til the first day of April, 1885; that during all of said time the plaintiff was actively and continuously performing services for the defendants as their salesman under said contract of employment." The complaint fur ther alleged that there was a balance due to plaintiff, on account of said services, of $755.78, which remained unpaid. The answer averred affirmatively that about the beginning of 1870 it was agreed that the salary should be $200 a month, and denied "that at any time sul-equent to the agreement last herein aforesaid there was or existed any agreement of defendants to pay plaintiff for said services any greater sum than $200 per month"; and denied that anything remained unpaid.

The case turned upon the question whether, during a portion of the period in which the plaintiff rendered services, his salary was $200 or $250 per month. Upon this question the evidence was conflicting. The defendant testified that the salary had been fixed at $200 a month in the beginning of 1870, and the plaintiff testified that it had not. The court instructed the jury in relation to the matter as follows: "The jury are instructed that the defendants admit employing the plaintiff on July 3, 1869, at the rate of $250 per month, and that he worked for them continuously until the first day of April, 1885; and that the burden of proof is upon the defendants to show that plaintiff's compensation was changed; that unless the defendants establish by a preponderance of testimony that plaintiff, in 1870, or at some other time, agreed to work for the defendants during the years 1870 and 1871 at the monthly compensation of $200, then they must find for the plaintiff." This was excepted to, and is specified as error.

We think that the court erred in telling the jury that the defendant was required to have a preponderance of testimony upon the question mentioned.

The term "burden of proof" is used in different

senses.

Sometimes it is used to signify the burden of

making or meeting a prima facie case, and sometimes the burden of producing a preponderance of evidence. These burdens are often on the same party. But this is not necessarily or always the case. And it is by no means safe to infer that because a party has the burden of meeting a prima facie case, therefore he must have a preponderance of evidence. It may be sufficient for him to produce just enough evidence to counterbalance the evidence adduced against him. This is illustrated by a very common case. Suppose that upon an issue as to the performance of a contract sued upon the plaintiff should testify to facts showing non-performance. In such case, if the defendant produced no evidence, the plaintiff must prevail. This is often expressed by saying that the burden has shifted to the defendant. And so

it has in one sense. But suppose that the defendant should take the stand and deny the truth of the facts testified to by the plaintiff,-oath being opposed against oath. Would it be correct to say that the defendant must have a preponderance of evidence? It most certainly would not. And this, though the "burden of proof" had been transferred to him. Nor would it be correct to say that the burden had "shifted back" to the plaintiff, if the burden of producing a preponderance of evidence was meant. For that never was on the defendant. The two burdens are distinct things. One may

shift back and forth with the ebb and flow of the testimony. The other remains with the party upon whom it is cast by the pleadings, that is to say, with the party who has the affirmative of the issue.

The distinction is illustrated by the case of People v. Bushton, 80 Cal. 169. There it was held that while, if the prosecution proved a prima facie case, "the burden" is upon the defendant to produce evidence tending to show a defense, yet that when this was done, the rule that guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt applied to every part of the case, and consequently that if

LXXXI. CAL.-26

the evidence of the defendant raised a reasonable doubt, he was entitled to an acquittal. And the distinction has been expressly recognized in other states. In Central Bridge Company v. Butler, the supreme court of Massachusetts, per Bigelow, J., said: "The burden of proof and the weight of evidence are two very different things. The former remains on a party affirming a fact, and does not change in any aspect of the cause; the latter shifts from side to side in the progress of a trial, according to the strength and nature of the proofs offered in support or denial of the main fact to be established." (2 Gray, 132.) So in Heinemann v. Heard, the court of appeals of New York, per Church, C. J., said: "During the progress of a trial, it often happens that a party gives evidence tending to establish his allegation, sufficient it may be to establish it prima facie, and it is sometimes said that the burden of proof is then shifted. All that is meant by this is, that there is a necessity of evidence to answer the prima facie case, or it will prevail, but the burden of maintaining the affirmative of the issue involved in the action is upon the party alleging the fact which constitutes the issue, and this burden remains throughout the trial." (62 N. Y. 455.) And so in other cases. (See Clark v. Hills, 67 Tex. 141; Atkinson v. Goodrich Co., 69 Wis. 13 et seq.; 50 Am. Rep. 352; Powers v. Russell, 13 Pick. 76; Morgan v. Morse, 13 Gray, 152; Nichols v. Munsel, 115 Mass. 567; Tarbox v. Eastern Steamboat Co., 50 Me. 345; Small v. Crowley, 62 Me. 157; 16 Am. Rep. 410; Shepardson v. Perkins, 60 N. H. 77; Blodgett v. Cummings, 60 N. II. 116; Atlas Bank v. Doyle, 9 R. I. 78; 98 Am. Dec. 368; Manistee Bank v. Seymour, 64 Mich. 72.)

In the present case we think that the learned judge of the trial court fell into error from overlooking the distinction above pointed out. Why was the defendant required to have a preponderance of evidence? Did he have the affirmative of the issue? We think not.

The

plaintiff had received money sufficient to discharge his claim if the rate of wages was two hundred dollars a month. His position was, that the rate was $250 a month. It was necessary to his case that the continuance of the latter rate through the period claimed, or some part of it, should be established. If that rate did not so continue, he could not recover. The continuance of the higher rate being an essential fact in his case, the rules of pleading required him to allege it in his complaint. If he had alleged it categorically, and the defendant had denied it explicitly, it would have been entirely clear that the plaintiff had the affirmative of the issue. If anything further than the mere statement of such pleadings be required to show this, it is found in the test ordinarily used, and said to be conclusive, and embodied in our statute, viz.: Which side would be successful if no evidence at all were introduced? (See 1 Best on Evidence, Morgan's ed., p. 268; 1 Phillips on Evidence, 4th Am. ed., p. 812; Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1981.)

Now, the pleadings here are in substance the same as above stated. And it is the substance which must control on this question, and not the mere form. (1 Greenl. Ev., 13th ed., p. 74; 1 Best on Evidence, Morgan's ed., p. 372.) If the complaint be defective, the defects may, in view of the absence of a special demurrer, be overlooked. But the plaintiff is in no better position than he would be in had the pleading been free from defect. The complaint was not drawn with absolute precision. It alleged that the defendants employed the plaintiff at $250 per month, and that plaintiff "continued in their service under said employment" for a certain time, and rendered services "under said contract of employment." But it does not allege that it was agreed that the rate of wages at which the services commenced was to continue throughout the whole period; and it does not state categorically that said rate did so continue. And it might, perhaps, be argued that the phrase "under said employment"

was somewhat uncertain in meaning. But we treat the complaint as sufficiently alleging that the rate did, in fact, continue as it commenced. This essential allegation was put in issue by the answer. It averred affirmatively a different agreement made shortly after the one stated in the complaint, and denied that there was any subsequent agreement. This was sufficient to raise an issue as to the continuance of the rate alleged. The fact that the traverse was affirmative, and not purely negative in form, did not destroy its force nor change its essential nature. (Frisch v. Caler, 21 Cal. 75; Murphy v. Napa County, 20 Cal. 497; Woodworth v. Knowlton, 22 Cal. 168; Gilman v. Bootz, 63 Cal. 120.) The issue, though lamely made up, was the same in substance as if it had been made up with absolute precision.

The only possible theory upon which it could be claimed that the pleading cast the affirmative upon the defendant is, that the answer admits that the rate commenced at $250, and that it must be inferred that it continued unchanged. But as above shown, its continuance is put in issue. As a matter of evidence, it may be true that the continuance of the rate was to be inferred in the absence of any evidence to the contrary. But when evidence to the contrary was adduced, there was no reason for saying that the defendant must have a preponderance of testimony. So to say is to overlook the distinction between the burden of meeting a prima facie case and the burden of producing a preponderance of evidence.

2. The court instructed the jury that "when a fact is once shown to exist, the law presumes it to continue until the contrary is shown." This was excepted to and was specified as error. We think that it was error. There is no such presumption regardless of the nature of the fact. Suppose that a man was shown to be living at a certain time; would it be presumed that he continued to live for a hundred years? Or suppose that