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English Cardinal of that name, declared (Aug. 24) that the Note had set the world thinking about Peace but he feared that the Holy Father did not fully recognize that we cannot sheathe the sword until we have broken up militarism, until we have hauled down the flag emblazoned 'kultur and frightfulness"." On the other hand the American Federation of Catholic Societies at Kansas City on Aug. 28 noted with pride "the accord between the articles of agreement offered by the Supreme Pontiff and the tentative suggestions formerly made by the President of the United States.' The London Tablet, the leading British Catholic organ (Aug. 18), drew attention to the distinction which made reciprocal restitution so difficult: "The German Colonies were captured in the course of lawful war; Belgium and French territory were seized by the Germans as the result of a brutal brigandage which was made possible only by the violation of an international treaty." It also criticized the "useless massacre" phrase as unfair to those who were fighting in self-defence or for human liberty and as obviously based upon a belief that the Entente could not win. Freeman's Journal, the Dublin Nationalist organ (Aug. 18) declared that "whatever the defects of the Pope's proposals may be, they do not mean a German peace for their acceptance by the Central Powers would be a confession of the bankruptcy of militarism as a force in European politics."

It cannot be said that the Pan-Germans or annexationists liked the Pope's proposals; to them the restoration of Belgium, Northern France and Serbia meant defeat and by the close of the year they controlled much public opinion in Germany. At Rome on Sept. 22, Cardinal Gasparri commented upon the situation created by the Papal Note. He declared President Wilson's proposal to reduce armaments and impose International arbitration by force through a society of nations to be a dream, and made this suggestion: "All inconveniences and objections could be avoided by suppressing Conscription, with the provision that it could not be re-established without a law approved by the people. . . . The suppression of Conscription would lead automatically and without any disturbance of public order to disarmament and the end of militarism." By the close of the year peace was further from the thought of German leaders than when the Pope presented the subject; Russia had revived their hopes, their confidence and their pride of power. far as the intellectuals of Germany were concerned, the leaders of Pan-Germanism and Mittel-europa ambitions, they were garbed in steel and even the white mantle of a German Peace, worn by many in August, was discarded in December.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR IN 1917*

Jan. 1-Germany and Austria-Hungary acknowledged the independence of Turkey as to old-time treaties and Conventions.

Jan. 2-New Kingdom of Hejas, in Arabia, recognized by Great Britain, France and Italy.

Jan. 4-Russians evacuated the Dobrudja.

Jan. 5-Germans captured Braila (Roumania).

Jan. 8-Focsani, Roumania, captured by Germans.

Jan. 9-Allies presented 48-hour ultimatum to Greece; Prince Golitzin succeeded M. Trepoff as Russian Prime Minister.

Jan. 11-Advance of British near Beaumont Hamel, France. New British internal War Loan floated, bearing 54 per cent.; 5th Austrian War Loan of $900,000,000 announced.

Jan. 17-German advance checked in Roumania west of the Sereth; Vadeni retaken by Russians. Greek Government accepted Allies' demands.

Jan. 18-Roumanian success between valleys of Casin and Susitza. Progress of British advance north of Beaucourt-sur-Ancre. Italians advanced in Albania. Jan. 20-British air-raid on Bagdad. British successes in East Africa. German Government presented to the United States a defence of Belgian deportations. Jan. 24 Surrender of a German force in East Africa.

Jan. 25-Repulse of Germans at Verdun.

Jan. 26.-Germans repulsed on Riga front.

Jan. 27-British advance on Somme front.

Jan. 29-Allied Conference in Petrograd; arrival of British Mission with French and Italian delegates.

Jan. 31-New German attacks at Riga for the most part repulsed. Russians advanced in Bukowina. Germany announced to Neutrals a campaign of unrestricted Submarine warfare.

Feb. 1-Russians regained positions previously lost on Riga front. Further advance of Russians in the Bukowina.

Feb. 2-British advanced on Somme front.

Feb. 3-The United States broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. Advance of British north of the Ancre. System of voluntary bread, meat and sugar rations introduced in Great Britain.

Feb. 6-Further advance of British on Somme front. National Service system inaugurated in Great Britain.

Feb. 7-British captured Grandcourt, south of the Ancre. German troops crossed the Sereth, Roumania. Further attacks repulsed by Russians. Duke of the Abruzzi resigned command of Italian fleet and was succeeded by Vice-Admiral Paolo Theon di Revel.

Feb. 8-Success of British on Sailly-Saillisel Ridge, right of Somme line; also a further advance from Grandcourt on both sides of the Ancre.

Feb. 10-J. W. Gerard, U.S. Ambassador, left Germany to return home. Feb. 11-Enemy retreat at Serre Hill; British took trenches. Heavy fighting east of Gorizia; Italians repulsed Austrian attacks.

Feb. 12-British progress on the Ancre continued. Germany announced that Neutral shipping could no longer expect individual warning. The U.S. Government refused to discuss with Germany matters of difference owing to the Proclamation of Jan. 31.

Feb. 13-Denmark, Norway and Sweden presented an identic Note to Germany refusing to recognize the Submarine blockade as legal.

Feb. 14-The German Ambassador, Count Johann Von Bernstorff, sailed from

New York for home on a Danish steamer.

Feb. 16-British issued Order-in-Council compelling vessels sailing to or from a Neutral country to call at a port in British or Allied territory.

Feb. 17-Further British success on the Ancre; German positions north and south of Miraumont captured.

*Compiled from various sources-the London Times, the N.Y. Times, Current History, the United Empire, journal and organ of the British Empire League, the American and Australian Review of Reviews, etc.

Feb. 19-The Australian Cabinet re-organized on a Coalition basis-William M. Hughes remaining as Premier.

Feb. 23-British forces crossed Tigris above Kut in Mesopotamia. Turkish position turned and enemy in retreat.

Feb. 24 German retreat on the Ancre continued; British occupied Petit Miraumont. British capture of Kut-el-Amara.

Feb. 25-British occupied Serre, Miraumont, Warlencourt and Pys, in France. Feb. 26-British advance in France extended over an 11-mile front to a maximum depth of 2 miles; successful raids north of Arras.

Feb. 27-Further successes on the Somme; British occupied Le Barque and Ligny. Austro-German success in the Bukowina.

Feb. 28-Gommecourt and other places in France fell into British hands. Turks hotly pursued towards Bagdad.

Mar. 1-German intrigues in Mexico brought to light.

Mar. 2-Russians recaptured Hamadan (Western Persia).

Mar. 3-Marshal Arz Von Straussenberg appointed Chief of Staff in the AustroHungarian Army.

Mar. 7-The Irish Nationalist members in British Commons presented a Resolution calling for the immediate application of the Home Rule law.

Mar. 8-French recaptured most of lost ground in Champagne. German success against the Roumanians. Death of Count Zeppelin.

Mar. 10-Irles in France fell into British hands.

Mar. 11-British occupied Bagdad, after a brilliant 100-mile march up the Tigris. Mar. 12-Revolution in Russia and abdication of the Czar; new Cabinet formed with Prince Georges E. Lvoff as Premier.

Mar. 13-British captured Grevillers and the whole of Loupart Wood in France. Mar. 16-British advanced north of Péronne and in St. Pierre Vaast Wood. Mar. 17-German retreat toward the Belgian frontier continued; British occupied Bapaume, Nesle, Chaulnes, Péronne and over 60 villages; Roye, Noyon and Lassigny taken by the French.

Mar. 18-Fierce German attacks in the Verdun region. British troops in Mesopotamia continued pursuit of the Turks up the Diala and occupied Bahriz and Bakuba.

Mar. 19-40 more villages fell into British hands in France; rapid French advance towards St. Quentin; capture of Guiscard, Ham and Chauny. Alexandre Ribot formed a new French Ministry based upon the old.

Mar. 20-14 Villages south of Arras cleared of Germans. First meeting of the Imperial War Cabinet.

Mar. 21-British advance reached points 10 miles east of the Somme; German resistance began to develop. Advance Russian forces crossed the border from Persia into Turkish territory, south of Baneh.

Mar. 24-French reached suburbs of La Fêre. British occupied Roisel, 7 miles east of Péronne. United States ordered withdrawal from Belgium of its Minister Brand Whitlock, and the members of the American Relief Commission.

Mar. 25-German torpedo-boats bombarded Dunkirk. British success on Diala River, 60 miles north-east of Bagdad.

Mar. 26-British took Lagnicourt, north-east of Bapaume. French captured further enemy trenches west of Monastir, Serbia.

Mar. 27-British victory at Wadi-Ghuzzeh, 5 miles south of Gaza, Palestine. Further British advance north-east of Péronne.

Mar. 31-British gains along the whole line between Arras and St. Quentin. Deli Abbas, north-east of Bagdad, occupied by British.

Apr. 2-Numerous villages, including Croiselles, on the Arras-Bapaume front, occupied by British. Russian and British forces established touch in Mesopotamia. Apr. 3-German victory over Russians on the Stokhod.

Apr. 4-Further Allied success in the West. French patrols reached suburbs of St. Quentin.

Apr. 5-The Germans launched an attack north-west of Rheims in order to relieve pressure on St. Quentin.

Apr. 6-President Wilson signed joint Resolution of Congress declaring war against Germany.

Apr. 7-British naval raid on Zeebrugge. Cuba entered the War.

Apr. 9-Opening of the Battle of Arras; British attacked between Lens and St. Quentin and Canadians captured Vimy Ridge.

Apr. 10-Further successes on the Arras front.

Apr. 11-Moncy, 5 miles from Arras, captured. After temporary withdrawal on the Diala (Mesopotamia) British attacked Turks and drove them back to Deli Abbas.

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Apr. 12-British assault on German position near Arras resulted in capture of 7 towns and the piercing of the famous "Hindenburg line,' with 13,000 prisoners taken.

Apr. 13-Bolivia severed diplomatic relations with Germany.

Apr. 14-Allied air raid on Freiburg as reprisal for sinking of Hospital ships. Apr. 15-Austria made semi-official overtures to Russia for peace.

Apr. 16-Great French offensive on the Aisne. British approached Lens, despite

German counter-attacks.

Apr. 17-Further French successes between Soissons and Rheims. Turkish advanced positions on 6-mile front captured north of Wadi-Ghuzzeh (Palestine). Apr. 18-Turks defeated by British at Istabulat, Mesopotamia.

Apr. 20-Further French gains in Champagne. Turkey decided to sever diplomatic relations with the United States.

Apr. 21-The British Mission to America, headed by Arthur J. Balfour, arrived in the United States.

Apr. 23-Fresh British offensive launched along the Scarpe, France. Samarra, 68 miles north of Bagdad, captured.

Apr. 24-British advance along the Scarpe continued. Engagement on the Shattel-Adhaim (Mesopotamia) and Turks retreated to the Jebel Hamrin range. The French Mission to the United States, headed by ex-Premier Viviani and Marshal Joffre, arrived at Hampton Roads.

Apr. 25-British advanced in Macedonia in neighbourhood of Doiran.

Apr. 26-German naval raid on Ramsgate.

Apr. 28-British attack east of Vimy Ridge; Arleux taken. The Republic of Guatemala broke off relations with Germany.

Apr. 29-General Pétain appointed Chief of Staff to General Nivelle, French Commander-in-Chief. Enemy counter-attacked in Macedonia.

Apr. 30-Lieut. Baron von Richthofen, German aviator, brought down his 52nd enemy airplane.

May 1-Evacuation of Mush (Armenia) by Russians announced.

May 3-New battle along British front in France east of Arras; Fresnoy captured.

May 4-French captured Craonne, north-west of Rheims. Severe fighting in the neighbourhood of Bullecourt.

May 5-Further French success north of the Aisne.

May 7-Heavy German counter-attacks on the heights of the Aisne.

May 8-German counter-attacks cause British to withdraw from Fresnoy. May 9 Further French successes on the Aisne, British captured Bulgarian trenches south-west of Doiran.

May 10-North Sea engagement; 11 German destroyers chased into Zeebrugge. Italian Mission to the United States arrived in New York. General Ruszky removed from command of Russia's armies.

May 11-Severe fighting near Lens. British Government raises the age for voluntary attestation from 40 to 50.

May 12-Heavy bombardment of Zeebrugge by British ships and aeroplanes. May 14-Zeppelin L-22 destroyed by naval gunfire in North Sea. British captured village of Roux in the Scarpe Valley. Italian offensive launched from Tolmino to the sea. Russian Army Headquarters estimated that Germany had withdrawn 600,000 men from the Russian front and sent them to oppose the French and British offensives.

May 16-General Pétain appointed Commander-in-Chief of the French forces, with General Foch as Chief of the General Staff. British advanced on a three-mile front in Macedonia.

May 17-British completed capture of Bullecourt, where fighting had taken place since May 3.

May 18-Austrian counter-attacks on the Isonzo repulsed with help from British heavy artillery.

May 19-Further section of the Hindenburg line, on front of over a mile, taken by British north of Bullecourt.

May 20-British advanced between Bullecourt and Fontaine. French success on the Moronvilliers front. Italians gave ground on the Vodice and south of Gorizia.

May 21-Hindenburg line from a point east of Bullecourt to Arras in British hands, with slight exceptions.

May 25-Enemy air-raid over south-east coast of England.

May 26-The offensive on the Isonzo front Italy's greatest effort in two years of war; 22,500 Austrian prisoners taken since May 14.

May 27-Italians crossed the Timavo River and approached within a mile of Duino, their immediate seaport objective.

May 28-The Brazilian Chamber of Deputies voted in favour of revoking neutrality and authorizing the seizure of German ships.

June 1-The fortress of Kronstadt, defending Petrograd, taken over by the local Workmen's and Soldier's Council.

June 3-United States Mission to Russia, headed by Elihu Root, arrived at a Russian (Pacific) port.

June 4-General Alexis Brusiloff appointed Commander-in-Chief of Russia's armies.

June 5-German naval bases at Zeebrugge and Ostend bombarded by British warships. 18 German aeroplanes dropped bombs on coast east of London. The French Chamber of Deputies declared that Peace terms must include restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France and reparation for damage done to occupied territory An Austrian counter-attack on the Carso Plateau, near Jamiano, inflicted severe losses on the Italians; the Austrians claimed a total of 22,000 prisoners during the Italian offensive.

June 7-In the greatest mine explosion of the year the British blast away German positions on the Wytschaete-Messines Ridge, dominating Ypres from the south, and wiped out a bulge in the German line 5 miles across and 3 miles deep. Austrian counter-attack on the Carso Plateau stopped by Italians after three days; with reinforcements from the Russian front the Austrians recaptured one-third of the ground previously lost.

June 9-Major General Pershing and his Staff, on their way to France, received by King George V.

June 10-Italian efforts suddenly shifted to the Trentino front, where several Austrian positions were carried.

June 11-Lord Northcliffe, the British newspaperman, arrived in the United States to head a permanent War Mission along industrial lines.

June 12-King Constantine of Greece abdicated and was succeeded by his second son Alexander.

June 13-Fourth German aeroplane raid over England within three weeks and the most destructive of the entire war.

June 15-Lord Rhondda is appointed Food Controller in Great Britain, succeeding Lord Devonport.

June 17-British evacuated positions in the Struma Valley region, on the Bulgarian front in Macedonia.

June 18-Haiti severed diplomatic relations with Germany. A Commission from Belgium to the United States received by President Wilson.

June 20-British re-took lost positions east of Monchy-le-Preux; Canadians repulsed attacks on new positions near Lens. Italians resumed the offensive in the Trentino and captured Austrian positions on Monte Ortigara.

June 22-Germans pierced French salient on a front of 14 miles along the Chemin des Dames.

June 24-French recaptured greater part of salient lost east of Vauxaillon. June 25-British advanced on a front of 11⁄2 miles south-west of Lens. June 26-Canadians captured La Coulette and pushed beyond it toward Lens. French captured positions north-west of Hurtebise Farm. Austrians suffered severely in attempt to retake the Ortigara sector.

June 28-Canadians, in drive on Lens, pushed on half way through Avion. June 29-British carried German line between Oppy and Gavrelle on a front of 2,000 yards. Germans near Verdun captured several French positions. Turks drove Russians across the River Abis Hirman on the Persian frontier.

June 30-British advanced a mile toward Lens over a front of 4 miles. July 1-Russians, led by Kerensky in person, resumed their drive toward Lemberg and advanced on an 18-mile front. Heavy fighting around Avocourt Wood, Hill 304, and Dead Man Hill in France; British drew close to Lens.

July 4 Germans launched powerful offensive north of the Aisne on a front of nearly 11 miles but were repulsed. Germans attacked French positions on the left

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