mates. After it attains its full growth, it winds itself in its silky web, attached to one of the leaves; and in this cone of silk, it is converted into a chrysalis !

128. In a few days, the chrysalis produces a lively and delicate moth, which eats its way out of the cone of silk: Butters its wings for a few days, lays eggs for future supplies of silk worms,

and then dies! Such is the curious and wonderful economy of this insect, which supplies than with the material of silk. See the cut after paragraph 505.

129. The cones of raw silk are about the size of a pigeon's egg! and each of them, when wound off, contains, in length, a quarter of a mile! These webs, after slight preparations, are spun into thread, by machinery in silk-mills, and then called organized or thrown silk. The weaver converts the thread into the various elegant fabrics made of silk, and the dyer and presser finish them for consumption.

Ob. -Attempts have been made to render the web of the spider useful; and stockings have actually been made of this material! To short, whatever man can spio into thread, he contrives to weave into garments; and in this respect there is no bound to his materials, but in nature,

130. Hats are made of the fine hair of animals, felted, or beat; and then gummed together, till they are tenacious and firm, Shoes and gloves are made of the hides of animals, first prepared by the tanner and currier by expelling the fatty and unctuous matter of the animal, and infusing into its place an astringent, made of oak bark.

VIII Of Government and Lares.

131. The heads and fathers of Families were anciently their governors; and this kind of government, was called Patriarchal. The histories of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, are beautiful illustrations of this state of human society.

132. When the family grew too large, the branches sometimes separated, as we observe in the instance of Abraham and Lot, and of Jacob and Esau; but when they resided together, some one would be regarded as the head: in due time, a title, would be given to this ruler; and he would be called a chief, captain, judge, dictator, king, sultan, or emperor.

133, Such was the origin of governments; and they would prove of various tendencies, according to the character of the first rulers. Any quarrel between two tribes, would give to both of them a military character.

He who got the better, would be in danger of being inspired with a love of conquest; hence, much misery would arise. In time, many tribes or families would unite into one; as well for offence as defence; such, doubtless, was the origin of nations.

34. The land of Canaan, when invaded by the Israelites, was sub-divided in this way, into

petty tribes; so was Britain, when it was invaded by Cæsar; Italy, also, was divided in the same way, before the ambition and military character of certain Romans led them to make war with their neighbours.

Such, too, is the state of five thousand nanicJess tribes in North and South America; in Africa, Tartary, and Siberia, at this day.

135. Every man in a society, or nation, is bound to respect its welfare; to do nothing injurious to its members; and to conform himself to the rules or laws by which it is held together, maintained, and protected. By obeying the laws himself, he sets an example to others; and he also partakes of the common benefit and protection afforded by them.

What constitutes a state?

Not high-rala'd battlement or labour'd mound,
Thick wall or moated gate

Not cities prond, with spires and turrets crown'd,
Not bays, and broad-arm'd port»,

Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride
Not star'd and spangled courts,

Where low-bred baseness wafts perfume to pride,
No-Men, high-minded men,

Men who their duties know,

But know their rights, and knowing dare maintain,
Prevent the long sim'd blow,

And crush the tyrant while they read the chain.
These coustitute a state.

SIN, W. JONES,

136. A Constitution is that plan of government and system of laws, under which a peopie live together in the same society. In Britain, for example, we have a chief magistrate, or King, to execute the laws and conduct the bus

ness of the government; and we have two houses of parliament, to concur with the king in making laws, and levying money: this arrangement is called the Constitution of Great Britain.

137. The two houses of parliament consist of about 400 peers, or nobles, in the House of Lords; and of 658 members, elected by and representing the people, in the House of Com

mons.

No law can be enacted without the joint consent of the king, lords, and commons; and nothing can be done contrary to the laws so made ; or to the established and known customs, or Common Law, of the country.

138. No tax can be levied on the people, unless it originates in the House of Commons; and is first approved of by that assembly. The creation of peers and transactions with foreign nations, belong to the office of King; as do the direction and appointment of the Army and Navy, and the management of Wars.

139. The laws of England consist of the Common Law, the Statute Law, and the Civil Law.

The Common Law is the ancient Law of England, supposed to be derived from the Saxon laws, and founded on principles of reason and justice, on the revealed laws of God, and on the immemorial customs and rights of the people.

The Statute Laws are particular laws to deelare, enforce, and modify, the common law; and are made by the two Houses of Parliament, and assented to by the King.

The Civil Law is the law of our spiritua courts and universities; and is derived from the ancient laws of the Romans, as condensed into a code by the emperor Justinian.

140. The laws are administered in the king's same, in the courts of King's Bench, Exche quer, and Common Pleas, and also at assizes in county towns, by two judges; of whom, there are twelve in England.

There is also a court of Equity, called the Court of Chancery; in which, in particular cases, the letter of the law is moderated.

Obs. There is danger in every country, that those who use and practise the law may abuse it: and such now is unhappily the case in Britain-the people being ground to powder, and vilely abused by the chicanery and villany of low attornies. A code, such as that made by Justinian, is now called for in England-the people may be relieved from the vexation of law-suits by arbitrations; but they should never refer to a barrister or lawyer.

141. There are also courts of quarter-sessions held by justices of the peace, for trying petty offenders; and by corporate bodies, who. act under the king's charter.

Courts of request, or of conscience, are instituted for the recovery of debts under five pounds.

142. In Britain no man can be put on his trial, or any offence, unless twelve of a Grand JURY have declared, in a bill of indictment, that there is cause for trying him; and he can, not be convicted or punished, except a verdict has been given against him by another JURY,