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319. Such are the natures and the varieties of men, as scattered over the face of the earth. Their numbers united are supposed to be nearly eight hundred millions: of whom, in Europe, every square mile contains 34, in Asia, 30, in Africa, 6, and in America 3 individuals,

The whole number of human beings being renewed every 32 years, on the average, 25 millions must die and be born every year, i. e. 3,000 every hour, or 50 every minute,

Like leaves on trees, the race of man is found a
Now green in youth, now withering on the ground,
Another race the following spring supplies,

They fall successive, and successive rise i
So generations in their course decay,

So flourish these, when those are past away.

POPE.

320. As men have divided by chance or design, into separate governments, they have assumed the names of Nations, Republics, Kingdoms, or Empires; and the knowledge of these constitutes a leading feature of geographical study.

The most populous nations are, the Chinese of 300 millions, the Hindoos of 40 millions, the French of 30 millions, and the Russians of 36 millions. The most extensive are the Russians, Chinese, Turkish, French and British empires.

321. From north to South, Europe is divided into Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, Poland, Saxony, Westphalia, France, Wurtemburgh, Bavaria, Switzerland, Austria, Turkey, Italy, Naples, Spain, Portugal, and Great Britain and

Ireland.

Oba, -It will be highly proper that tutors

the map of the world, all these countries to the pupil, and render him expert in pointing to them himself. He ought also to be directed to write out the boundaries and latitude and longitude of each from the map. Nothing can be so vidiculous, as to compel children to commit verbal descriptions of the boundaries of countries to memory. The only guide is a good map; and that they ought to trace or copy, till they can answer any question that is put to them. No one need blush for ignorance of geography, after he has twice or thrice traeed or copied maps. The scale of mountains in Goldsmith's "Illustrations of Popular Geography," should also be copied in maps, and the lines of comparative sizes deserve some consideration. The best exercises in mechanical and mathematical geography, however, are in the Geographical Copy-Books and the Royal School-Atlas.

322. The following is an enumeration of the names, capitals, and population of the countries of Europe:

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17 do.

Sweden

Russia in Europe

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Denmark

Prussia

Poland

Batavia or Holland

Germanic States....

Austria

Turkey in Europe

France (proper) ......

Switzerland

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Pope's States.

....

Naples

Naples

Portugal.

.............

Lisbon

Spain

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Great Brit. and Ireland. London

323. Europe has three inland seas: the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and the White Sea; and

its shores are washed by the Atlantic, the Bay of Biscay, the English Channel, the Northern Ocean, St. George's Chaunel, and the German Ocean.

324. The great European rivers are, the Danube, the Rhine, the Elbe, the Weser, the Maine and the Oder, in Germany; the Wolga and the Nieper, in Russia; the Rhone, the Garonne, and the Seine, in France; the Thames, the Se vern, and the Humber, in England; the Clyde, in Scotland; and the Shannon, in Ireland.

Obs. The rivers of South Britain are thus described :
From his oogy bed,

Old father Thames advanc'd his rev'rend head :
Around his throne the sea-born brothers stood,
Who swell with tributary uras his food.
First, the fam'd authors of his ancient name,
The winding Isis and the fruitful Nama !
The Kennet swift, for silver eels renown'd :
The Lodilon slow, with verdant alders crown'd:
Cole, whose dark streams his flow'ry islands lave:
And chalky #ey that rolls a milky wave:
The blue transparent Vandalis appears:
The gulphy Lee his sedgy tresses rears :
And sulien Mole that hides his diving dood t
And silent Darent stain'd with Danish blood.

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325. The mountains of Europe are, the Alps, of Switzerland; the Pyrenees, between France and Spain; the Dofrafelds, in Norway; the Welsh, in Wales; and Ben Nevis and Ben Lomond, in Scotland. It has also three volcanoes, or burning mountains; viz. Etna, in Sicily; Ven suvius, near Naples; and Hecla, in Iceland.

326. The British empire is composed of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and several small ones, as the Isle of Man, the Isle

of Wight, the Hebrides, the Orkneys, Jersey and Guernsey, and the Scilly-islands. Great Britain. is 700 miles long, and 250 broad; and Ireland 300 long, and 200 broad. Great Britain includes Scotland on the North, Wales north-west, and England on the south, east, and west.

827. England is subdivided into 40 counties, as follow:

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Denbighshire Denbigh

Montgomerys, Montgomery Glamorganshire Swansea Auglesea Beaumaris Pembrokeshire Pembrok Caernarvonth. Caernarvon Cardiganshire Cardigan Merionethshire Haerlech | Carmarthensh, Carmarthen

counties; as

Counties.

Chief Towns.

Flint Radnorshire

Radnor

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330. Ireland is divided into four provinces, Ulster to the north, Leinster to the east, Munster to the south, and Connaught to the west; and these are subdivided into 32 counties.

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