fion, and that the resulting line of motion in falling is the effect of all the operative forces.

That it is the necessary tendency of the rotatory motion to give an equal momentum to the heterogeneous masses composing a planet and its atmosphere, while the whole are moved, by a common force, with an equal velocity in the orbit.

That the force with which the deflection by the rotatory motion is produced, is as the density of the body deflected to the density of the medium in which it moves, and in the inverse ratio of the squares of the distance from the centre.

That, therefore, the phenomena, hitherto ascribed to an innate, occult, universal power, called Gravitation, are simple results of known local motions.

That of course, the laws which apply to the earth apply to the same classes of phenomena in all planets; and it may be inferred, generally, that the phenomena of aggregation, consolidation, and local motion, in all planets, res sult from their two-fold motions around their own axis, and around their primary.

4. There is, says Sir R, a centripetal force, or tendency towards the centre but it does not arise from any innate principle, or from any tendency as a tendency; but from mechanism, easily analysed and understood; and applicable to every variety of the phenomena. The general results may correspond, but it is not indifferent whether we ascribe them to a true or a false cause, or whether we argue on a true or false analogy of the causes and effects. Thus it appears, that the projectile force of Newton is unnecessary, because, if there be no universal centripetal force, there is no necessity for a constant centrifugal force to counteract it, and we thus remove an opprobrium from philosophy.

632. The motions of the planets in their orbits, Sir Isaac Newton ascribes to a projectile force in a right line given them at their creation, from which right line they are drawn into curvilinear orbits by the foree of gravita

tion to the sun. And that the projectile force may not be diminished by resistance, he supposes the space in which they move to be a vacuum or void.

633. On the other hand, Sir Richard Phillips. considers space to be filled with a gaseous medium, and he describes the planetary motions as being produced by the action or impulse of the sun on and through that medium; it being a fact, that the sun' moves around the centre or fulcrum of the masses of which the solar system is composed.

Ohs. The phenomena of the universe appear therefore to be results of a system of MOTION transferring MOTION, or of MOTION generated by MOTION. By this. simple and intelligible agency, a stone is propelled to a planet by the motions of the planet-a planet is carried round the sun by the motions of the sun-a secondary is carried round a primary by the joint motions of the sun and primary and the motions of the sun are, perhaps, caused by the motions of systems of suns while the motions of those systems may again be caused by other superior motions! In short, all nature consists of a series of included motions, produced by the motions of superior bodies and systems, till we ascend to the first term in the series-to an inscrutable cause of CAUSE!

634. The Laws of the Force are the same. whether the phenomena are produced by the principle of innate attraction, or by accidents of motion, i, e, the force is inversely as the square of the distance, and directly as the quantities of matter.-- See my Grammar of Natural Philosophy.

Obs. 1.---Accelerated motion, in falling bodies, is created by new impulses of centripetal force, acting on a body already possessed of a given motion and which acts at every instant, as though no motion were already ac quired. The motion is, as the squareof the times em ployed in falling. Thus,

Seconds of time,

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. ..
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, &c.
16, 64, 144, 256,400, &c.

Their squares Feet of motion, 2. The exclusion of all other active forces from nature, except the palpable one which arises from MOTION, as transferred, transmitted, and reflected from body to body, not only simplifies our views of nature, but furnishes many new illustrations of natural operations. Thus, as all motion results from motion, it would appear, that animal motions are not created by their will, but that the will merely transfers part of the motions of the earth to certain parts of the body. If the will direct the motion of the hand, the will serves merely as a fulerum from the foot, which is connected with the moving earth, to the hand to which the energy of the foot is conveyed, as by a lever. So of all other motions, however complicated and diversified, they may be traced to greater motions, as their origin and source. In a word, MOTION, as transferred by the curious mechanism of na ture from body to body, is, according to Phillips, the sola and sufficient cause of all phenomena.

3. The Primary Laws of Motion are,

First. That every body will continue in its state of rest, or of uniform motion, in a right line, until it is compelled by some external force to change its state.

Secondly. That the change of motion is always proportional to the moving force by which it is produced, and it is made in the line of direction in which that force is impressed.

Thirdly. That action and re-action are always equal and contrary.

4. Several things: require notice with regard to modantees

The force which impresses the motion.

The quantity of matter in the moving body.
The velocity and direction of motion. ́

The space passed over in the moving body,
The time employed in going over this space.

The force with which it strikes another body that may be opposed to it.

But 12 equal moons make but 354 days, and the earth is 365 days going round the sun; Julius Caesar, therefore, varied, the, months we now have them, so as to make 365 days,

Obs. The Hebrews and Greeks added an extra month every third or fourth year; but as the revolution of the earth was a quarter of a day longer than 965/Cre directed the 6th of March to be counted twice in every 4th year, so as to keep the reckoning of mankind equal with that of the heavenly bodies. This, however, was not correct for the actual revolution of the earth's not quite a quarter of a day more than 365, but only 5hours 48 minutes, and 57 seconds; consequently minutes, 3 seconds, are gained every year, or a whole day in 131 Purwbury in boy ad AT motebauul

636. In 1752, this gain of 11 minutes, 3 seconds, per annum, had carried the reckoning 11 days before its proper time; the style of reckon ing, therefore, was altered, and 11 days dropped by act of parliament; the day after the 1st of September being called the 12th, 12th...60

It was settled also, that, in every 400 years, three leap years in three centuries should be dropped; so that, in future, the annual recurring

year will keep pace with time, within two or three seconds per annum.

607. The year is also divided into 52 weeks, and one day over; the week into seven days, or rotations of the earth on its own axis; those rotations into 24 hours; each hour into 60 minutes; and each minute into 60 seconds, or periods, in which a pendulum that is 39.2 inches long will vibrate.

The vibration of such a pendulum, or a second, is therefore the first measure of time; but a pendulum of a fourth the length, will vibrate kalf seconds; seconds are also, in calculations, divided into 60 thirds, fourths, &c.

638. The names of the days of the week are derived from the names of certain Saxon objects of worship -

As Sunday, or the first day, from the Sun.
Monday, from the Moon.

Tuesday, from Tuisco, a German hero; whence they call themselves Tuitschen, or Dutchmen.

Wednesday, from Woden, their god of battle. Thursday, from Thor, the god of winds and weather.

Friday, from Friga, the goddess of peace and plenty.

And Saturday, the seventh day, from Seator, "the god of freedom.

Obs. The Romans called the days after the planets -ab dias Solis, day of the sun dies Lunæ, day of the moon i dies Martin, day of Mars; dies Mercurii, day of Mercury i dies Jovis, day of Jove; dies Feneris, day of Venus, dies Saturni, day of Saturn.