that 27 Canadian officers were employed with the British Recruiting Mission; the fact that Lieut.-Col. P. A. Guthrie and band of the 236th Battalion, C.E.F., visited Boston and New York on recruiting missions with an enthusiastic welcome in crowded streets, while a detachment of the 48th Highlanders, Toronto, under Lieut.-Col. C. W. Darling, had a similar reception in New York and Chicago; the succeeding presentation to the Toronto Regiment (Sept. 21) of a large United States flag on behalf of the N.Y. Scottish Highlanders; a Boston luncheon on Feb. 8 in honour of Lieut.-Col. J. L. McAvity of St. John and the 26th Overseas Battalion, which he had commanded; a great Allied recruiting meeting in Chicago on July 26 as to which Archdeacon Cody stated that there had never been anything on the Continent to equal it; an appeal from Elmer H. Youngman, Editor of the N.Y. Bankers' Magazine, in August, for reciprocity in Banking and the admission of Canadian bank branches to the right of receiving deposits in New York and elsewhere; the visit of the 5th Royal Highlanders of Montreal to Boston for recruiting purposes on Sept. 24 and their warm reception. Of this last feature in the record Lord Northcliffe very truly said in Maclean's Magazine (September):

That British troops in uniform should march through American cities, should be cheered in New York, should arouse a city like Newark, New Jersey, to enthusiasm, should march up Bunker's Hill without calling forth a word of Jingo protest-that is one of the most astonishing events of our time.

Arrangements were put into force on the border to prevent young men migrating from one country to the other to evade military duty; American troops were sent by permission of President Wilson to take part in Toronto's Victory Loan parade on Nov. 20; during the Canadian elections polls were opened in several United States centres for the convenience of R.F.C. Canadians in training; 150 Army and Navy officers from the State of Washington attended a Victory Loan ball at Victoria, B.C., on Nov. 23 and were received by H.E. the Governor-General; the Canadian Government was asked during the term of the War not to grant naturalization papers to American citizens; W. G. Ross of Montreal was elected President of the American Port Authorities at Cleveland on Sept. 12; the University of Rochester on Oct. 2 gave Hon. W. R. Riddell of Toronto, and Lord Northcliffe the Hon. degree of LL.D. and Sir John Aird of Toronto was elected a Vice-President of the American Bankers' Association in December; through Mr. Gompers the American Federation of Labour subscribed $10,000 in the November war loan of Canada, while the American Red Cross gave $1,000,000 to the British Red Cross. Toward the end of the year there were rumours in the Liberal press as to the appointment of a Canadian High Commissioner at Washington to act with the British Ambassador and co-ordinate the purchase of war munitions. and supplies and raw material, problems of exchange, credits, food, etc., with the name of Hon. J. D. Hazen suggested. It appeared, however, that the British Ambassador had acted so well for the interests of Canada, and the work of the British War Commission under Lord Northcliffe, with Sir C. B. Gordon of Montreal

as Vice-Chairman, had been so thoroughly done that the matter was not considered pressing. An opposing contention was that a Minister fresh from Ottawa would have more influence and be better fitted for the work than a resident official.

An important body at this time was the International Joint Commission organized in 1910 to deal with Boundary waters and made up in two Sections of which, in 1917, the Canadian was composed of C. A. Magrath, Ottawa (Chairman), H. A. Powell, K.C., St. John, and P. B. Mignault, K.C., Montreal, with L. J. Burpee as Secretary while the American Section was composed of Hon. Obadiah Gardner, Rockland, Me. (Chairman), James A. Tawney, and Hon. R. B. Glenn Winston. On June 12 a final Report as to the Lake of the Woods dispute was fyled at Ottawa and recommended the maintenance of an ordinary maximum stage level of 1061 25 with an extreme range from 1056 to 1062 50-the former level only to be reached in years of excessive drought, and the latter in years of excessive precipitation. According to a statement submitted by Mr. Burpee to the Premier this decision recognized the water-power interests, particularly those on the Winnipeg River supplying light and power to the city of Winnipeg, as the dominant interests in the Lake of the Woods region, and the level recommended was one of very great benefit to those interests. At the same time the interests of navigation, lumbering, fisheries and agriculture were said to be safeguarded. It was estimated that $100,000,000 was invested in Canadian industries of this region which were dependant on the water-power. At the annual meeting of the Commission in Ottawa early in October the plans of the International Lumber Co. on Rainy River were approved and the question of pollution of boundary waters was considered as well as the irrigation apportionment of the St. Mary and Milk Rivers in Montana, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. A meeting at New York on Nov. 12 dealt further with these matters.

For two weeks in April and May Sir George Foster was present at Allied Conferences in Washington when the vital questions of co-operation in production, munitions' output, shipbuilding, coastal defence and the regulation of food prices was discussed. In August Immigration regulations were suspended by Canada and the United States Government permitted many thousands of American farm hands to cross the border and help Canadian farmers; in August, also, F. C. Walcott of the U.S. Food Administration was in Ottawa arranging for joint international action. During the year Sir Cecil Spring-Rice, British Ambassador, was constantly in Ottawa, or Canadian Ministers were in Washington, conferring together; while Lord Northcliffe paid Canada several visits and helped in keeping the two countries on a level keel. Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, Chief Justice of Canada, and Sir Edmund Walker of Toronto, delivered notable speeches at New York on Mar. 17 before the Lawyers' Club of that City on the Centennial of the Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817; N. W. Rowell, K.C., M.L.A., addressed the American Newspaper Publishers' Association at New York on Apr. 26 with Maj.Gen. G. T. M. Bridges and J. W. Gerard. Other incidents included

an LL.D. degree conferred on the Canadian poet, Dr. Thomas O'Hagan, by the University of Notre Dame in Indiana and the decision of Harvard University to devote a special branch of its Library to Canadian history and literature with Clarance M. Warner, lately of Napanee, placed in charge.

The Visits to A most interesting War incident of the year was Canada of M. the reception in Canada of the distinguished French Viviani, Marshal Joffre and and British Commissioners to the Government of the Mr. Balfour. United States. A joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament was devoted on May 12 to hearing M. René Viviani, Chief of the French Mission, Minister of Justice, and exPremier of France. J. H. Rainville, Deputy Speaker and a FrenchCanadian, formally welcomed the visitor who, in reply, delivered in French a characteristically eloquent speech. He paid tribute to Canada in the War, to Great Britain, to King Edward VII as the maker of the Entente, to heroic France, to the vast struggle going on "between triumphant autocracy bent on ruling over the world, and democracy whose sole aim is to regenerate it; between absolute rulers who consider as mere possessions the peoples over whom they rule, and democracy whose object is to elevate the mind, the conscience and the soul." The French orator and his burning words moved even those who did not understand the exact meaning. The members were profoundly stirred and Sir George Foster moved that a record of this striking address, so full of heart and fire, of high ideal and strong purpose, be placed upon Hansard. As to the future he added: "Old misapprehension and prejudices will have passed away in the dread fires of war, washed away in common blood shed for a common cause, and the spirit of our countries will emerge united for one highest ideal, and for a stronger civilization." Sir Wilfrid Laurier also eulogized the speaker and declared that in the furnace of war "this paradox of an Empire of free peoples has become a living thing under British institutions."

Montreal gave a great reception to Marshal Joffre on Sunday, May 13, with, perhaps, half a million people lining the streets and squares, with much cheering in the long procession from the Windsor Station to Fletcher's Field where the Montreal Garrison troops, under Maj.-Gen. E. W. Wilson, were reviewed and an illuminated Address received from Médèric Martin, Mayor of a city "founded by Frenchmen, whose heroism history never tires of proclaiming, from whom our city has regarded it as a duty and an honour to preserve the language and glorious traditions. The Address went on to say that "France and England, our two mother countries, have suffered, but the greater the sufferings the greater will be their triumphs, which will produce fortuitous results for liberty, civilization, and the happiness of the world." From the Marshal came only a brief word of eulogy for the Canadian soldier: "I have seen your men in action; they are courageous; they are indomitable and marvellous; they despise death and their bravery is only equalled by that of the soldiers of France." A half-minute speech followed

to the officers regarding the only thing that mattered-so far as he was concerned: "You have sent many men Overseas, and I feel sure you will continue to send more, for men are needed, badly needed." There was a State luncheon at the Ritz-Carlton with Lieut.-Col., the Hon. P. E. Blondin in the chair and Archbishop Bruchési, with a most representative list of people, present. The speeches were brief and the Marshal merely expressed thanks for his reception as showing that France had a place in the people's affections. An inspection of returned soldiers took place on the McGill Campus, and the French Consulate and Municipal Library also were visited. To Sir George Foster, Acting Premier, the Marshal sent an expressive message on the 20th: "We take with us an undying memory of this welcome, which has permitted us to realize how close and affectionate are the bonds which unite us in these hours, when all the moral and physical power of the Allies should be consecrated to the common cause and to victory."

The Rt. Hon. Arthur James Balfour had, for almost a life-time, been in the blaze of world-publicity and in the high places of British life and policy since he last, in 1875, stood upon the banks of the Niagara and viewed its marvellous scene. With his British Mission he had landed first at Halifax on Apr. 21 and, before leaving for Washington, issued a Message to the Canadian people in which he paid high tribute to the heroes of Ypres and Vimy and to the work of the Red Cross-concluding as follows: "You have combined to the utmost of your powers, energy and mercy in your prosecution of the War. In times of reconstruction, such as these, they form the only foundation upon which Empires can be built that have any service to offer to mankind. I have been sent upon a Mission to your neighbouring State. I think of it as your Mission as well as ours and I trust that a representative from Canada will join me in Washington." Messrs. White and Foster left shortly afterwards to join Mr. Balfour and a month later (May 25) the British statesman-also Minister of Foreign Affairs-and like M. Viviani an ex-Premier of his country, was in Toronto. A great and cheering multitude of people greeted him at Queen's Park where, in the open air, addresses of welcome were tendered by Sir Wm. Hearst for the Province and Mayor T. L. Church for the Citythe former observing that "you suggest to us the continuity of British traditions, responsibilities and zeal for public service" and the latter declaring that "the citizens of Toronto will support the Imperial cause to the end." In response the visitor spoke eloquently:

I come into Canada to a great free country, composed not only of friends, but of countrymen. We think the same thoughts, we live in the same civilization, we belong to the same Empire, and if anything could have cemented more closely the bonds of Empire, if anything could have made us feel that we were indeed of one flesh and one blood, with one common history behind us, if anything could have cemented these feelings, it is the consciousness that now for two years and a half we have been engaged in this great struggle.

A stop at Niagara Falls had preceded this visit and there, as in Toronto, Mr. Balfour was accompanied by most of the members of his Mission;* he crossed the Whirlpool Rapids in an aerial car

* See record of Mission in the United States.

and visited Brock's Monument. A Civic luncheon was accepted in Toronto on the 26th and to his own toast Mr. Balfour spoke of 'something which lies far deeper than mere formal expressions of policy, which makes one feel the ties of kinship, which makes of patriotism more than a phrase-those fundamental identities of thought, of feeling, of aspiration and of outlook without which mere similarity of institutions are all vain." In the afternoon an Hon. LL.D. was conferred by the University of Toronto and Mr. Balfour again spoke with a scholarly touch and sadness of thought born of war. He emphasized the value of Anglo-American unity in world. crises. On the 28th he was at Ottawa, attended a Cabinet Council, met Sir Wilfrid Laurier, and at 2 o'clock addressed a joint Session of Parliament. Addresses of welcome were given by the Speakers of the Commons and the Senate-Hon. E. N. Rhodes and Hon. Joseph Bolduc-and then Mr. Balfour spoke briefly in French and more fully in English. It was a speech of perfect diction, obvious culture, clear thought, simple style and convincing phrase. His description of the British Empire before the War as viewed by the the ordinary German politician was as follows: "The calculation was that the British Empire was but a fair-weather edifice, very imposing in its sheer magnitude, in the vast surface of the globe which it occupied, but quite unfitted to deal with the storm and stress of war; destined to crumble at the first attack and, like the house built on sand, to fall with a great ruin." On the face of it there was a basis for this view; underneath there were a thousand elements unknown or not understood; the result was really a political miracle. As to the rest:

We have staked our last dollar upon democracy, and if democracy fails us we are bankrupt indeed. But I know democracy will not fail us. When democracy sets itself to work, when it really takes the business in hand, I hold the faith most firmly that it will beat all the autocracies in the world; but it will not beat them easily, it will not beat them without effort, it will not beat them unless it is prepared to forego temporarily those divisions which, in a sense, are the very life-blood of a free, vigorous and rapidly developing community.

Sir Robert Borden, in moving the record of this speech on the pages of Hansard, expressed appreciation of and agreement with the terms of Mr. Balfour's message of eloquence and deep feeling. Sir Wilfrid Laurier paid high personal tribute to the visitor and added: "But, Mr. Balfour, I am sure, would be the first to recognize that the warmth of the receptions which he has received in this country is not due alone to his great name and personality, but is associated with an even greater name, the name of England, the champion of liberty, the mother of living nations. England, great at all times, was never greater than at this moment. God bless England

for all the sacrifices she has made, for the duty she has undertaken, for the risks she has assumed." After a tribute to France he declared that Canadians "stand to-day prouder of the British allegiance than we were three years ago.

On the 29th Deputations were received from St. Andrew's Society and the Orange Order. At Montreal (May 30) Mr. Balfour addressed a crowded meeting of the Canadian Club with Sir Cecil Spring