105. The means of letting in the light, and keeping out the cold, is also a recent invention. Anciently, holes for light were made with wooden shutters, to open by day, and to close at night,

Varions were the contrivances to let in light; and, at the same time, to keep out cold, Bladders, horn, and membraneous substances of animals and fish, were used for this purpose, in the houses of the great: but all these gave way to the fine invention of glass.

106. That useful material was discovered by accident: some Phoenician carriers of soda, à few years before Christ, happening to light their fire between some of their lumps of this mineral, it melted, and mixing with the sand, produced glass. Soda and sand, or flints, melted together, continue to be the materials of which glass is made to this day.

Obs. 1.-The manufactory of glass was long confined to Phoenicia; but so little improvement was made in it, that Nero gave 60,000!, for two glass cups that had hapdles. It was first applied to windows about the year 300; but did not get into general use till about 1000.

2. A glass-manufactory is a proper object to gratify the curiosity of young persons. Flint, or purified stony sand, called silex, in mixed with pure soda, and exposed to a moderate heat, producing what is called the fritz this is then put into moderate-sized vessels, and exposert to a violent hent, till melted; and, on cooling a littlegi becomes a kind of hot paste, which may be worked and moulded to any shape the ingenuity and expertness of the workmen, in se moulding and shaping it into various vessels, is highly amusing.

107. Tiles for the roofs of houses' are made of clay, in the manner of bricks. States dig from quarries are also used for the stine purpose.

In country-places, where the earliest practices are still continued, roofs are thatched with straw:· these will keep out the wet and cold, but generate a musty smell.

Paints, consisting of the oxides of metals, and of certain coloured earths, or natural oxides,; mixed with oil, at once serve to preserve wood, and to purify and beautify the inside of houses.

VI. Of Architecture.

108. After the art of building had attained what was useful and necessary; Luxury would aim at ornament :-an ingenious carpenter would become a carver; and an ingenious stone-mason, a sculptor.

The pillars which supported the work, would not be allowed to be quite plain; but would be cut or carved in ornaments, at the head and base; and other parts of the room, or structure, would be made to correspond. Hence,. arose what are called, the five orders of Architecture.

109. The five orders of architecture were successively invented in ancient Greece and Italy; and are called the TUSCAN, the DORIC, the JONIC, the CORINTHIAN, and the COMPOSITE. they are to be found in all the principal build. ings of the Christian world.

110. The Saxons, also, had a simple style of architecture; distinguished by semicircular arches and massive plain columns; these are still found in many of our oldest buildings.

The Normans, too, invented a beautiful style

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of architecture, called the Gothic; distinguished by its lightness and profuse ornaments; by its polated arches; and by its pillars, carved to imitate several conjoined.

The Gothic architecture is found in all our old cathedrals; and is often elegantly adopted in private dwellings.

Obs. 1-As a more effectual means, than any verbal description, of conveying a knowledge of the several species of architecture, diagrams of the characters of each are given below; and to fix them in his recollection, the pupil should trace or copy them.

2.-The Hindoos, Egyptians, Chinese, and Moors, have likewise their own separate styles of ornamental building nothing can be more grand, harmonious, and picturesque, than each of these, in the splendid specimens which are to be seen in their several countries. lo England, the Pagoda in Kew Gardens is a pleasing specimen of Chinese architecture; but we seem, in general, to prefer the five orders; to the Gothic.

1. THE TUSCAN ORDER.

2. Tus DORIC-ORDER.

Retablature.

8. THE IONIC ORDER. 4. THE CORINTHIAN ORDER,

45. THE COMPOSITE ORDER

The Cornice.

The Friese.

The Architrave

The Capital

The Shaft.

VII. The Art of Clothing."

111. Most animals are provided with a cont of hair or wool for covering; but man seems to have been left naked, and, in many respects, destitute; apparently, to serve as a stimulus to his industry and invention.

Man seems, as to his own wants and powers, to have been formed to equalize climates and conquer the elements. His superb edifices, his control of fire and water, his application of light in the night, and his various clothing, distinguish his superior intellect.

112. In all climates, clothing is not alike necessary between the tropics it is little required, except for ornament; but, in the temperate and frigid zones, man could scarcely subsist without some covering.

Holy Writ tells us, that the first clothing of Adam and Eve was the leaves of fig-trees, sewn, perhaps, together; and, even at this day, our manufactures of clothing are derived, chiefly, from the fibres of the vegetable kingdom.

113. The skins of animals were doubtless the first substantial clothing. The shepherd would dress himself in his sheep or goat's skin; and the hunter, as a trophy, in the skin of a wild beast.

The Tartars clothe themselves in horse-hides. to this day; the Americans, in the skins of buffaloes; and, even in some parts of Europe,, a sheep's skin, with the woolly side inward or outward, makes winter or a summer-garment. 114. Some natives of the South-Sea islands