lateral canal can be constructed without injury to the said Chesapeake and Ohio canal, and for other surveys, has not yet been attended to, owing to the existing engagements of the engineers.

Under the provisions of the law of last session for the education of the Deaf and Dumb, at the Institution in Pa. which enacts that there shall be 'one deaf and dumb person selected from each county, and from the city of Baltimore; and in case of reports not being made from some of the counties, additional selections shall be made from the counties reporting the highest numbers, until twenty have been selected: 'there is yet remaining the number of five to fill the list. The amount expended for this object within the year, is for education $615 65; for expenses of conveying pupils to the institution $66.

In conclusion of some general remarks on the subject of Internal Improvement, the Governor congratulates the general assembly and their fellow citizens, upon the completion of a navigable intercourse between the Chesapeake and Delaware, by the cross-cut canal. This stupendous work evinces in the strongest light, the science by which it has been directed, and the energy and perseverance with which it has been executed; and it now bids fair to realize every convenience, profit and natural utility that have been anticipated.'

On public education we quote these paragraphs. When we consider that in Maryland every citizen of competent age and residence, is endowed, as he should be, with the elective franchise, it appears to us to be the imperative duty of the Legislature, to place the means of education within the convenient attainment of all.

If there be danger in popular elections, as has been conceived by some, the sure correction is to be found in moral instruction.'

The progressive improvements made in the State Penitentiary are good evidence of great attention in the management of an institution which is regularly gaining upon public approbation.Nothing at present, seems to be more wanting than a proper classification of criminals in the disposition of them at night. Until very recently, the state penitentiary has been a considerable cost to the public treasury; but the expectation held out, that when completed it would annually produce revenue, is likely to be realized. The annual report required by law from the directors is here

laws.

The Militia System of the state has become generally inoperative, as the public sense, and public convenience seem to decide against it.-Militia musters as directed by law, have had little effect to make soldiers, or to instruct the citizens in military knowledge. The days allotted to them are rather injurious

to the time, the labor and the morals of the community. Such is our situation in relation to all foreign powers, and such has been the precautionary wisdom of the Federal Government, in erecting fortifications and defences on our maritime frontier, that there is little danger

of sudden invasion. The law now in

existence, imposing penalties for neglect of military duties, and upon those who are conscientiously scrupulous of performing such duties, having become inoperative, it is with great respect submitted, whether they ought not to be repealed, with such a substitution of volunteer corps, and such a general organization of the militia as would annually give a view of the effective force of the state, without the imposition of unnecessary and useless taxation upon the time and industry of the people.'

There appears to be a deficiency in the State Treasury, and the Governor earnestly calls on the Legislature to provide for the financial prosperity and credit of the State.

On the 4th of January the Legislature made choice of Thomas King Carroll, as Governor of the State for the ensuing year. Ninety three votes were taken, of which Thomas King Carroll, received 50, and Daniel Martin 43.

February, 1830.-A select committee of the house of delegates, to which was referred certain communications from the executives of Louisiana, Missouri, Georgia, and Mississippi, made a report on the 8th inst. The committee arrived at the following conclusions, as expressed in the resolutions offered:

To agree with Louisiana in extending the presidential term to six years, and

render the president and vice president ineligible afterwards.

To agree with Missouri and Georgia to provide for an uniform mode of electing the president and vice president, by the people, without the intervention of electors, provided the sovereignty of the states be not invaded, and that their present power, as prescribed by the constitution, remains unchanged. A desire is also expressed that the constitution should be so amended as to prevent the choice of a president or vice president from ever devolving on congress.

To disagree with Georgia in her resolutions that congress possesses no constitutional power to aid the colonization society.

To disagree with Mississippi, declaring that the tariff of 1828 is unconstitutional, and oppressive; but that a constitutional opposition by those who feel themselves aggrieved, meets entire approbation.

May, 1830. A portion of the Baltimore Rail Road, for several miles, was completed, and opened for various successful experiments. Among these, is the facility of using railways of a curvature not less than 400 feet radius, which late trials have fully established.

"The first division of the rail road, now ready for use, is somewhat more than thirteen miles in length, from the south side of Pratt Street, in this city, at the first depot for its use, to Ellicott's Mills. For the first half of the distance, to the valley of the Patapsco, the road is made in many places by embankments, and the rails are laid on sills of wood bedded in broken stone; on the residue of the way to Ellicott's Mills, the rails are laid on blocks of granite.

'Near to Ellicott's Mills another interesting and very satisfactory experiment has been made, by constructing part of a second set of tracts, for a short distance, of stone rails laid on stone sills, the iron strap on which the wheels of the cars are to run, being fastened on top of the stone rails. That material (of the very best quality for such a purpose) is abundant along the whole route of the rail road through the valley of the Patapsco. The cost of constructing the stone railway, it is ascertained, does not exceed that of the wooden rails laid on stone sills. Its permanency and other advantages must insure it the preference, whenever the bed of the road is suitable, and the stone can be obtained.

Some experiments were made on the road on the 22d inst. In the first car

riage that passed was the venerable Charles Carroll. The cars, drawn by one horse, traversed the 13 miles in one hour and four minutes.

The cost of the first 13 miles was $45,000 per mile, but the next 12 is estimated at $18,000 per mile.

June 10. The Rev. Wm M. Stone, was unanimously elected by the Protestant Episcopal Convention at Baltimore, Bishop of the Diocese of Maryland.

The Maryland Penitentiary made a profit of about 16,500 dollars, in 1829, after paying all expenses, and also $2,897 for interest on certain loans made by the state. The average number of the prisoners was 340.

BALTIMORE.-The entire receipts at the city treasury for the year 1829, amounted to $329,337 90-including 93,000 dollars borrowed, and about 42,000 on account of damages for opening Lombard and Pine streets-and various disbursements for paving, &e. refunded by the owners of the property benefitted, &c. What may be called the regular revenue, from taxes, licenses, rents, duties, &c amounted to less than $200,000.

The disbursements were less than the receipts in the sum of nearly 10,000 dollars, in the treasury. The following are some of the chief items. expenses of city's poor 17,500-city court about 12,000, nearly 5000 on account of former years-other expenses of jurors, prosecutions, courts and jail, about 12,000watching and lighting the city 26,743interest paid on stocks 21,956-salaries about 18.000-Baltimore and Ohio rail road instalments 75,000-to commissioners of finance for reduction of the city debt 16,798-deepening and preserving the harbor 25,257-fire companies 4,990

damages for opening Lombard and other streets, &c, 40,752—diary of the city council 4,160-rent of offices, council chamber, &c, 1000-extending Bowley's wharf 4000, &c, &c.

Bills of Mortality for 1829. Total interments in the year, 1,849-985 males and 864 females, of whom 529 were colored persons-429 free and 100 slaves. The free colored persons, by the census of 1820, were 10,294-and slaves. 4,357.

There died in January 154; Feb. 136; March 174; April 151; May 93; June 184; July 194; Aug. 255; Sept. 164; Oct. 114; Nov. 129; Dec. 121, total 1,849.

Ages-still born 106; under 1 year, 428; between 1 & 2, 126; 2 & 5, 167; 5 & 10, 55; 10 & 21, 111; 21 & 30, 177

1829.

CONSTITUTION.-The Constitution of this state was adopted about the same time that the declaration of independence was made by the United States in 1776, and was framed rather with the view of supplying the state with a government in a time of emergency, than of giving it the best possible form. Certain defects were discovered in the lapse of years, and although objections were urged against any change, the obvious inequality and injustice of some of its provisions had excited a feeling of dissatisfaction in various parts of the state, which every succeeding Legislature found it more difficult to resist. Several ineffectual attempts were made to authorize the people to call a Convention to amend the Constitution. The Legislature which held its session in 1828-9, at last adopted an act dated February 10th, 1829, authorising a Convention to assemble at Richmond, on the 1st Monday of October following, to revise and amend the Constitution. For this purpose the state was divided into 24 districts, each of which elected four delegates, who formed the Convention at the time designated, and on motion of James Madison, James Monroe was appointed the President of the convention, who was conducted to his seat by the venerable mover and John Marshall, Chief Justice of the U. States. One of the chief defects in the Constitution, was the inequality of representation in the Legislature, each county, whatever might be its population, sending the same number of delegates.

The inequality of the present mode of electing delegates to the general assembly may be well estimated from the table showing the taxables in each county. Many of the counties, and especial

ly those in the valley, or westward, contain from 1,500 to 2,000 taxables-- while many in the eastern part of the state, having the same power of representation, have less than 400 taxables-one, Warwick, only 126.

The following is a statement of the number of persons in each county and corporate town, within the commonwealth, charged with state tax, for the year 1828, on moveable property, furnished by the auditor in obedience to a resolution of the convention:--Accomac, 1106; Albemarle, 1541; Alleghany, 306; Amelia, 549; Amherst, 882; Augusta, 1942; Bath, 441; Bedford, 1814; Berkley, 917; Botetourt, 1405; Brooke, 738; Brunswick, 857; Buckingham, 1141; Cabell, 403; Campbell, 1174; Caroline, 1027; Charles city, 331; Charlotte, 983; Chesterfield, 1169; Culpepper, 1538;Cumberland, 724; Dinwiddie, 883; Elizabeth city, 277; Essex, 529; Fairfax, 904; Fauquier, 1423; Fluvanna, 571; Franklin, 1345; Frederick, 1791; Giles, 662; Gloucester, 553; Goochland, 682; Grayson,814; Greenbriar,1076; Greensville, 360; Halifax, 2031; Hampshire, 1306; Hanover, 1082; Hardy, 863; Harrison, 1849; Henrico, 589; Henry, 507; Isle of Wight, 800; James city, 217; Jefferson, 877; Kanawha, 881; King and Queen, 773; King George, 362; King William, 591; Lancaster, 364; Lee,751; Lewis, 820; Logan,388; Loudoun,1914; Louisa, 1051; Lunenburg, 783; Madison, 619; Mason, 797; Matthews, 395; Mecklenburg, 1325; Middlesex, 251; Monongalia,1703; Monroe,1,011; Montgomery, 1364; Morgan, 304; Nansemond, 842; Nelson, 737; New Kent, 437; Nicholas, 412; Norfolk county, 1160; Northumberland, 497; Northampton, 456; Nottoway, 528; Ohio, 1263;

Orange, 516; Patrick, 736; Pendleton, 890; Pittsylvania, 1995; Pocahontas, 897; Powhatan, 518; Preston, 644; Prince Edward, 920; Princess Anne, 904; Prince George, 586; Prince William, 684; Randolph, 657; Richmond county, 330; Rockbridge, 1397; Rockingham, 1906; Russell, 875; Scott, 784; Shenandoah, 2026; Southampton, 1112; Spottsylvania, 722; Stafford,652; Surry, 452; Sussex, 793; Tazewell, 692; Tyler, 502; Warwick, 126; Washington, 1332; Westmoreland,468; Wood,702; Wythe, 1300; York, 318; Williamsburg, 128; Richmond city, 1023; Norfolk borough, 639; Petersburg, 649; Lynchburg, 351; Fredericksburg, 245; Winchester, 189; Staunton, 110. Total, 95,593.

In the foregoing enumeration, persons of every age and color, and of both sexes, are included.

A warm and animated contest ensued, as to the propriety of making any and what amendment, in this particular, and it was not until after many close divisions, that the question was settled.

On the question whether the basis of representation in the house of delegates, should be the number of white inhabitants, or the Federal principle, which adds to that number 3-5 of the slaves within the district, the vote stood 49 to 47. The members of the eastern counties were resolved not to part with the power of governing the state, and those from the west, as determined not to submit to the existing inequitable mode. The Convention was several times apparently on the point of breaking up without finishing its business.

Finally, a compromise took place, the political power however, being carefully secured to eastern Virginia, and an amended Constitution was adopted on the 14th of January, 1830, by a vote of 55 ayes to 40 Nays.

The next day after the Constitution had been enrolled and signed, Mr John Randolph rose and moved that the Constitution be submitted to the freeholders only, for ratification or rejection.

This was rejected Ayes 23, Nays 66. The following is an abstract of its principal provisions.

By the first article, the declaration of rights, adopted by the State of Virginia, June 12th, 1776, is retained without amendment.

The second article declares, that the Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary Departments, shall be kept distinct, and that no person shall exercise the powers of more than one at a time, except in

the case of Justices of the County Courts, who may be eligible to the Legislature.

The third relates to the legislative power.-There is to be a General Assembly of Virginia divided into two houses-the Senate and the House of Delegates. The House of Delegates is to be composed of 134 members, annually elected, of which 31 shall be chosen by the twentysix counties lying west of the Alleghany Mountains; 25 by the fourteen counties lying between the Alleghany and the Blue Ridge; 42 by the twentynine counties, lying east of the Blue Ridge and above tide-water; and 36 by the counties, cities, towns, and boroughs, lying upon the tide-water. Then follows a specific enumeration of the counties, cities, towns, and boroughs, by name, apportioning the choice of delegates among them. The Senate is to consist of 32 members, of whom thirteen are to be chosen by that part of the state lying west of the Blue Ridge, and nineteen by that part of the state lying east of it. For the purpose of electing the Senate, the state is divided into thirtytwo districts. To keep up this Assembly by rotation, the districts are to be equally divided into four classes, and numbered by lot. At the end of one year after the first general election, the eight members elected by the first division shall be displaced, and the vacancies thus occasioned, supplied by a new election. This rotation to be applied to each division according to its nuinber, and continued in due order annually. The Legislature is to re-apportion once in every ten years the representation in both houses, provided that the number of Delegates from the four great districts above mentioned, and the number of Senators from the two great districts respectively be neither increased nor diminished. After the year 1841, however, the Legislature shall have authority (two-thirds of each house concurring) to make such a re-apportionment as to increase the number of Delegates to 150, and the number of Senators to 36. With respect to the apportionment of the representatives in Congress among the several counties, cities, boroughs, and towns of the state, it is directed that it shall be done by the same rule as in other states.

The same article directs that no person shall be a inember of the House of

Delegates who has not attained twentyfive years; or a senator who has not attained the age of thirtyfive; that they shall be residents in the districts for

which they are elected, and freehold voters. Persons holding lucrative of fices, ministers of religion, and priests, are excluded from the legislature. The members are to be compensated from the treasury, but no law increasing the compensation is to take effect till the end of the next annual session, and no member can, during the term for which he is elected, accept any lucrative office created by the legislature during such term, or the emoluments of which have been increased, except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people. The two Houses are to meet every year; a majority of each is to constitute a quorum; neither is to adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other-nor to any other place. There are several other provisions conferring on the two houses the usual powers of legislative bodies. All laws are to originate in the House of Delegates. The writ of Habeas Corpus is in no case to be suspended. No bill of attainder, no ex post facto law, no law impairing the obligation of contracts, taking private property without just compensation, abridging the freedom of speech or the press, prescribing any religious test, levying taxes for the support of public worship, giving peculiar privileges to any religious denomination, or molesting any person in any manner on account of his religious opinions, is to be passed by the legislature. The General Assembly is empowered to disqualify persons hereafter in any way concerned in a duel, from holding any public office. The Governor, the Judges, &c. are impeachable by the House of Delegates before the Senate, and may be convicted by the concurrence of two thirds of the number present, the Senate being on oath. The judgment in cases of impeachment is to extend only to removal from office and future disqualification, leaving the punishment of the offender to the usual process of law.

Every white male citizen, of full age, the proprietor of a freehold of the value of twenty five dollars, or of a reversion or remainder in fee of the value of fifty dollars, or of a leasehold estate for a term not less than five years, of the annual rent of twenty dollars, or who for twelve months next preceding the election has been a house-keeper and head of a family, having paid taxes, shall be entitled to vote for members of the legislature, in the county, city, town, or borough, where such land may lie, or such house-keeper may live. Insane persons,

paupers, seamen or soldiers of the U.S. service, and persons convicted of any infamous offence, are not entitled to vote. In all elections, the votes are to be given openly, or viva voce, and not by ballot.

The fourth article relates to the Executive power, which is vested in a Governor and a Council of State composed of three persons, each eligible by joint vote of both Houses of the General Assembly. The Governor is to be a native of the U. States, or a citizen at the time of adopting the federal constitution, 30 years of age, and a citizen of the Commonwealth for five years previous to bis election. His salary, to be fixed by law, shall not be increased or diminished during his term of service. He is to hold his office for three years, and to be ineligible for the next three He is to be Commander-in-Chief of the forces of the State, to convene the legislature, to propose public measures by message, grant pardons, fill vacancies pro tempore during the recess of the Legislature, in offices of which the Legislature has a right to appoint, &c. &c. The members of the Council of State are to hold their offices for three years, and one is to be chosen every year. The Governor is to consult them before exercising any discretionary power, and their advice is to be registered in a book kept for that purpose. The senior Councillor is to be the Lt Governor, and to act as Governor in the death or absence, &c. of that off

cer.

The fifth article vests the Judicial power in a Supreme Court of Appeals, in such Superior Courts as the Legislature may establish, in County Courts and in Justices of the Peace, the jurisdiction of all which tribunals is to be regulated by law. The Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals, and of the Superior Courts, are to be elected by a joint vote of the two Houses of Assembly, who are to receive adequate salaries, which are not to be diminished during their continuance in their stations, and who are to hold their offices during good behavior, or until removed by a concurrent vote of two thirds of the two Houses, for causes which are to be entered on the journal of each House, and of which due and timely notice is to be given. The present Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals, General Court, and Supreme Courts of Chancery are to continue in office only until the end of the first session of the Legislature, under the new Constitution. No law abol