think this article should be read by all of those overzealous law-enforcement agents in the United States who are so enthusiastic about the use of electronic devices and techniques.

The image that their practices give to the United States abroad is certainly not very pretty.

One thing that should distinguish our democracy is a sense of urgency to protect the right to privacy of all citizens.

I ask unanimous consent to have this article printed at this point in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

[From the Brisbane (Australia) Sunday Truth, Aug. 15, 1965]

HUSH, HUSH, WHISPER WHO DARES, UNCLE

SAM IS SNOOPING UPSTAIRS

(By Ian Moffitt)

WASHINGTON.-My contact turned up the car radio as we drove away from the State Department.

"They might have the car bugged," he explained.

This incident really occurred, and he was not joking.

Official snooping is all the rage here. Branches of the Government have developed spying to an elaborate art, and industrial spies are not far behind them.

Snooping on on one's enemies abroad is acceptable, and snooping to uncover criminals at home is downright admirable.

J. Edgar Hoover's Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington, for instance, is trapping criminals with fantastic new microscopes, electric currents, and ultraviolet rays.

It has a microscope which polarizes light when trained on rocks, soils, and natural and artificial minerals.

METAL TEST

Criminologists observe the absorption and

scattering of light to determine the mineral composition of a soil sample and compare it with soil at the scene of a crime.

They also have an instrument which studies the microscopic structure of metals.

In one recent case they found that a tiny strip of chromed steel came from the trim along the left side of the radiator of a 1949 Plymouth car.

The FBI sends an electric current into pistols-bearing obliterated numbers to set up a magnetic field.

The magnetic field is distorted around the obliterated numbers because the original stamping has deformed the internal structure of the metal beneath.

So hey presto-the FBI men pour a liquid containing fine magnetic particles over the pistol and the magnetic field arranges the particles in the form of the missing numbers.

That is just a sample of what the FBI is doing and nobody is complaining about it. But protests are growing this week at the snooping habits of the State Department, the Internal Revenue Service, the Food and Drug Administration and other Government bodies.

The Senate internal security subcommittee, which is investigating Government invasions of privacy, has just released more details of State Department snooping.

PERSECUTION

That august department descended to telephone tapping to try to trap an allegedly disloyal employee-and even opened his safe at night with a high-speed drill.

The employee, Otto F. Otepka, is awaiting a departmental hearing against his dismissal in 1963 from his top-level security post within the State Department.

The Department has charged him with "conduct unbecoming a State Department officer" because he gave information to the subcommittee.

Several Members of Congress-including some on the subcommittee-are hitting back at the State Department with charges of persecution.

More disturbing than Mr. Otepka's alleged revelations to the subcommittee is the unbecoming conduct which his colleagues displayed as they played "I spy."

They sifted through special burn bags allegedly containing incriminating material and used medical science to help them open his safe.

They used a pharyngoscope-which doctors employ to peer down throats-to see how the tumblers were falling.

Another witness has astonished the subcommittee with revelations of Internal Revenue Service snooping to trap suspects.

An employee blandly confessed that he had passed a lock-picking course before embarking on wiretapping, car bugging, and

other electronic eavesdropping.

This stanch public servant, James O'Neill, described how he had picked a lock in a Boston suburban office to place a wiretapping

device.

A colleague described how an IRS officer had posed as a Coast Guard petty officer during a Boston investigation-in a conference room containing a two-way mirror, a lie detector and microphones in the wall plugs.

The IRS Commissioner, Mr. Sheldon Cohen, cities had IRS two-way mirrors and 22 cities

confessed to the subcommittee that 10 U.S.

had concealed microphones.

The Food and Drug Administration has an even worse record of officials scampering around the countryside wearing concealed microphones to gather evidence.

One team of them earned the subcommit

tee's censure for using concealed microphones in a supermarket while investigating the illegal sale of a milk substitute.

Industrial spies are also using sophisticated equipment to steal secrets-including listening devices in briefcases "accidentally" left in employers' offices.

A growing number of American businessmen are hiring professional spies or buying stolen information to keep pace with new products.

Paid industrial spies-generally former military intelligence operators-are undermining research and development projects to steal secrets worth millions of pounds. They break complicated scientific formulas, send pretty women to gather informa

tion in fake surveys, and bribe telephone operators, janitors, and disgruntled employees.

INSIDIOUS

But the old art of wiretapping is perhaps their most widely used device.

A tap on the company president's phone allows a rival to beat him to the punch with new products.

Wiretapping is also the most alarming development in Federal Government snooping, the chairman of the Senate subcommittee, Senator EDWARD V. LONG of Missouri, has concluded.

It has become so insidious that President Johnson has ordered a stop to it except in cases of national security.

The old argument about when and whether one should wiretap has broken out here again.

Senator LONG, however, has no doubts about where he stands-or about how extensive the practice has become.

"The subcommittee has so far uncovered a variety of ways in which the Federal Government intrudes into areas of life that were formerly held private by Government agent and individual citizen alike," he said.

"None of the snooping techniques studied by the subcommittee has been more alarming than wiretapping.

"We have been told of Federal agencies using concealed tape recorders, hidden transmitters, bugged conference rooms, mail surveillance techniques, two-way mirrors, and other means to spy on American citizens who have not been convicted of any crime.

"Unethical and unsavory as these methods

may be, none compares with wiretapping as an insidious encroachment on individual liberty.

"Wiretapping for domestic law enforcement should be prohibited."

THE CASPER TROOPERS

Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, the city. of Casper, Wyo., and, indeed, all of Wyoming, is justly proud of a band of youngsters, the Casper Troopers, who have recently returned home from capturing the World Open Championship in drum and bugle corps competition.

Seven thousand of their fellow townsmen in Casper turned out last Thursday night to welcome the Troopers home after their triumph. But I think they after their triumph. were honoring them for something besides their victory. Their work, their dedication, and their determination, also were being honored. And so were the many adults, led by Director Jim Jones, who have given of their time, energy, and high success. It is more than a drum and money to help the Troopers achieve their bugle corps. It is, as it was described by the Casper Star-Tribune, a characterbuilding activity and a source of pride to the city and the surrounding area. It is a source of pride, too, to any Casper youngster when he can make the grade with the Troopers, Mr. President, and the record of the organization clearly tells us why. It is an example to all.

Founded in 1957, the Troopers have not only drilled and disciplined themselves to near perfection for the sake of competition, but they have established another, more enviable mark. No regular member of the group has ever been in difficulty with the authorities, in Casper or elsewhere. And the Troopers have traveled far and near. Today the organization numbers 130 members. And it has many graduates.

Another facet of the Troopers' activities is brought out by their frontier uniforms. They are cavalry blue and the insignia are those of the 11th Ohio volunteers, the outfit of an heroic young officer who died while trying to relieve a beleaguered wagon train near the Platte Bridge Station in 1865. The young officer was Casper W. Collins, whose name has come down to us, misspelled, in the city of Casper. Today's Troopers keep alive this frontier tradition, Mr. President, and I want to say in offering my congratulations to them on this occasion, that it strikes me as fitting that the blue uniform of the 11th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry should return to Casper and glory and triumph on the centennial of Casper Collins' brave sacrifice on the banks of the Platte.

I ask unanimous consent that a news report and an editorial from the Casper Star-Tribune, marking the welcome extended the Troopers by the people of Casper, be printed in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the article and editorial were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

GALA WELCOME SET FOR TROOPERS TODAY

(By Jack Fairweather)

The purpose of the corps as originally described by Jones was to provide a characterbuilding activity for Casper young people which would be a source of pride for the entire city and area.

Jones and his troopers, now numbering 130, have accomplished this and more.

been in difficulty with the authorities. They No regular member of the troopers has ever have traveled far and near in piling up honors for themselves and their city and acting as ambassadors of good will.

On August 21 they put the finishing touch on their 8-year campaign to reach the top. They won the World Open Drum and Bugle and tonight they will receive a well-deserved Corps competition in Bridgeport, Conn. Today the Troopers are on their way home welcome by officials of their State and city.

Their homecoming started this morning in Sioux City, Iowa, where they received an honorary police escort from Morningside College to the city limits.

The Troopers have returned home triumphant several times in the past but this evening's welcome at the Natrona County High School auditorium is expected to surpass anything in past years.

The Troopers will be met in Lusk at 6 p.m. where the corps will take time out for a chicken dinner, courtesy of Rex Canfield of the Red Barn Restaurant.

At 8 p.m. the world champions are due to arrive at the NCHS Stadium where SecMayor Patrick Meenan along with an exretary of State Thyra Thomson and Casper pected 5,000 Casper residents will officially welcome them home.

As the Troopers disembark from the buses they will perhaps recall past welcomes in the

wake of victories at Las Vegas, Nev.; Seattle, Wash.; Denver; University of Colorado and Portland, Oreg. But tonight will,

no doubt, be the one they'll remember the

best.

The feeling of Casperites for their drum and bugle corps is summed up by the contributions of many persons who worked to organize this evening's activity.

Pacific Power & Light Co. donated the

power for the use of the lights at the stadium, Casper Neon Sign is furnishing the labor and the talent to prepare a welcoming sign, the Mustangs gave up their crucial last practice before their first game of the football season and of course many, many people have worked on the arrangements for the welcome.

The "welcome home" program gets underway at the NCHS stadium tonight at 8 o'clock. The public has been urged to arrive early and bring their best cheering voices

with them.

The Casper Star-Tribune has printed 700 extra copies of today's paper as a service to Trooper's parents and fans who will want to save the two-page "welcome home" tribute to the corps.

[From the Casper (Wyo.) Star-Tribune, Sept. 2, 1965] WELCOME HOME Presenting the Casper Troopers-National and World Champions.

It's welcome home tonight for a great group of young people who have achieved outstanding recognition for themselves, for Casper and for all Wyoming.

That there will be a large crowd of Casperites at tonight's ceremonies at the high school

stadium, is without question.

The Troopers have come a long way since the organization was first incorporated as the Casper Drum and Bugle Corps on Sep

tember 24, 1957. It was then, as it has been throughout the intervening years, under the direction of James E. Jones Jr., Casper contractor, who conceived the idea of such an organization under the sponsorship of the American Legion.

There was no great public fanfare in the earlier years, and then Casper residents began to realize that this music and marching corps not only was something new on the community scene but that it definitely offered a colorful new concept for parade and drill.

There were other drum and bugle corps in Casper and the region, but in the Troopers, dressed in their frontier cavalry uniforms, the city and the State could be proud of an organization that reflected the pioneer history of this part of the West.

Although the personnel has changed from year to year as members "graduated" and others came in to take their places, the Troopers as such have achieved distinction as a unit with permanent and close identification to the Casper community.

The honors which the Troopers have won this year reflect credit, therefore, upon all the Troopers who have been members of the corps from its beginning some 9 years ago. Although the emphasis at this time is on the World Open and the National Drum and Bugle Corps Championships, which have just been achieved, the history of the Troopers shows many other victories, near-victories and generally outstanding accomplishment.

No one need be reminded at this time that they have been great ambassadors for Casper. Their fellow townsmen will wish them many, many more years of success, and if they do not always win-as they cannot be expected to do in the accustomed order of things they will receive no less the loyal support of their community.

The survey was taken by the Associated Press. It shows an overall increase of 10 to 20 percent in visitors to Utah this summer. It shows an increase of 100 percent of visitors to Canyonlands National Park, which was created when Congress enacted my bill just last year. The National Park Service is now working on the development program for Canyonlands.

The survey further shows a 50-percent increase at Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area on the Wyoming-Utah border.

Flaming Gorge Dam and Glen Canyon Dam were constructed as a part of the Colorado River storage project, and both dams have created great lakes which have enhanced the natural beauty of their regions, as well as providing an opportunity for wonderful boating and fishing.

I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the RECORD following my remarks, a portion of an article appearing in the Deseret News, for September 2, which reported details of the Associated Press survey.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

A 10-percent visitor increase estimated by President Howard Thorley of the Cedar City Chamber of Commerce.

"It looks like there's more tourists this

year than any other year," Mr. Thorley said. "I think we need more motels in the future so we can pull some more tourists off the highways. Our facilities are filled every night."

"The Sheep Creek campgrounds wiped out," he said, "and I think the National Park Service is getting some of its people from visitors who might have gone to the campgrounds."

An 11- to 12-percent increase of visitors to Zion National Park, estimated by Del Armstrong, chief ranger.

"We're about 45,000 persons ahead of last year," Mr. Armstrong said. "We should total about 750,000 for the year. Last year we had 705,000."

Mr. Armstrong said there has been a significant increase in the number of persons who remain in the park to camp.

BRYCE CANYON

A 26-percent increase in visitors to Bryce Canyon National Park, estimated by Chief Ranger Robert Morris.

"We should hit 100,000 for the month of

August," Mr. Morris said, "compared with 73,000 last year." He said the park had about 300,000 visitors so far this year.

Mr. Morris noted an increase in cars from

Eastern States. But he said most park travel is still from California.

A 100-percent visitor increase at Natural Bridges in Canyonlands National Park, estimated by Jim Randall, chief ranger.

"We have no figures for August yet," Mr. much increased since our creation as a park Randall said, "but our visitor total was very on September 12, 1964.”

FOUR HUNDRED PERCENT

Mr. Randall estimated increases as high as 400 percent in some areas of the park.

A general impression that this year was a better tourist year than usual, by Keith Hunt, secretary-executive vice president of the Greater Ogden Chamber of Commerce.

Mr. Hunt attributed the increase to better weather, better national and regional adflow of tourism. He said Ogden had more vertising and a gradually increasing general conventions this year than usual.

A 20-percent increase in tourists in the Logan area, estimated by Charles Buchner, president of the Cache Chamber of Com

merce.

He said the increase was probably because of a general increase in travel, advertising signboards along highways in Nevada, Utah and Wyoming, and a brochure advertising the Cache Valley as a tourist attraction.

the estimate.

AMENDMENT

Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, if we adjourn this year without submitting to the States a constitutional amendment to modify the Supreme Court's far-reaching reapportionment decisions, we may face an unprecedented demand for the calling of a constitutional convention next year.

The High Court's so-called one-man, one-vote formula, requiring both branches of the State legislatures to be based on population alone, has created so much controversey that nearly twotioned Congress to take some action. thirds of the States already have peti

For the first time in many years, there is a widespread demand for the calling of a new constitutional convention, a step which has not been taken since the Founding Fathers met at Philadephia 178 years ago to draft the historic document.

There is some confusion over the exact number of States now on record as asking for a convention, but it appears to be somewhere between 24 and 27, depending on whether several uncertain cases are counted.

Several other States have memorialized Congress to submit a constitutional amendment to the States without calling a convention. If we fail to heed their plea at this session, these States may join in the call for a convention next

year.

Article V of the Constitution says that, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the States, Congress "shall" call a convention to consider proposed changes in the Constitution. Now that we have 50 States, it would require 34 petitions to place Congress under some legal obligation to consider the calling of a constitutional convention.

The law division of the Library of Congress, in a study completed on August 11, reports that, if the requests for a convention received in the 88th and 89th Congresses are combined, the total is 22 or 23 depending on whether Nevada can be counted.

In Nevada, the question is whether its petition to the 88th Congress has been superseded by one this year, which does not request a convention, but asks Congress to propose a reapportionment amendment.

The Senate Judiciary Committee has petitions from two other States-Georgia and Nebraska-asking for a convention different subjects. Georgia wants the convention to deal with State control of public schools, and Nebraska wants to change the winner-take-all method of counting Presidential elec

toral votes in each State.

This would make the total number asking for a convention 24 or 25, depending on the status of Nevada.

New Mexico and Tennessee are reported to have passed resolutions this year, but the Library of Congress has not counted them because it has found no record of communications from those States to the House or Senate.

As of now, therefore, petitions from

only 9 or 10 more States are needed to place before Congress a decision it has never had to make. If that many more States act, we will be traveling on an uncharted course, and a number of fine legal points will have to be answered.

One of the first questions to arise will be whether petitions can be counted if they were filed over a period of several years, and not just in this Congress.

Another will be whether they must be identical in form, or at least all dealing with the same proposed amendment.

The law division of the Library of Congress found a substantial number of authorities who agree Congress is not obligated to call a convention unless the petitions are "reasonably contemporaneous with one another."

One legal expert in the Library expressed the view that if the petitions were received within a period of 3 or 4 years Congress would be expected to act. The petitions now on file have come in over a 3-year period.

On the other hand, there is a precedent which sustains the belief that Congress would not be obliged to call a convention on petitions filed over a long period of years.

In 1929, the Wisconsin Legislature reminded Congress that 35 States had filed applications for a convention, and called upon Congress to perform its "mandatory" duty. But that list of 35 applications included nearly every petition that had ever been filed, back to 1788, and Congress ignored the Wisconsin resolution.

The Library of Congress found that commentators commentators disagree over whether Congress is required to call a convention when the petitions deal with several different issues. There are some who argue that the calling of a convention was intended to be used only when the required two-thirds of the States feel that a general revision on the Constitution is needed, and that Congress should continue to submit specific changes directly to the States, as it always has done up to now.

However, if Congress called a convention in response to petitions such as are now on file, dealing with only two or three questions, the analysis prepared by the Library of Congress indicates that the scope of its actions could not be limited.

The Library report said:

Manifestly, if the convention, of its own volition, chooses to confine its deliberations to a consideration of only those proposals contained in the State applications, a controversy scarcely would arise.

However, according to the great weight of authority, Constitutional Conventions, once created, become relatively free agents whose final determinations are constitution

ally tenable as long as they fall within the scope of the power conferred on such conventions by article V. Consistently with such a view a convention could not be restricted as to the subjects of its deliberations by instructions emanating either from the States or from Congress.

Although Virginia is one of the States which is asking for a convention, its petitions are confined to a request for action that would let the States decide how their legislatures should be apportioned.

Virginia, in fact, has filed two petitions with this Congress, proposing alternative approaches to the problem. One would restore to the States complete control over apportionment of their legislatures, and deprive Federal courts of jurisdiction to entertain suits affecting apportionment. The other petition suggests an amendment to enable the States to apportion one branch of their legislatures on a basis other than population.

In both resolutions the Virginia General Assembly provided that, if Congress submits a constitutional amendment to the States this year, Virginia's request for the calling of a constitutional convention would be considered withdrawn.

I, too, am anxious to avoid the necessity of calling a constitutional convention, and we can do that by passing the new Dirksen resolution of August 11, in which the distinguished minority leader has attempted to meet the objections raised by those who led the fight against the earlier proposal.

I have joined 30 other Senators in cosponsoring this modified Dirksen resolution. Its only purpose is to let the States apportion one branch of their legislatures on factors other than population.

But the new resolution gives the majority in any State ample opportunity to veto either the constitutional amendment or a reapportionment made under it.

Mr. President, is we get an opportunity to act before adjournment on the modified Dirksen resolution I hope that the Senate will approve it by the required two-thirds vote, and end this speculation over a possible constitutional convention. I say this for two reasons:

First, the Supreme Court's one-man, one-vote decision was bad law from a constitutional standpoint, and bad from a practical and political standpoint.

Second, if the States force Congress to call a convention, it would be a wideopen proceeding which might affect any part of the Constitution. If the trend toward a centralized Federal Government that has dominated acts of Congress and Supreme Court decisions in recent years should be reflected in the deliberations of a constitutional convention, I shudder to think what might become of the old-fashioned idea that this is a union of sovereign States, or to think of what might be done to the 10th amendment, which says that the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

MOUNT VERNON, W. VA.

Mr. BYRD of West Virginia, Mr. President, for many years visitors to northern Virginia have considered a trip to Mount Vernon on the Potomac River as a tourist "must" and one of the real highlights of any sightseeing trip in the Washington metropolitan area.

Few realize that Mount Vernon on the great Kanawha River in West Virginia offers scenic attractions and historical reminiscences closely similar to Mount Vernon on the Potomac in Virginia. Both grace beautiful rivers; both manors are spacious structures with white pillared porticos, greatly similar in design; both are on estates formerly the property of our first President, George Washington, during his lifetime; and both have been successfully operated as agriculturally oriented establishments.

The September 5 edition of the Charleston, W. Va., Sunday Gazette Mail reports in detail on the West Virginia cousin to the Virginia Mount Vernon.

I ask unanimous consent to have this article included in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the newspaper article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

MOUNT VERNON ON THE KANAWHA

(By William C. Blizzard)

As every schoolboy knows, Mount Vernon overlooks the Potomac River, and is located about 15 miles south of Washington, D.C., in Fairfax County, Va.

Smart aleck schoolboys motoring along West Virginia 17 may therefore be excused some temporary confusion. For there, as