run the business is not only despotic, but what is still worse, it is unreasonable, because they lack the capacity to know or understand the thing they assume to do. They attempt that which it is impossible for them to do.

Men are differently endowed. Executive ability is a natural endowment. If one possesses it, he can develop it, but if he does not possess it he cannot by any effort create it. Caruso had a singer's voice which, by diligent work he developed, but no amount of work on the part of a man without the natural endowment of a singer would enable him to become a singer. There are few sadder sights than to see a person in whose throat God has not put the gift of song trying to sing and lead a choir. This point needs to be clarified. A great many can sing, and sing well, but only a few can compose music that is worth while. So almost any one can do useful work and render helpful and indispensable service-work without which industrialism would halt and even collapse. But only a relatively few men possess the kind of intelligence that is indispensable for an executive of a great corporation, a city, a state, or a nation. For any man or set of men not qualified by nature for this work to attempt to run a business or a state is an act of unintelligence. That does not imply that the man or the men who attempt to do this are bad men or ignorant men; they may be well educated and kind-hearted and useful citizens; but it does mean that they do not possess the kind of intelligence that qualifies them for the task of controlling or conducting a big business. This is not their job. This is the great peril that confronts democracies. This is the devil that is at the heart of the socialistic state program. This is the overlooked peril in the public ownership of utilities. The people as a whole are not qualified to run a railroad. They may run it into debt or bankruptcy, but they lack the kind of intelligence that enables a man to run these gigantic, complex organizations successfully. If this Republic ever goes onto the rocks it will be on the governmental ownership of utilities.

Men whose intelligence lies along the line of great executive ability have always been relatively few. It is the work of a specialist. The masses can no more run a nation than they can

doctor the sick. Certain people have been fond of telling us how the governments of Europe own and run things. Yes, but they forget to tell us that the more the government ran things, the more the people ran away from Europe until we had to build up fences to keep them out of our country. Tell us how they do it in Europe and I will tell you how not to do it in the United States. I have dwelt upon this point because I believe it to be vital to the interests of every kind and to the highest welfare of all classes. While we are all a necessary part of the whole and have an important work to do, we are not all qualified to do the same things. This outstanding evil of the closed shop which I have mentioned, if applied, would wreck civilization. God Himself possesses all of the great qualities. He only is intelligent along every line. Men have their degrees of intelligence. It is a big day in the life of an individual, an organization, or a nation when they learn their limitations. (To be continued)

THE CONSUMER HOLDS THE BAG

Put on your glasses and take a good look at this exhibit of collective bargaining. The photo-engravers' union is at outs with the employing photo-engravers. By way of bringing the employers to time the union is preparing to prove to buyers of photo-engravings that photo-engravings are costing them too much. The union then informs the employers of its plan of campaign and at the same time extends the right hand of fellowship, thus:

Enclosed you will find the first letter of a series that is to be sent to the buyers of engravings, which will help to bring the prices back to the prices of 1914.

If you wish to retain your present selling price, you still have this opportunity by again opening negotiations with the Detroit Photo-Engravers' Union for a working agreement under union conditions.

Collective bargaining in this case means collecting all you can from the consumer and splitting the pot with the employer. -(Detroit Saturday Night.)

"HERRIN"

First Trial Began in November. Leaders of Mob Identified. Witnesses Corroborate Newspaper Reports

of Cold-Blooded Massacre

The first trial in connection with the Herrin murders began at Marion, Illinois, on November 13, 1922. Due to the fact that the majority of the eligible jurymen in the district are miners, and consequently assumed to be more or less in sympathy with the miner defendants, there was considerable difficulty before a jury was obtained. The jury consists of eleven farmers and one union miner. The Court ruled that the mere fact that a man was a member of the Mine Workers' Union and, as a result, contributing indirectly to the defense was not sufficient grounds for disqualification.

THE FIVE DEFENDANTS IDENTIFIED BY WITNESSES

There are five defendants in the first case-Otis Clark, Bert Grace, Joseph Caranchi, Levi Mann and Peter Hiller. Witnesses for the state have identified each defendant as a member of the mob.

Clark, it is claimed by the state, was the leader of the mob. One witness identified him as the man who harangued the crowd urging them to kill the prisoners. William R. Goodman, farmer and ex-miner, stated that he had known Clark for years; that he saw him with a pistol. "Did you hear him say anything?", he was asked. "Do I have to answer that?", Goodman replied. The Judge instructed him to answer. "Well," replied the witness, Clark said, "we ought to take these men out and kill them and stop the breed." Clark was also identified by another witness as the man who held McDowell, the lame mine superintendent who was killed, with one hand and a pistol in the other.

Bert Grace, who it is reported sat in the court room grinning, lost his grin when Donald M. Ewing, a newspaper reporter, positively identified him as the man who stood in the road at the Herrin cemetery, guarding with a gun, six wounded prisoners who lay in the dust with a rope around their necks. Ewing

said Grace prodded Hoffman, one of the men killed, with his foot as he lay on the ground wounded and partly uncovered. Hoffman begged for a drink; Ewing ran to a nearby house and brought back a can of water. But when he approached, Ewing testified that Grace threatened him with a gun, saying to the dying man, "You'll get no water here,

you."

Cross examination could not shake Ewing's testimony. What is it about Grace that made you remember him, he was asked. And Ewing replied, "I took a good look at his face while I was out there, because after what happened I wanted to know his face, and I thought that I would never forget it."

Levi Mann was identified by a witness as the leader of the miners' escort that marched Hoffman and five fellow prisoners down the streets of Herrin, pistol in hand, giving orders. Another witness testified that he stood within a hand's reach of Joe Caranchi and saw Caranchi shoot Hoffman. Hiller, a witness said, came up to a wounded man leaning against a tree and fired a shot into his body, shouting, "You great big can't we kill you?"

HUGH WILLIS, MEMBER UNION BOARD, NAMED IN TESTIMONY

One of the surprises of the trial was the connecting of Hugh Willis, a member of the executive board of the Illinois Mine Workers' Union, with the massacre, by Charles T. Schaffner, manager of a Herrin hardware store. Willis had been pictured by the defense as one of the men who had urged lawfulness, but was overcome by the mob spirit. Schaffner testified that on the morning before the massacre, a number of men came in his store and demanded firearms and ammunition, which they said were to be charged to the Herrin local. He persuaded them to depart. Shortly afterward, he stated, Willis and another man entered the place and talked for some time in the private office of Mr. Ellis, the owner of the store. Following this visit, Willis, whom Schaffner said he had known for ten or twelve years, telephoned him, "Charlie, this is Hugh Willis. Some of the boys want ammunition to shoot some birds. Give them what they want and send a duplicate bill to me." A little later Schaffner stated another crowd entered the store and

obtained "300 boxes of ammunition, twelve guns and six revolvers."

General testimony brought out again the details of the mine fight, the surrender of the workers in the mine under the flag of truce, the line up at the barb wire fence, the order to run while the mob fired, the march down the road to the cemetery, and the gruesome details first disclosed by the newspaper representatives, reports which, at the time, the union and its sympathizers claimed were greatly exaggerated.

J. Marshall Lentz, a Herrin real estate dealer, testified to seeing six bodies bound together with a rope around their necks; that fourteen other dead and injured victims were found just outside the Herrin City cemetery on the outskirts of the town; that he saw one man hanging to a tree. I. N. Lentz, his brother, blacksmith and member of the United Mine Workers of America, corroborated the testimony in regard to the finding of the bodies.

DAN O'ROURKE, THE ONLY SURVIVOR OF THE SIX MEN SHOT DOWN ON CEMETERY ROAD, TESTIFIES.

A dramatic event at the trial was the appearance of Dan O'Rourke, the only survivor of the six men shot down on the Cemetery Road. O'Rourke exhibited seven bullet wounds and a scar on his throat. He told of being shot twice at the fence, of his escape to the woods, of his recapture and his march down the, road with five other bleeding prisoners. In the road, he said he prayed for a drink of water and for some one to take his mother's address and notify her of his death. A man knelt over him and slashed his throat with a pocket knife, and he lost consciousness again.

THE DEFENSE

The defense, as we go to press, is beginning the presentation of its case. It is reported that it will rely on an alibi for some of the defendants; that there were many "strangers" in the mob; that the identification is incomplete. There is also to be a plea of justifiable homicide on the ground that the guards employed by the company to protect the workers and the company's property provoked the assault.