North Ward National Bank v. Conklin. valuable consideration for the instrument, in the shape of money advances, while here so nominal a consideration supports the trust, that the trust must, in every sense, be esteemed voluntary. It is true there is here reserved that which is claimed to be an equity of redemption, but it is couched in terms less consonant with the theory of payment of the debts than with suggestion of the exaction of forgiveness or compromise, from unwilling creditors, by the enforced situation which their debtors have created. It is observed that the deeds do not contemplate reconveyance upon payment of the creditors or upon tender of a sufficient sum of money to the trustees, to satisfy them, but reconveyance upon the production of releases, by which the only effectual forgiveness of debts may be had. Tulane v. Clifton, 2 Dick. Ch. Rep. 351; S. C. on appeal, 3 Dick. Ch. Rep. 310; Landon v. Hutton, 5 Dick. Ch. Rep. 500. Such a reservation does not intend redemption by payment, but stands merely as a precautionary provision, available to the debtors in case of settlement with their creditors. The deeds do not declare that the property is to be held as security for the payment of the creditors, but that it shall be appropriated to their payment after it shall have served to save the debtors from further responsibility by reason of their uncompleted contracts. I do not perceive any warrant for regarding the deeds otherwise than that which they plainly purport on their faces to be, voluntary assignments for the benefit of creditors. Regarding them as assiguments for the benefit of the creditors, they appear, upon well-settled authority in this state, to be void upon the ground that, in making preferences, they contravene the statute to secure to creditors an equal and just division of estates of debtors who convey to assignees for the benefit of their creditors. The first section of the statute referred to (Rev. p. 36) is in this language: "That every conveyance or assignment made by a debtor or debtors of his, her or their estates, real or personal, or both, in trust to the assignee or assignees for the creditors of such debtor or debtors, shall be made for their equal benefit, in proportion to their several demands, to the net amount that North Ward National Bank v. Conklin. shall come to the hands of said assignee or assignees for distribution; and all preferences of one creditor over the other, or whereby any one or more shall be first paid or have a greater proportion in respect of his, her or their claim, than another, shall be deemed fraudulent and void, except mortgage or judgment creditors, when the judgment has not been by confession for the purpose of preferring creditors." In Tillou v. Britton, 4 Halst. 120, 138 (in 1827), Mr. Justice Drake, commenting upon this statute, said that its operation was not intended to be extended to the case of a transfer by a failing debtor of a single portion of property to a creditor in satisfaction of his debt, but must be limited to cases where there is something like universality in the assignment, or, in the language of the act, where the debtor's estate is assigned. The deeds in question possess this universal character, both as regards property and as regards creditors, and they are thus removed from the region of simple preference of a single creditor or a few chosen creditors, which has always been esteemed to belawful. They are general assignments of all the debtors' property for the benefit of all their existing creditors. In Varnum v. Camp, 1 Gr. 326, Chief-Justice Ewing (in the supreme court in 1833) said of such assignments for creditors: "The statute declares how they shall be made, that is to say, for the equal benefit of the creditors, and not merely that such shall be the effect in what way soever made. An assignment, there-fore, made in a manner prohibited and forbidden must be invalid. The express denial of preferences, is in truth but an amplification of the antecedent clause of the statute, and without really adding anything to its extent or perhaps to its force, serves to express in distinct terms the legal effect and operation of that prior clause. It follows then that where an assignment not made for the equal benefit of the creditors, but whereby a preference is sought to be given to any one not a creditor by mortgage or judgment, over another, is, in contemplation of law, fraudulent and void." In Owen v. Arvis, 2 Dutch. 22 (in the supreme court in 1856), Chief-Justice Green approved this interpretation of the statute and proclaimed its policy prohibiting preferences to be enforce North Ward National Bank v. Conklin. able where the assignment is, in substance, though not in form, a trust for creditors, and in this he is followed in this court by the well-considered cases of Fairchild v. Hunt, 1 McCart. 367, and Livermore v. McNair, 7 Stew. Eq. 478. The construction of the statute announced in Varnum v. Camp was approved by the supreme court, in 1857, in Garretson v. Brown, 2 Dutch. 425, upon the understanding that it decided an assignment in trust for creditors to be void, where the preferences are incorporated in the assignment itself, and its decision in that case was affirmed by the court of errors and appeals, without opinion. 3 Dutch. 644. The same meaning was given to the statute by Chancellor Williamson, in 1853, in Brown v. Holcomb, 1 Stock. 297; by Chancellor Green, in 1862, in Fairchild v. Hunt, 1 McCart. 367; by the supreme court, in 1864, in Moore v. Bonnell, 2 Vr. 90; by Chancellor Zabriskie, in 1867, in Bentley v. Whittemore, 3 C. E. Gr. 366; and by the court of errors and appeals, in 1868, in the same case, 4 C. E. Gr. 462; by the supreme court, in 1879, in Hurd v. The City of Elizabeth, 12 Vr. 1; by the court of errors and appeals, in 1884, in Flagg v. Baldwin, 11 Stew. Eq. 224; and also by the court of chancery and the court of errors and appeals, respectively, in the later cases of Van Winkle v. Armstrong, 14 Stew. Eq. 402; Kimball v. Lee, 16 Stew. Eq. 277; Green v. Wallis Iron Works, 4 Dick. Ch. Rep. 54, and Stites v. Champion, 4 Dick. Ch. Rep. 446. While the courts so construed the statute, the legislature stamped its approval of their construction, in the Revisions of 1846 and 1874, by retaining the exact language to which the courts had given so plainly defined a meaning. Indeed, this meaning of the statute has for sixty years, and until the dictum hereafter referred to, had the unquestioning approval of the bench, bar and legislature of this state, and it appears to me to be now too late to depart from it. If the court of errors and appeals has never directly adjudged that a preference in an assignment under the act operates to avoid the transfer in toto, as is suggested by the learned judge who wrote the opinion of the majority of that court in Muchmore v. Budd, it has by most unmistakable implication repeatedly so held in cases which I have above cited. North Ward National Bank v. Conklin. The doubt expressed in Muchmore v. Budd, as to the correctness of this accepted interpretation of the statute expressly appears as mere dictum, which, although entitled to respect as the individual opinion of the eminent judge who wrote the opinion in that case, does not require me to put upon the Assignment act the new meaning suggested. I feel bound, not only by precedent, but by my own judgment, to give the statute the meaning which has so long been accorded to it, and to hold that the deeds in question are void, because they expressly create preferences. But my conclusion need not rest upon this ground alone. The deeds are void, also, under the twelfth section of the "Act for the prevention of frauds and perjuries" (Rev. p. 446), which provides that every conveyance of lands, tenements, hereditaments, or goods and chattels, or of any estate or interest therein, with intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors and others of their lawful actions, debts, damages or demands, shall be deemed and taken as against those whose actions, debts &c. may be hindered or defeated thereby, to be utterly void and of no effect. Attention has been directed to the provision in the deeds which contemplates the retention of the property conveyed, or the proceeds of its sale, by the trustee, until certain contracts, upon which the debtors were liable, shall be performed, assigned or compromised by the trustee, to the obvious end that the debtors may be relieved from further responsibility through the continued use of their property by the trustee in their behalf. The conspicuous effect of this arrangement is to delay all creditors until the service to which the debtors have first put the property shall be ended. And this may be a perilous service which will eventually defeat the creditors, for the trust contemplates the partial and perhaps complete exhaustion of the property in the payment of wages and in the purchase of materials in its execution. It nowhere appears that the contracts will be profitable or that they will even return the expenditures upon them. A vigilant creditor is entitled to have the property of his debtor subjected, by due course of law, to the immediate payment of his debts, and any disposition by the debtor of that Edison Electric Illuminating Co. v. De Mott. property which will defeat this right is, within the statute, a fraud upon him. There need not be moral fraud in the transaction; it is enough, in law, that the effect of the transfer will be to hinder, delay or defeat the creditor, for the debtor is presumed to intend the necessary consequence of his acts. Owen v. Arvis, supra; Knight v. Packer, 1 Beas. 214; Servis v. Nelson, 1 McCart. 94; National Bank of the Metropolis v. Sprague, 6 C. E. Gr. 530; Walker v. Hill's Executors, 7 C. E. Gr. 528 ; De Witt v. Van Sickle, 2 Stew. Eq. 209; Risley v. Parker, 5 Dick. Ch. Rep. 284. The statute will not be avoided by the claim or excuse that the debtor made the transfer to prevent the sacrifice of his property and thus protect both himself and his creditors. Livermore v. McNair, supra. If convincing evidence of a special intent to hinder and delay the complainant were required in this case, I need only refer to the fact that these deeds purport to have been made while the complainant was in pursuit of the property conveyed, and were, in fact, recorded on the very day upon which he entered his first judgment. The deeds are utterly void against the complainant, and will be set aside. THE EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING COMPANY and GEORGE BERDINE V. MARGARETTA C. DE MOTT. 1. Partnership debts are regarded and treated in equity as both joint and several. 2. A debtor may pay his debt, but he cannot purchase it, so as to preserve it as a living chose in action against himself. 3. Where one of two partners pays a debt of the firm, with his own money, the effect of the payment is to extinguish the debt as a liability of the firm, so far as the creditors of the firm are concerned. The partner making the payment may ask for contribution from his copartner or credit against him, but |