Can the employer of labor feel safe in dealing with men who hold these ideas? Can the employer, in taking on new help, feel that he is justified in taking such men at their word? With teachings such as these, the employer can have but one choice; to protect the plant he operates, he must closely scrutinize all applicants, and be ever on the alert for the interloper who, by the infiltration method is inducted into his shop with specific instructions to undermine that plant; destroy it, if need be, but unionize it, he must!

The unions have always claimed that their sole purpose was to uplift those who labor, and to improve their moral and economic conditions. If this end is to be accomplished by the methods indicated above, it certainly will never be realized and the millennium promised by the Closed Shop, will forever be deferred.

-(Bulletin, Employing Printers Association of America.)

MEN CONFESS TO WRECKING LAUNDRIES
WITH ACID

Two men taken in a recent round-up of burglary suspects confessed today, police say, that they had been employed by a laundry workers' association at $75 a job, to destroy with acids wearing apparel in shops of laundry owners who refused to recognize them.

They were reported to have told the police that they had worked together on fifteen jobs, and that the laundries they visited had been set afire by the acids. A watchman was burned to death in one of the fires, they said.

Immediately after the men, who said they were Frank Marchese and Louis Wallinger, had confessed, police raided the headquarters of a laundrymen's organization, seized its records and arrested two officials.

Information given by Marchese and Wallinger, it was said, indicated that the organization which employed them had set out to destroy the shop of every laundryman who refused to recognize them. Marchese and Wallinger declared they had been employed by other organizations as "guerrillas."

-(Philadelphia Public Ledger.)

THE THINGS THAT ARE CAESAR'S*
By GUY MORRISON WALKER

(Continued)

WHAT IS WEALTH?

What One Man Has That Another Man Wants

Primitive men had no difficulty in deciding what constituted wealth. Wealth among them was whatever one man had that another man wanted. It consisted of food, of skins, of an advantageously located cave, and later, the simple weapons for hunting and crude cultivation, and the utensils and receptacles in which were stored and preserved food.

In the days of Job, the chief idea of wealth consisted of flocks and herds; in the days of the Roman Empire it was chiefly lands and slaves to work them and stocks of precious metals.

It is not necessary to trace the progress of material civilization whereby the huts of primitive men have become the forty-story steel frame buildings of today, and the encampments of the early nomads have grown into great cities containing millions; whereby the dried venison of the savage has been displaced by millions of carcasses in massive cold storage plants; whereby the earthen jar of wheat has been supplanted by great elevators, each of whose compartments contains a cargo for a trans-Atlantic liner; whereby the torch has been extinguished in favor of a strange light that is transmitted over wires, and the drum signals of the savage have given way to messages transmitted by an unknown force through the air and around the earth.

Attempts to define wealth must always be considered in relation to the stage of material and intellectual development existing at the time the definition is attempted.

Adam Smith, first of English economists to define wealth, capital, wages, and the principles under consideration, defined wealth as consisting “of gold, silver, lands, houses, and consumable goods of all kind." This definition you will notice is *Copyright by Guy Morrison Walker, 1920-1922.

distinctly primitive, as it confines wealth to physical material things.

John Stuart Mills, a later and more scientific thinker, declared: "Wealth consists of all material things produced by human effort." But this definition is frankly and plainly British in its character, but it introduces the element of human effort.

A comparatively unknown English economist, Mongredien, says that: "Wealth consists of all those objects of human desire produced by human exertion."

Mongredien is the first of economists to call attention to the element of desire as separate from use or need. But all of these definitions seem deficient.

THE SOURCE Of Wealth

The source of all wealth is the soil of this earth. And the method of wealth creation is the expenditure of human effort upon the surface of the earth, whether it be the raising of cattle for food and for hides, or the raising of sheep for food and for wool, or the raising of grains for food and for oils, or the raising of cotton and flax, and other fibrous plants for the manufacture of cloths of various kind, and for manufactured uses, or the cultivation of those worms that spin the wondrous fibres that make silk, or the digging of clay to build houses with greater ease and facility than can be done with stone, or the digging of coal to vitrify those brick and make them impervious to moisture, or for warmth, or for transforming water into steam, or the digging of copper and iron, with their many uses, which have made possible what we know as modern civilization, or the digging of those scarcer and more ductile metals which we call precious, of which the race has made many strange uses.

There is no other source of wealth than the surface of the earth itself, and no other means of its creation than the transformation of its contents or products by human effort into forms useful to and desired by mankind.

MAN'S WORK MAKES EARTH'S SURFACE VALUABLE

But there is no value in the earth's surface except as it is used by man, and its value to man is possible only in one of

two ways, either by men travelling or transporting themselves to the place where that particular spot of the earth's surface lays, occupying it and there supporting themselves on what they can produce upon it, or by a few of them going to the distant spot, wresting from it that which it has of use to mankind and carrying it back to where it can be used. This was true in primitive times and it is true today.

Always the limitations of man's ability to transport himself to the place where food and other things were produced by the minimum effort, or to transport the products of luxurious climes to the place where man himself found conditions better suited to his own existence, have operated to determine the relative use or value of any part of the earth's surface to the race. WEALTH OF COMMUNITY DEPENDS UPON ACCESSIBILITY

No better illustration exists to show how the wealth of a community depends upon its accessibility and the use possible of its products, than the Province of Sze-Chuan in China. This province with an area of over two hundred thousand square miles, being slightly larger than all New England, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, combined, occupies one of the richest plateaus on the earth.

Its richness is shown by the fact that it supports with ease a population of seventy millions, and has within its borders many great and rich cities. With this enormous population it actually produces such a surplus of wheat that for several years past the price of wheat in this province has been only from ten to fifteen cents a bushel, averaging about twelve cents.

Naturally the lands of this province used in the production of wheat are valued only in proportion to the value of the wheat produced on them. Most persons on reading this will demand at once to know how it is possible for wheat to sell anywhere in the world during the past three or four years for as little as twelve cents a bushel. But the answer is quite simple. The nearest point in this province to the sea is over twelve hundred miles up the Yangtze River from Shanghai, and between it and the lower reaches of the river, where navigation ends, are the famous gorges that make the province practically inaccessible.

Only the most primitive methods of transportation exist between the province and the outside world. Almost its only products that are valuable enough to pay the expense of export under present conditions are its silks, some of the finer grades of fur, and vegetable wax.

It actually cost last year $1.25 a bushel to transport wheat from the Province of Sze-Chuan down to Shanghai, a distance averaging, say, fourteen or fifteen hundred miles. So that the wheat that was worth only twelve cents a bushel in Sze-Chuan actually cost $1.37 a bushel by the time it reached Shanghai.

Now, if it were possible to build a railroad even from the head of navigation on the Yangtze River, up to and through the wheat raising regions of this province, so that the wheat of Sze-Chuan could be brought down to tide-water at a cost of fifteen cents a bushel, as is the wheat of Kansas and Nebraska, it would raise the price of wheat in Sze-Chuan from twelve cents a bushel to $1.25 a bushel. And the wealth of the province would be increased ten-fold, because its land would increase in value in proportion to the increased income received from the sale of its products.

In the same way, Chinese coal has been produced for years by Chinese labor so that it could be bought at the mouth of the mines for twenty-five or thirty cents a ton, but the absence of cheap methods of transportation and distribution, has made the mines practically valueless because there was little use for the coal.

Coal produced at Chinese mines at a cost not to exceed twenty-five cents a ton was raised by the mere cost of transportation by primitive methods to eighteen or twenty dollars a ton by the time it reached Shanghai.

From the fact that the inhabitants of this isolated province in China have maintained a practically stationary condition of civilization for hundreds of years and have devised no means to remove from themselves the handicap of isolation and remoteness, it is plain that among their population at least the peculiar quality of brains, resourcefulness, or inventive genius, that is necessary to make their province accessible, and to