As Professor Seeley well says: 'Commerce in itself may 'favour peace, but when commerce is artificially shut out by a 'decree of government from some promising territory, then 'commerce just as naturally favours war.' He goes on to point out how the conquests which England achieved in the first half of the eighteenth century excited the jealousy of the rest of Europe:
'In this culminating phase England becomes an object of jealousy and dread to all Europe, as Spain and afterwards France had been in the seventeenth century. It was about the time when she won her first victories in the colonial duel with France, that an outcry began to be raised against her as the tyrant of the seas. In 1745, just after the capture of Louisburg, the French Ambassador at St. Petersburg handed in a note, in which he complained of the maritime despotism of the English, and their purpose of destroying the trade and navigation of all other nations. . . . From this time till 1815 jealousy of England is one of the great motive forces of European politics.'
It is true that to some extent all success provokes jealousy; but the jealousy is less when the success is used for other than selfish ends. It is also true that no nation can afford to be entirely unselfish; self-preservation comes first, and nations which neglect the duty of defending their own interests sink into oblivion. But if it be possible to build up a great Empire, and secure its safety, without restricting the liberty of other nations, surely it would be a wanton thing to provoke the hostility of the rest of mankind by segregating for our own exclusive use the vast territories covered by the British flag, territories that will be vaster still when the present war is ended. Equally would it be a wanton thing to imperil the unity of the Empire by destroying, under the pretence of imperial preference, the wide imperial freedom of trade that now exists. Upon the policy of freedom we have reared a gigantic empire, prosperous, powerful, united, and tolerant. We have done this less as the result of reason than as the result of instinct. From the carliest days of our history the spirit of freedom has been the pride of our race. It is the instinct thus bred in our bones that has taught us to seek the greatness of Empire by following the path of freedom.
No. 461 will be published in July.
Titles of Articles are printed in heavy type.
Agricultural Production, 343; change in the national view of the im- portance of the agricultural in- dustry, 343; problem of produc- tion and the possibility of future wars, 344; solution of essential economic difficulties depend upon the agriculturists, 344; State assistance, 344; agricultural out- put, 345 et seq.; cattle, 346-7; development of fruit and vegetable farming, 348; reduction of agri- cultural employment, 349; com- parative production of British and German agriculture, 349 et seq.; system of production cannot be judged by one standard alone, 350; effect of migration on low production, 351; need for financial assistance in the form of bounties or tariffs, 351; illustrations of returns on capital, 351-2; necessity for fixing rents on an equitable basis, 353; Japan, 354; comparison of density of stock, 354-5; basic principles with re- gard to agricultural production, 355-6; condition of self-suf- ficiency, 356; increased produc- tion by improvement of internal management of farms, 356; Law of Diminishing Returns, 355-6; employment of steam power, 357; increased cost of food and its effect on production, 358; necessity for increase of arable land, 359; complete control by cultivators, 359; establishment of industrial- ised farming, 360; technical edu- cation of employees, 361; small holdings, 362; need for sound business organisation, 363 Ashby, A. W., Agricultural Produc- tion, 343. See Agricultural
Asquith, Rt. Hon. H., quoted, 229 Austria and Europe, 1; maintenance of Hapsburg Monarchy, 1, 2; its destruction would ruin Central Empires economically, 2; its sub- jection to Prussian Militarism, 3 et seq.; Emperor Francis Joseph's lack of foresight and statecraft, 4; his enslavement to Prussia, 5; its bearing upon present war, 5; dissension amongst Magyar nation, 6; Croatian peasants revolt, 7; their alliance with the Serb, 7, 8; and its formation of Southern Slav Coali- tion, 8; persecution of Coalition 9; universal suffrage granted by Emperor, 10; Austrian annexa- tion of Bosnia-Herzegovina, II, 12; its bearing upon the East, 13; aggression towards Serbia, 13; Slav influence grows, 14; German domination threatened, 14; formation of Southern Slav Union, 15, 16; reunited Poland, 15; effect on future peace of Europe, 16, 17; Italian National- ism, 17, 18; dismemberment of Austria-Hungary essential, 20, 22; Germanisation of Austria, 21
Banking, English, 104. See English Birth-Rate, The, 62; relation of forces of destruction and repro- duction, 62; their maintenance of equilibrium, 62, 63; fertility and care for offspring, 63 et seq.; necessity for emigration, 64; limitation of size of families, 65, 66; indifference to parenthood, 66, 67; causes of depopulation, 67; struggle for existence, 68; influence of Christianity, 68 et
seq.; improved sanitation and its effect of increase, 70; com- parison with Continental countries, 71; women workers and the decline, 72; tendency of superior race to dwindle, 73; comparison between British Empire and Ger- many, 75; restriction of births, 76, 77; authority and morals, 77; trade in vice and its effect on early marriages, 78; nation's resources organised, 78; each State self-sufficing. 79; science of eugenics, 80; future restriction of birth-rate, 81; need for co- operation with Dominions, 82 Bismarck, 174, 175, 294-5 Bland, J. O. P., Democracy in
Paraguay, 269. See Democracy Borden, Sir Robert, 218
British Effort, France and the, 45. See France
Burgh, W. G. de, The Peril of Hubris, 288. See Hubris
Cecil, Lord Robert, 36, 37 Chevrillon, André, L' Angleterre et la Guerre, 45, 50 et seq. Clarendon, Lord, quoted, 27 Cobden, Richard, quoted, 401 Cox, Harold, Food Prices: A Warn- ing, 196. See Food; The Two Paths of Empire, 379. See Paths
Dardanelles Report, The, 364; report of Lord Cromer's Commission, 364; individual responsibility, 364; political preoccupation, 365; strain of long parliaments, 365; want of purpose in Government's foreign policy, 366; unprepared- ness in Cabinet, 367; tardy awakening of nation, 368; partner- ship of Lord Kitchener and Mr. Churchill, 368; divergences of opinion, 369; want of cohesion in War Council, 370; Mr. Asquith's dilemma, 370; prestige in the East, 370-1; Lord Fisher's silence,
371; loss of ships in attempting to force Dardanelles, 371; army sent to assist on land, 372; change of methods of war, 372; lack of Staff preparation, 373-4; Lord Wolseley's work for nation, 374; comparison between British and German General Staffs, 375; in- activity of War Council to re- constitute General Staff, 376; absence of agreement, 376-7: future safeguarding of the nation, 378
Davray, Henry D., Chez les Anglais pendant la grande Guerre, 45, 46 Democracy in Paraguay, 269; under- standing of Paraguay and her people, 269; its earlier life, 270; ideals and efforts fruitless, 270; abuse of liberty, 270; state of Society at time of Spanish con- quest, 271; its gradual decline, 271; productive industry and politics, 272; social relationship of sexes, 273; Government inter- ference in navigation, 273; philo- sophy of the people, 274; fascina- tion of Asuncion, 274; its dilapi- dated state, 275-6; insolvency of Treasury, 277; citizens' im- provident indolence, 277; process of adaptation to environment, 278; effect of war upon German merchants, 278-9; mainstay of country's finances, 279-280; country's future, 280; question of race survival, 281; lack of progression, 282; preponderance of women, 283; Paraguayans relations with women, 285; their emotions and morals, 285-6; suggestions for reorganisation and betterment of economic conditions, 287
Disabled Soldiers, Re-Education of, 119; tendency of discharged soldiers to seek good wages, 119; irrespective of permanent work, 119; change in industrial condi- tions, 119; unskilled labour, 120; hardship of war on civilian soldier, 120; uncertainty in regard to
pensions, 121, 122; duty of State to those disabled, 123; Royal National Lifeboat Institution, 123 making fit the inefficient, 124; relation of temperament to capacity, 124 et seq.; handicap of idleness, 125; experiments in training, 126 et seq.; care of the blind, 125, 126; St. Dunstan's Hostel for Blinded Sailors and Soldiers, 126; good work of various institutions, 126, 127; delay in supplying artificial limbs, 127; Lord Roberts' Memorial Workshops, 127, 128; specialisa- tion in workshops, 128; aptitude of men for agriculture, 129; effect of habit in change of occupation, 130; French system of re-educa- tion, 131 et seq.; Belgian system, 132; military discipline while training, 133; Professor Jules Amar quoted, 134, 135; efficiency in industrial production, 136
Economy in Law, 319; necessity of co-ordination and consolidation of legal matters, 319; efforts of Moses to establish courts of law, 320; public discontent with exist- ing laws, 320; Divorce Com- mission, 320, 326; necessity of a Minister of Justice, 321-2; Lord Chancellor, 321; jurisdiction of the County Courts, 323-4; need for business system, 324; Workmen's Compensation Act, 324, 334 et seq.; overlapping and reduplication of legal statistics, 324; work performed by High Courts, 325; hardship of poor people owing to exorbitant cost of litigation, 326; circuit reform, 327-8; abolition of small Assize towns, 329; working methods of County Courts, 330-1; necessity of a rearrangement of districts, 331; principles of reform, 332-3; opposition of local and vested interests, 333; Report of the Royal Commission on the Civil Service, 333; waste of Workmen's
Compensation Act litigation, 334 et seq.; question of Divorce Re- form, 337; its bearing on morality, 340-1; Land Registry of Titles, 341; economy should be enforced in law as a national duty, 342 English Banking, 104; criticism of English bankers, 104; principles of management, 105; assistance for trades, 105, 106; financing of exports, 107; working methods of exporters, 107 et seq.; war and settlement of accounts, 110; co-operation between manufacturer and banker, III; its effect upon world's trade, 111; dangers of foreign trade, 112, 113; com- petition amongst banks, 114; Accepting Houses of London, 114, 115; banking facilities for home trade, 115, 116; methods of financing, 116, 117; policy of bankers as against critics, 118 English Railways, The Future of, 84; relation of railways to public authority, 84; Government con- trol, 84, 85; financial working, 85; Board of Trade Railway Returns, 86; increase of wages, 87, 88; effect of war upon traffic, 88; State responsibility, 88, 89; dissatisfaction of railway policy, 89, 90; Royal Commission en- quiry, 90; comparison between passenger and goods traffic, 91; effect of mileage on costs of work- ing, 92, 93; foreign methods, 93, 94; reforms necessary, 95; Government support, 95, 96; economy in operating expenses, 96; abolition of competition, 97; combination of systems, 98; State ownership, 99; political influence on management, 99 et seq.; Government's financial liabilities, 102; comparison with Mexican system, 102, 103; need for recon- struction, 103
Food Prices: A Warning, 196; economy in consumption of food, 196; increased cost of living, 197;
law of supply and demand, 198; its effect on the price of food, 199; factors that count, 199; Government interference, 200; administrative help to poor, 201; bonus to lower-paid em- ployees, 201; taxation as a means of restriction, 202 et seq.; striction of supplies affects the poor, 202, 203; economic waste of rationing system, 203; difficulty in labour, 204; agricultural work for women, 205; maximum prices lessens supply, 206; Mr. Prothero's scheme, 207; heavy taxation
only remedy, 208 France, M. Anatole, quoted, 179 France and the British Effort, 45; effect of invasion upon French literature, 45; lack of under- standing between nations, 46; French people's attitude towards British effort, 47, 48; comrade- ship between British and French armies, 48; tribute to British Fleet, 49; closer relationship be- tween French and English litera- ture, 50; English temperament, 52; pessimism and patriotism, 53: disturbing attitude of the press, 53 English sporting atti- tude to the war, 54; change after experiences with Germans, 54, 55 people's materialism and in- difference to higher ideals, 56; comparison with rest of Europe, 57; disadvantage of individualism, 57; England undisturbed by great crisis, 58; moral anger gradually aroused, 58 et seq.; sympathy of populations to perpetual alliance, 59, 60; French complete confidence in Britain, 61 French and English Genius, 178; race as a factor in constitution of men, 178; variations of aptitudes, 179; Anglo-French Alliance, 179, 180; similarity of object between nations, 181; French feeling to- wards England, 182; appreciation of English literature, 183; Racine and Corneille, 183; Edict of
Nantes, 184; its effect upon English modern literature, 185; philosophy of English politics, 185, 186; Abbé Prévost, 186; dif- fusion of English ideas in France, 187, 188; Voltaire as a link be- tween English and French litera- ture, 189, 190; controversy be- tween the Deists and apologists, 191; religion and liberty of thought, 192, 193; success of English ideas in France, 193; its relationship to present unity of the Alliance, 194, 195
Genius, French and English, 178. See French
Germany, influence in Austrian
politics, 9; plan to rule Austria, 21; organisation in Greece, 25 Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., 6, 7, 168
Gosse, Edmund, The Life of
Algernon Charles Swinburne, 249, 252 et seq.; France and the British Effort, 45. See France Graham, R. B. Cunninghame, A Vanished Arcadia, 269-272 Greek Monarchy, The End of, 23; smaller nations' distrust of the Great Powers, 23, 24; their in- difference towards present war, 24; German propaganda in Greece, 24 et seq.; England's rights of intervention, 26, 27; policy towards small nations, 28; King Constantine's defiance of constitution, 29; maintenance of neutrality, 29, 30; Venizelos advocates war, 30; his dismissal, 30; King Constantine's negotia- tions wth Germany, 30, 31; be- trayal of Serbia, 31, 32; electorate suppressed, 32; Allies insulted, 32; civilians terrorised, 33; King Constantine's pretence of recon- ciliation, 33; his contempt for Allies, 34; Viscount Grey's caution, 35, 36; British policy, 36, 37; Allied Powers' hesitation,
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