of Ohio, who had a good record for executive efficiency during the war, and who supported the general policy of President Wilson, but was somewhat more willing to accept amendments to the treaty. There was a widespread popular movement for Mr. Hoover, whose handling of the food administration had made his name a household word throughout the world. He ultimately declared himself a Republican, but the presidential primaries held in various states indorsed rather, General Wood, Governor Lowden of Illinois, and Senator Johnson of California. The Republican convention, which met at Chicago, rejected all these expressions of the popular will, and selected Senator Harding of Ohio, a man little known in the country at large, but well approved by the colleagues with whom he had worked in the Senate.

The campaign was unsatisfactory from the point of view of definition of issue, and of popular discussion. The Republicans did not definitely reject the idea of a League of Nations, but attacked rather the President's assumption of power. Dissatisfaction with both candidates gave rise to much talk of a third party, but the different dissatisfied groups proved to be irreconcilable among themselves, and their vote was divided among a Farmer-Labor, a Socialist, and other candidates. The election showed the wisdom of the Republicans in offering the country a program of quiet and restoration of normal conditions. Mr. Harding was elected by an overwhelming majority, which swept even into the "Solid South" and carried Tennessee, the first of the eleven states declaring secession in 1861 to vote Republican since the obscuration of the negro vote. On March 4, 1921, he took office, confronted by many problems of domestic reconstruction and by the task of making peace with Germany, and of formulating a foreign policy to take the place of that of President Wilson, which had been rejected in the elections of 1918 and 1920.

In the presidential election of 1920 women, for the first

President
Harding

Constitu

tional amendments.

Sources. Historical accounts.

time, voted in all the states by virtue of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was ratified in August, 1920. The Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquor for beverage purposes, had been adopted early in 1919.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

The War Message and the Facts Behind It, Committee on Public Information, Washington. First Session of the War Congress, Ibid. War Cyclopedia, Ibid. Robinson, E. E., and West, V. J., The Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson, N. Y., 1917. Dillon, E. J., The Inside Story of the Peace Conference, N. Y., 1920.

Every teacher should secure the various publications of the Committee on Public Information. The History Teachers Magazine has given very valuable material and bibliography on the Current History, published by the New York Times, contains important documents and articles.

war.

INDEX

Aldrich-Vreeland Bill, passed, 523.
Alger, Russell A., Secretary of War, 519.
Alien Contract Law, protects labor, 459, 469.
Alien Law, Federalist measure, 77; Republicans
attack, 87; expires, 94.

Allison, Sen. William B., Congressional leader,
420; death, 528.

Altgeld, Gov. J. P., in Pullman strike, 478.
Amazon River, attempt to open, 334.
Ambassador, diplomatic grade created, 496.
Amelia Island, pirates, 169.
American Federation of Labor, founded, 459.
American party, policy, 273, 339, 343; successes,
338; slavery divides, 338-340, 343; nomina-
tions, 344; in election of 1858, 351; becomes
Constitutional Union party, 356.
"American system," devised by Clay, 149;
partly adopted, 255.

Abolitionists, settle in Kansas, 340; welcome | Aldrich Monetary Commission, functions, 508.
secession, 367. See Antislavery.
Adams, Charles F., Minister to England, 387; in
Trent affair, 388; diplomatist, 429; cited, 388.
Adams, John, Minister to England, 23; obtains
Dutch loan, 24; Vice President, 46, 47, 70,
74; President, 75; cabinet, 75, 80; diplo-
matic problems, 76, 77; relations with Hamil-
ton, 78-81, 83; removals, 78, 91; sends
commission to France, 79; restores neutrality,
80, 84; presidential candidate, 81; appoint-
ments, 84, 92; son, 135; cited, 48.
Adams, John Q., peace commission, 126; joins
Republicans, 135; internal improvements, 135,
178, 192, 210; presidential candidate, 162,
175, 178, 182, 231; Secretary of State, 162,
172, 175; ability, 162, 226; discusses seces-
sion, 166; arranges Florida purchase, 169; op-
poses English alliance, 170, 172; electoral
vote, 175, 176, 182, 186, 218; chosen by
House, 176; character, 177, 178; supports
civil service, 178; foreign policy, 179; Indian
policy, 179, 180; tariff, 181, 204; secret socie-
ties, 216; diplomatist, 226-228, 493; member
of Congress, 228; Mexican negotiation, 228;
opposes Independent Treasury, 237; fights
for right of petition, 296; constructive views,
396; Pan-American policy, 462, 483; cited,

244, 400.

Adams, Samuel, Revolutionary leader, 33; dis-
approves Constitution, 41.
Addams, Jane, social work, 513.

Adet, Pierre A., French minister, 75; schemes
for West, 75, 76.

Agriculture, in South, 6, 267; in Middle States,
9, 136; embargo injures, 106; New England,
134-136; use of McCormick reaper, 267; im-
proved methods, 269; readjustment in South,
433-435; expansion in area, 439; 474; Granger
movement, 456, 474, 475; doubles produc-
tion, 500, 501; irrigation extends, 502, 503.
Agriculture, National Bureau of, established,
396; trouble in, 529.

Aguinaldo, Emilio, Philippine leader, 490, 491.
Alabama, Confederate cruiser, 386; claims, 424-
426.

Alabama, cotton cultivation, 144, 146; immi-
gration, 146; admitted to Union, 146, 164;
Indian lands, 179, 191; population, 192;
nullification convention proposed, 205; elec-
toral vote, 218; extradition trouble, 293;
secedes, 364; invaded, 392; public domain,
438.

Alaska, purchase, 423, 486; boundary, 496;
territory, 502; coal lands, 529.
Albany (N. Y.), trade, 135.

Albany Regency, political ring, 150, 236.
Aldrich, Sen. Nelson B., protectionist, 472;
tariff bill, 526; retires, 528.

Ames, Fisher, urges tariff, 51; friend of Eng-
land, 65, 70; cited, 52, 65.
Amiens, treaty of, 95.

Amnesty proclamations, 403, 408.
Amusements, in 1840, 247.
Amy Warwick, court decision, 387.
Andrew, Gov. John A., aids Lincoln, 381.
Annapolis (Md.), commercial convention, 32;
route via, 369.

Antietam (Md.), battle, 390, 392, 400.
Anti-Federalists, origin of name, 40; leaders, 42.
Antimasons, form party, 216; alliances, 232,
245, 246.

Antislavery, Quakers lead agitation, 25; in Vir-
ginia and Maryland, 141, 291; societies, rise
and decline, 164, 291; growth of sentiment,
243, 289, 290, 205, 298, 330; Kentucky, 291;
New England Abolition Society, 293; Na-
tional, 293; northern opposition, 294; fac-
tions in party, 295; war develops sentiment,
398, 399.

Appalachian Mountains, passes, 9; minerals, 9;
character of settlers, 146; effect on war
operations, 389.

Appomattox Court House (Va.), Lee's surrender,

501.

404, 408; farms increase, 439; population, | Belmont, August, political leader, 419.
Bennett, James Gordon, editor, 281.
Benton, Thomas H., supports Jackson, 177,
194, 195, 222; patronage report, 182; urges
bullionist policy, 225, 236; son-in-law, 320;
Senator, 322; loses popularity, 329; suc-
cessor, 335; followers support Union, 371;
cited, 177, 212.

Army, Jefferson reduces, 94; 1812, 116; re-
organized, 524; in 1917, 553. See Northern
Army, Southern Army.

"Aroostook War," boundary dispute, 259.
Arthur, Chester A., succeeds Garfield, 462;
reputation, 462; Collector of Customs, 462;
navy policy, 471.

Articles of Confederation, looseness of bond, 2,
14, 15, 29, 37; provisions, 13-15, 17, 23;
amendments proposed, 32, 40; signers, 33;
how adopted, 39.

Ashburton, Lord, negotiates treaty, 257-260.
Assumption of state debts, 83.

Atchison, David R., Missouri Senator, 335.
Atlanta (Ga.), manufactures war supplies, 376;
railroad communications, 393, 394; capture,
394, 405.

Atlantic cable, effects, 441.

Audubon, John J., scientist, 283.

Australia, government methods, 507;
rival, 514.

Australian ballot, adoption, 465.

trade

Austria, French relations, 97; Webster and,
327; emigrants, 513.

Babcock, Gen. Orvill E., charges against, 444.
Baldwin, Gov. Simeon E., presidential candi-
date, 532.

Ballinger, R. A., Secretary of Interior, 525;
Pinchot controversy, 529.
Baltic Sea, trade, 334.

Baltimore, important port, 8, 9, 132; flour trade,
119; British attack, 123; rivals, 138, 139;
bank notes discounted, 156; newspaper, 160;
Antimasonic convention, 216; Democratic
conventions, 217, 230, 244, 319, 354, 532;
clippers, 270; "Washington movement,'
288; secession mob, 369; Republican con-
vention, 405.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, effect on trade,
139; rivals waterways, 266.
Bancroft, George, Secretary of Navy, 308; ar-
ranges German treaties, 426.
Bank of North America, founded, 24.
Bankruptcy, national law, 78; repeal, 94;
state laws, 130; bill defeated, 161; unau-
thorized, 234; law of 1840, 255.
Banks, national control, 223, 396; state, 237-
240; Chase proposes national, 382, 383.
Currency, United States Bank.

Banks, Nathaniel P., Speaker, 340.

Baptists, growth, 153; divide, 298.

See

Berkshires, desire separation, 28.

Berlin Decree, issued, 104; revocation, 112.
Berlin, General Act of, 486.

Biddle, Nicholas, president United States
Bank, 99, 212-215, 220.
Bimetallism, Republicans favor, 455.
Birmingham (Ala.), mining center, 436.
Birney, James G., Liberty party candidate, 295,
306; slavery views, 297.

Black, Jeremiah, Attorney-General, 361; Secre-
tary of State, 365.

Black Hawk War, results, 191.

Black Warrior, seized in Cuba, 332.
Blackstone, William, influence, 33, 38.
Blaine, James G., congressional leader, 420;
Speaker, 447; record, 447, 463; presidential
candidate, 447, 461, 463; campaign, 447,
448; Secretary of State, policy, 462, 472,
483-485; resigns, 462; tariff views, 472, 473.
Blair, Francis P., founds Globe, 203; loses
government printing, 308.

Blair, Francis P., Missouri Unionist, 371; vice-
presidential candidate, 419.

Blair, Montgomery, Postmaster-General, 380.
Bland Act, provisions, 455; repealed, 474.
Blockade, of southern ports, 383-388.
Boer War, danger to England, 495.
Bogota, Minister withdrawn from, 497.
Bohemians, immigrants, 512.
Bolivar, Simon, Spanish-American leader, 168.
Bolivia, gains independence, 168.
Book of Mormon, published, 278.
Boone, Daniel, settled in Kentucky, 12.
Border states, election, (1860) 357; (1872) 430;
division of, 368-371.

Boston, commercial importance, 5, 54; trade,
119, 135, 140; port blockaded, 119; currency
scare, 156; political tendency, 254; anti-
Catholic riot, 273; abolition, 294; growth,

445.

western

Boundaries, inaccuracy in 1783, 2;
cessions settle, 18; dispute with Spain, 21,
70; Indian, 61, 180; Florida, 110, 111, 169;
northwest, 126, 171, 310, 425; Mexican, 228,
311, 313, 334; northeast, 259; Texas, 322;
Alaska, 496.

Barbary States, pirates, 22; war with, 102. Bourne, Sen. Jonathan, Progressive leader, 527-

See Corsairs.

Barlow, Joel, Minister to France, 113.
"Barnburners," Democratic faction, 319.
Bates, Edward, Attorney-General, 380.
Baton Rouge (La.), United States acquires, III.
Bayard, James A., peace commissioner, 126.
Bayard, Thomas F., Secretary of State, 464.
Bayard v. Singleton, cited, 25.

Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T., at Shiloh, 392.
Belknap, Gen. W. W., Secretary of War, im-
peached, 443.

Bell, John, presidential candidate, 356; cam-
paign, 357; electoral vote, 358.

Bowdoin, Gov. James, puts down rebellion, 28.
Bowling Green (Ky.), railroad center, 266.
Boxer outbreak, 498.

Bragg, Gen. Braxton, invades Tennessee, 392;
at Chattanooga, 393.

Branch, Gen. John, North Carolina Whig, 314.
Brazil, gains independence, 168; negotiations
with, 334; German colonies, 483.
Breckinridge, J. C., Vice President, 354; presi-
dential candidate, 354, 355; campaign, 357;
electoral vote, 357; supporters, 368.
Bright, John, free trade advocate, 309; friend
of North, 385.

Brown, Gov. J. E., upholds state rights, 377; California, Spanish settlements, 279; England