Central Falls (K.I.), growth, 133.
Central Pacific Railroad, in merger, 521.
Centralization, tendencies toward, 31, 33; in
Constitutional Convention, 36, 37; opponents,
40, 54; advocates, 50, 54; legislation of
1799, 78; dangers urged, 82; unpopular, 84,
85; Republican tendency, 101, 108, 129, 160,
161, 173; influence of Supreme Court, 129-
131; West favors, 147; in Confederacy, 377,
383; in North, 383, 396, 397, 430, 431.
Cerro Gordo (Mex.), battle, 313.
Cervera, Admiral Pascual, feet captured, 489.
Chancellorsville (Va.), battle, 390.

Chandler, W. E., Secretary of Navy, 471.
Channing, William E., Unitarian leader, 152.
Chapultepec (Mex.), battle, 313.

Charleston (S. C.), early importance, 8; Genêt
visits, 63; trade, 139, 140; Courier, cited,
198; customs port, 205; Literary Messenger,
283; postmaster, 293; Democratic conven-
tion, 354, 355; harbor forts, 367, 385.
Charlestown (Va.), trial of John Brown, 353.
Chase, Salmon P., Free-Soil Senator, 320, 327;
opposes Compromise of 1850, 324; squatter
sovereignty, 336; Secretary of Treasury, 380,
104; policy, 382, 383; favors early emancipa-
tion, 398; Chief Justice, 421, 422.
Chase, Justice Samuel, impeached, 93.
Chattanooga (Tenn.), railroad connections, 389,
392; capture and siege, 393.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, cited, 191.
Cherokees, in Georgia, 191.
Cherubusco (Mex.), battle, 313.

Chesapeake, Leopard fires on, 104, 105; affair
settled, 116; fights Shannon, 120.
Chesapeake Bay, British harry coast, 123; fort,
384.

Cheves, Langdon, in Congress, 114; favors
navy, 116; president United States Bank,
158, 212.

Chicago, commercial growth, 335, 349, 379,
445, 501; New York Zouaves visit, 353;
Republican convention, 355; speech of
Douglas, 370; Douglas monument, 412;
Pullman strike, 478.

Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, in
merger, 521.

Chickamauga (Tenn.), battle, 393.
Chile, gains independence, 168.

China, American trade, 486, 514; treaty ports,
486; Boxer outbreak, 498.

Chinese, in California, 454; on Pacific Coast,
511-513; labor excluded, 513.

Chinese Exclusion Act, 459, 461, 463, 469;
effect, 512.

Chisholm v. Georgia, cited, 51.

Choate, Rufus, supports Buchanan, 344.
Choctaws, in Mississippi, 191.
Cincinnati (O.), trade, 139; Democratic con-
vention, 354; manufactures grow, 379; Con-
federates threaten, 392; Liberal Republican
convention, 429; Populist, 475.
City of Mexico, captured, 313.
Civil Rights bill, passed, 410, 411.
Civil service, under Washington, 50; Adams,
78; Jefferson, 91-92; nonpartisan under J. Q.
Adams, 178, 182; reform, 182, 187, 461, 462,
465, 520; Jackson's use of, 188-190; demorali-

zation, 240-242, 446; Harrison's use of, 250;
Tyler's, 262; reform associations, 447, 465;
Commission, 447, 463, 465, 519.

Civil War, causes, 21; opening, 368, 387; con-
traband trade, 388; important legislation,
396, 454; resulting problems, 407, 433-438,
452; increases centralization, 454; tax re-
funded, 471; pensions, 471, 477-

Clapp, Sen. M. E., Progressive leader, 527.
Clark, Champ, presidential candidate, 532.
Clark, Gen. George Rogers, agent of Genêt, 64.
Clark, William, explorer, 99, 277-
Clay, Cassius M., Kentucky abolitionist, 298.
Clay, Henry, Speaker, 116, 156, 163, 167;
favors British war, 116; peace commissioner,
126; devises "American system," 149; re-
election endangered, 161; presidential am-
bition, 163, 175, 323; views on slavery, 166;
suggests second Missouri Compromise, 167;
sympathy with Spanish colonies, 168; dis-
approves Mexican boundary, 169; relations
with Jackson, 175, 176, 217; corruption
charged, 176; electoral vote, 176, 218; duel
with Randolph, 177; tariff views, 181, 204,
206, 255; internal improvements, 192, 210;
public lands, 195; Senator, 216, 322; natural
leader, 217, 245; presidential candidate, 217,
231, 232, 245, 252, 254; conciliates France,
228; financial, 235, 237, 253; relations with
Harrison, 249, 250; party leader, 252, 254;
relations with Tyler, 254-256; retires, 260;
Texas, 306; loses election, 306; character,
323; Compromise of 1850, 323, 327; death,
329; education, 365; constructive views,
396; Pan-American policy, 462, 483.
Clayton, J. M., arranges British treaty, 333.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 540.
Cleveland, Grover, mayor of Buffalo, 464; gov-
ernor, 464; elected President, 464; cabinet,
464; character, 464; vetoes, 464, 465; civil
service policy, 465; tariff, 468, 469, 473; re-
nomination, 469; defeat, 470; navy, 471;
reelection, 476; financial policy, 477; sends
troops to Chicago, 478; Venezuelan policy,
484; canal, 485; Samoa, 486, 487; Cuba, 488.
Cleveland (O.), manufactures grow, 379; Fré-
mont convention, 405.

Clinton, DeWitt, Republican leader, 89; elec-
toral vote, 117; canal scheme, 138; promotes
education, 286.

Clinton, Gov. George, 25, 86; Revolutionary
leader, 33; opposes Constitution, 40; fol-
lowers, 89; removes opponents, 90; electoral
vote, 74, 100, 108; death, 117.

Coal, in South, 436; in New England, 438;
miners strike, 520; Alaska, 529.
Cobb, Howell, favors Compromise of 1850, 328.
Cobb, T. W., cited, 165.

Cobden, Richard, free-trade advocate, 309.
Coercion, South resents, 368; under Grant, 429.
Coffee, West Indian trade, 65.
Cohens v. Virginia, cited, 129.
Cold Harbor (Va.), battle, 390.
Collins Line, rivals Cunard Company, 270;
fails, 270.

Colombia, treaty, 333; canal route 485;
negotiations, 497.

Colonization Society, objects, 164.

Colorado, mining immigration, 379; admitted
to Union, 439.

Columbia River, discovery, 277, 486; trade
key to northwest, 277.
Columbian Sentinel, cited, 78.

Commerce, New England, 5, 9; intercolonial,
12; expansion after Revolution, 22, 26, 61,
66; sectionalism hinders, 23, 62; interstate,
41, 61, 456, 457, 467; western, 60; foreign,
61, 65, 66, 104, 110, 268, 269, 334, 484, 494,
514; European wars, 65; with France, 79;
West Indies, 79, 226; effects of restrictive
policy, 110; injured by War of 1812, 121;
on rivers, 130; decline, 131, 132, 136; tariff
and, 136; English competition, 172, 269;
exports increase, 269, 514; Great Lakes, 270;
coastwise, 270; South American, 334; dur-
ing Civil War, 379, 380, 387.
Commerce Court, established, 526.
Commerce and Labor, Department

created,

520; investigations, 525.
Commission government, 508, 509.
Commissions, tariff, 508; Rate, 508; Aldrich
Monetary, 508; national, 524.

Committees, importance in Congress, 44, 45,

116.

Communism, interest in, 278; Mormon views
of, 278.

Compromise of 1850, provisions, 323; debate,
324, 325; effects, 328; acceptance, 329;
abolitionists attack, 330; principles, 336;
American party indorses, 343.

Compromises, in Constitution, 33-37; unsatis-
factory, 163.

re-

Confederacy, plan of Union, 364; attack on
Sumter, 367; holds unwilling sections, 370,
371; portions of West, 371; Constitution,
373; political unity, 373; economic depend-
ence, 373, 374; population, 374; character of
armies, 374, 375; conscription, 375;
sources, 375; enlistments, 375, 379; manu-
factures, 376; finances, 377; centralization,
377, 383; report of War Secretary, cited, 377,
378; experienced officials, 380; ports block-
aded, 383-388; foreign relations, 385-389;
isolation, 389; operations in East, 390, 391;
in West, 391-393; in South, 394; trans-
portation crippled, 393, 394; fall, 394;
cruisers, 424, 441; belligerency, 424.
Confederation, requisitions, 24; important
suits under, 25; economic conditions, 26, 27,
31, 60, 61; reasons for failure, 51, 59; foreign
policy, 102; Pacific trade, 486.
Confiscation acts, passed, 399; provisions, 403;
enforcement, 433.
Congregationalists, foster nationalism, 31;
Unitarian secession, 152; Indian mission, 278.
Congress under Confederation, marks political
era, 1; powers, 13, 14, 18, 23, 32; land
policy, 17, 18, 19, 20; displeases western
settlers, 21; financial policy, 24, 27; in-
dorses Constitutional Convention, 32; super-
vises Constitution, 39-41; procedure, 44.
Congress under Constitution, powers, 36, 39, 54,
60; first session called, 41; proposes bill of
rights, 42; organized, 44; committees, 44, 45;
Speaker, 45; president of Senate, 45; weak-
ness, 47; relations with executive, 48;

establishes courts, 50; caucuses, 74; pro-
cedure, 92, 192, 193; powers over territories,
98, 317, 321, 343, 354, 492, 493; powers,
130, 166, 167, 197, 244, 295, 316; indorses
slavery compromise, 135; esprit du corps,
322; southern members withdraw, 382;
growth of, 421; commerce, 457, 467.
Conkling, Roscoe, Congressional leader, 421;
Republican "Stalwart," 450, 461-463.
Connecticut, western claims, 17; cedes, 18; dis-
pute with Pennsylvania, 18; emigrants, 21;
gradual emancipation, 26; adopts Constitu-
tion, 41; trade, 41; electoral vote, 100, 162,
232; sends commissioners to Washington,
125, 126; alters Constitution, 150; abolition
riots, 294; negroes disfranchised, 414; Demo-
cratic victory, 448; governor, 532.
Connecticut River, trade route, 135.
Conservation, necessity urged, 502-504; gov-
ernment aid, 503; progress, 524; Taft's
policy, 529, 530.

Constitution, marks political era, 1; signers, 33;
compromises, 33-37, 163; opposition, 34, 40-
42, 50; interpretation, 37; form of govern-
ment under, 38; how amended, 39; drawn by
Morris, 39; submitted to Congress, 39; how
ratified, 39-42; forbids bill of credit, 40, 148,
210, 238; favors small states, 41; adopted,
41, 47; bill of rights added, 42; few vital
changes, 43; "Conventions of," 44, 71;
powers of executive, 48, 49; Eleventh Amend-
ment, 51, 239; construction, 54-56, 97, 98,
100, 101, 129, 130, 152, 161, 180, 192, 197, 253,
275, 297, 414, 415, 423, 448; economic effects,
61; supporters, 62; checks license, 77; a
compact, 82, 167, 199, 201; Federalists
strengthen, 84; Twelfth Amendment, 99, 100,
251; provisions, 135, 174, 176, 192, 197;
amendments proposed, 173, 193, 217, 361, 362,
402, 411-413, 507; Thirteenth Amendment,
403; Fourteenth, 420; Fifteenth, 420, 430,
528, 529; Sixteenth, 528, 529; Seventeenth,
528-529; Eighteenth, Nineteenth, 568.
Constitution, sinks Guerrière, 120; Java, 120.
Constitutional Convention, called, 32; char-

acteristics, 32, 33; temper, 34; leaders, 34;
discusses representation, 35.
Constitutional Union party, candidates, 356-
358.

Construction Construed and the Constitution Vin-
dicated, cited, 88.

Continental Army, commander in chief, 46.
Contraband, disputes over, 66; in Civil War,
388.

Contract labor, importation forbidden, 512.
Contreras (Mex.), battle, 313.
Controller Bay, land sale, 529.
"Conventions of the Constitution," 44, 71.
Cooke, Jay, loan agent, 382.
Cooke, Jay and Company, failure, 443..
Coolies, used, 441; importation forbidden, 512.
Cooper, James F., author, 283.
Cooper, Peter, presidential candidate, 451.
"Copperheads," Democratic faction, 402, 448.
Corinth (Miss.), battle, 392, 393.
Corporations, build railroad, 265; development,
441, 458, 520, 521; regulation, 509, 521, 522.
Corsairs, Algerian, 68, 104. See Barbary States.

Cotton, John, cited, 4, 81.
Cotton, cultivation extended, 6, 87, 113, 140,
144, 145; exported, 132, 140, 142, 143, 269, 379,
380; value (1800-1820), 140; cotton gin in-
vented, 140; cultivation increases slave labor,
140, 141; produces economic dependence, 141,
142; England taxes, 142; price falls, 142, 144,
197; monopoly, 142, 143; methods of culti-
vation, 144, 435; "Cotton Belt," 144, 145,
186, 218, 291, 297, 354; mills, 159, 436, 501;
dominant southern industry, 267, 379; mo-
nopoly fails in war, 374, 386; share system, 434.
Cotton South, considers secession, 303, 364;
electoral vote (1860), 357; political tendencies,
396.

Counties, political importance, 7, 10.
Courts, under Confederation, 14.
Crane, Sen. Murray T., retires, 528.
Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, 282.
Crawford, William H., presidential candidate,
161, 163, 174; Secretary of War, 162;
Treasury, 162; health, 174; supporters, 174,
175, 178; electoral vote, 176; letter cited, 203.
Crédit Mobilier, corruption, 443.

Creeks, in Georgia, 61, 179, 180; final defeat, 122.
Creole, American vessel, seized, 259, 260, 297.
Creoles, in Louisiana, 123.

Crisis of 1819. See Panics.

Crittenden resolution adopted, 398.
Crittenden, Sen. J. J., slavery compromise, 361.
Cromwell, Oliver, moral leader, 292.
Cuba, Everett's dispatch, 327; annexation pro-
posed, 331, 332, 362, 363; seizes Black War-
rior, 332; Buchanan's policy, 344; revolution,
424; Grant's policy, 487; Cleveland's, 488;
McKinley's, 488; Sen. Proctor visits, 488;
independence recognized, 489; effect of rec-
ognition, 489, 490; blockaded, 489; pro-
tectorate, 490, 491; Platt amendment, 491.
Cullom, Sen. Shelby, frames Interstate Com-
merce Act, 467; defeat, 528.

Cumberland Gap, route via, 142, 146, 392.
Cumberland River, route via, 12; settlers, 114;
Grant's campaign, 391, 392.
Cumberland Road. See Roads.
Cummings v. Missouri, cited, 421.

Cummins, Sen. A. B., Progressive leader, 527;
presidential candidate, 531.
Cunard Company, ocean service, 270; sub-
sidized, 271.

Cunningham coal claims, 529.
Currency, paper money, 27, 28; national bank
note, 54; scarcity, 156, 210; plans to enlarge,
157, 211; overissues by state banks, 223, 224;
demand for specie, 236, 237; New York sys-
tem, 241; Whig policy, 252-254; during Civil
War, 382, 383, 396, 417; greenbacks, 417,
418, 422, 451, 452; premium in gold, 442;
national problem, 454; free silver coinage de-
manded, 455, 479; election issue, 480, 481;
larger production of gold affects, 481; gold
standard, 500; Aldrich-Vreeland bill, 523.
Curtin, Gov. A. J., aids Lincoln, 381.
Curtis, Benjamin R., dissents from Taney, 346;
attacks Lincoln, 400; Executive Power, cited,
421.

Curtis, George W., civil service reformer, 447;
"Mugwump," 463.

Cushing, Caleb, supports Tyler, 254-
Custer, Gen. G. A., Indians defeat, 444.
Customs, increase of, 94, 95; reduced by war,
119; service demoralized, 241, 242. Sec
Taxes.

Cutler, Dr. Manasseh, land agent, 20.
Dallas, Alexander, Secretary of Treasury, 119,
157; recommendations, 157, 158.
Dallas, G. M., Vice President, 309.
Dane, Nathan, draws Ordinance of 1787, 20.
Danes, immigrants, 511.

Danville (Va.), railroad seized, 391.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, cited, 129.
Davie, Gov. W. R., commissioner to France, 79.
Davis, David, nonpartisan, 449.
Davis, Jefferson, Senator, 322; opposes Com-
promise of 1850, 324, 328; defeated for gov-
ernor, 328; supports Lecompton constitution,
347; Confederate President, 365; decides to
attack Fort Sumter, 367; policy toward neu-
trals, 387.

Day, William R., Secretary of State, 490; heads
Peace Commission, 490.

Debs, Eugene, presidential candidate, 506.
Declaration of Independence, theory of, 3;

signers, 33; cited by Taney, 346.
"Declaration of Paris," provisions, 386.
Decrees of Napoleon, issued, 103, 104, 112; re-
taliation for, 109; revoked, 112.

Delaware, plantation system, 8; first to adopt
Constitution, 41; electoral vote, 100, 108, 162,
175; senator from, 126; kept in Union, 369;
McKinley carries, 481.

Delaware River valley, character of population,
8; desires Federal capital, 53.
de Lesseps, Ferdinand, canal promoter, 462.
de Lome, Señor, attack on McKinley, 488.
Democracy, in society, 149, 185; politics, 150,
151, 161, 185-190, 225; religion, 152-153;
Jeffersonian, 88, 180, 184, 185, 186, 504;
Jacksonian, 175, 185, 504; frontier, 185;
northern, 186; changing ideals, 505-507, 517-
Democrats, use of patronage, 188, 203, 250;
party organization, 190, 218; internal im-
provement policy, 192, 193; leaders, 203, 208,
260, 261, 329, 401, 402; Union sentiment, 208,
368; nominate Jackson, 217; Van Buren,
230; Polk, 304; policies, 231, 233, 244, 261,
275, 304; losses, 232, 243, 248; blamed for
panic, 234; demand hard money, 236; fac-
tions, 236, 237, 249, 308, 320, 329, 401, 410;
dominate Supreme Court, 238; vote with
Whigs, 255, 256; favor annexation of Texas,
304, 305; tariff of 1846, 309; nominate Cass,
317; ignore slavery issue, 317, 318; indorse
Compromise of 1850, 329; elect Pierce, 329;
divide on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 338-340;
join Republicans, 343; elect Buchanan, 344;
split on Kansas question, 348, 354; in election
of 1858, 351; opposing candidates, 354, 355;
keep party organization, 397; oppose eman-
cipation, 400, 401; congressional victories,
401; nominate McClellan, 405; assist John-
son, 412; nominate Seymour, 419; in election
of 1876, 448, 449; soft money platform, 455;
nominate Hancock, 461; platform, 463, 464;
elect Cleveland, 464; tariff policy, 468, 469;

control House, 474; reëlect Cleveland and
control Congress, 476; split on silver, 477,
479; Populists join, 479; Anti-Imperialists,
493; nominate Parker, 521; Bryan, 525;
control House, 526, 528; nominate Wilson,
532; factions, 532; campaign, 534.
Denmark, treaty, 334; friendly to North, 385.
Deseret. See Utah.

Detroit, held by Great Britain, 22, 122.
Dewey, Admiral George, in Manila Bay, 490.
Dingley, Nelson, frames tariff bill, 481.
Disciples of Christ, growth, 153.

District of Columbia, importation of slaves for-
bidden, 324; abolition sought, 295; obtained,
399.

"Divorce Bill." See Independent Treasury.
Dix, John A., Secretary of Treasury, 365.
Dolliver, Sen. J. P., Progressive leader, 527.
Donelson, Andrew J., vice-presidential candi-
date, 344.

Donelson, Fort, taken, 392.
"Dorr War," results, 299.
"Dough-faces," origin of term, 167.
Douglas, Stephen A., squatter sovereignty
doctrine, 317, 335, 339, 344, 348; Senator,
322, 351; rivals, 329; opposition, 336; policy
defeated, 338; opposes Lecompton constitu-
tion, 348; birthplace, 349; debates with
Lincoln, 349-351; presidential candidate,
354, 355, 357; campaign in South, 357;
vote for, 357-358; supports Union, 370;
death, 370, 430; monument dedicated, 412.
Dow, Neal, prohibition advocate, 288.
Draft riots, in New York, 402.

Drago, Prof. L. M., on collection of debts, 496.
Dred Scott decision, 492; Congress overruled,

399, 421.

Duane, William J., Secretary of Treasury, 221;
removed, 221.

Dutch, in Hudson valley, 8; political inexperi-
ence, 9, 10; policy toward neutrals, 66.

Early, Gen. Jubal, defeated, 391.
East, trade connections, 61, 138.

East Indies, trade with, 61, 69.
Economic legislation, tendency, 509.
Edison, Thomas, inventor, 503.
Education, southern system, 7, 428; land grants
support, 19; progress slow, 285; develop-
ment of free, 286, 287; leaders, 286; separa-
tion from church, 287; influence of lyceums,
287; specialization, 504, 505; immigrant,
513; negro, 515, 516.
Edwardsville (III.), land question, 173.
Egypt, cotton exports, 374.
"Egypt," Illinois district, 349.
Elections, congressional, 78, 156, 401, 412, 444,
526, 540; presidential, 100, 108, 117, 161, 167,
174, 182, 216-218, 226, 230, 246-248, 260-
262, 314, 317-318, 328, 329, 356-358, 418-420,
429, 430, 448, 461, 463, 464, 469, 470, 476,
479, 480, 493, 521, 522, 525, 531-534.
Electoral Commission, chooses Hayes, 448.
Electoral vote, (1789), 46; (1792), 74; (1800),
83; (1804), 100; (1808), 108; (1812), 117;
(1816), 162; (1820), 167; (1824), 175-176;
(1828), 185-187; (1832), 218; (1836), 231;
(1840), 248; (1844), 306; (1852), 329;

Electors, presidential, how chosen, 46, 150;
use discretion, 74.
Elements of Union, 12, 13, 31.

Ellsworth, Oliver, plan of judiciary, 50; com-
missioner to France, 79.

Emancipation, states adopt, 164; District of
Columbia, 399; demand for, 399; Proclama-
tion issued, 389, 400; results, 389; oath to
support, 404.

Embargo, Federalists adopt, 68; Jefferson
favors, 105, 106; effects, 106, 133, 374;
repeal, 106; Napoleon, 112; Madison pro-

poses, 116.

Emerson, Ralph W., theology, 152, 285; praises
John Brown, 353; cited, 153.
Emmanuel, American trade vessel, 94.
English, in Middle States, 8, 9; labor in mills,
440; immigrants, 511.
English Bill, provisions, 348.

English Constitution, as precedent, 38.
Episcopal church, fosters nationalism, 31.
"Era of Good Feeling," causes, 128.
Ericsson, John, inventor, 385.
Erie Canal, effect on trade, 138; importance,
146; completed, 178; cheap route, 264-266.
Erie Railroad, rivals waterways, 266; managers,
442; Tammany connection, 445.
Erskine, D. M., British Minister, 109; treaty
rejected, 110, III.

Essex, American trade vessel, 102.

Essex Junto, Federalist clique, 80; aristocratic
leanings, 129.

Europe, imports foodstuffs, 66, 456; Holy Alli-
ance, 170, 171; expected to aid South, 374;
effect of bad harvests, 379, 380; relations with
Confederacy, 385, 386; emigration, 434, 438,
439; Spanish-American creditor, 496.
European wars, affect America, 102, 103, 543.
Evarts, William, counsel for Johnson, 415;
Secretary of State, canal policy, 485.
Everett, Edward, discusses secret societies, 216;
lyceum lecturer, 287; Washington and the
Union, 287; Secretary of State, 327; vice-
presidential candidate, 356.

Ewing, Thomas, Secretary of Treasury, 253.
Executive, organization, 48-50; growth of power,
400-402, 421, 465, 493.

Expansion of industry in South, 436; in North
and West, 439-441, 446; of farming, 439, 451;
business, 458; effects, 476, 484.

Expansion of territory, constitutional questions,
97, 98, 346; Louisiana Purchase, 97; Florida,
169, 170; Texas, 302, 307; Oregon, 305, 310,
315; Alaska, 423; Philippines, 490, 491, 493.
See Population.

Ex parte Milligan, cited, 421.
Expatriation, diplomatic problem, 426.

Factory system, in New England, 133, 440;
conditions of work, 133, 134; fails in South,
142; children protected, 289; conditions of
labor, 458; supervision, 510. See Manu-
factures.

Fall River (Mass.), manufactures, 440.
Fallen Timbers, battle of, 61.

Farmers' Alliances, formation, 475-
"The Federalist," 40.

Federal Reserve Banks, 539.
Federal Trade Commission, 540.

Federalists, origin of name, 40; support Con-
stitution, 41; English policy, 68, 70, 71; can-
didates, 74, 75, 81, 100, 162; factions, 75, 80,
83; badge, 77; policies, 77, 78, 82; defeat,
83, 84, 86, 100, 108; achievements, 84, 85;
removal from office, 90; impeachments of,
93; urge French war, 96, 105; criticise Louisi-
ana Purchase, 97, 98; discuss secession, 106;
oppose British war, 117, 124; disappear, 128,
161; leaders, 135, 156; tariff of 1816, 158;
carry three states, 167; aristocratic tendency,
189, 236; oppose Twelfth Amendment, 250.
Fenians, in America, 426.

Fessenden, Sen. William P., 409, 413.
Filipinos, leader, 490; rights, 493.
Fillmore, Millard, succeeds Taylor, 325; favors
Compromise of 1850, 325; cabinet, 327; fails
of renomination, 328; presidential candidate,
344; electoral vote, 344.

Finances, disorder after Revolution, 24, 26, 27;
Gallatin's system, 94, 95. See Currency.
Finns, immigrants, 511.

"Fire Eaters," southern nickname, 322.
Fish, Hamilton, Secretary of State, 424; deal-
ings with England, 424; Cuban policy, 487,
488.

Fish, trade in, 23.

Fisheries, Newfoundland, 5; treaties, 425.
Fisk, James, tries to corner gold, 442.
Flagg, Gerson, letter cited, 173.
Fletcher v. Peck, cited, 102, 129.
Florida, Spanish colonies, 64; plan to acquire,
79; boundaries, 110, 111, 169; ceded to
Spain, 111; purchase, 169; Jackson's cam-
paign, 169, 175; Seminoles, 192, 242; repu-
diates debt, 238; admitted to Union, 239,
335; Whigs carry, 320; secedes, 364; recon-
struction, 448, 449; double election returns,
448; growth of population, 50r.
Flour, trade, 119; manufacture, 440.
Floyd, John, electoral vote, 218.
Foch, Marshal, 554, 560.

Foote, H. S., defeats Jefferson Davis, 328.
Foote, Sen. S. A., 194, 201.

Forbes, J. M., cited, 356.

Force Bill (1832), 207, 208; (1890), fails of
passage, 470.

Forest Service, chief, 529.

Forster, W. E., friend of North, 385.

Fort Dearborn, British occupy, 122.

Fort Henry, taken, 392.

Fort McHenry, attacked, 123.

Fort Mimms, massacre, 122.

Fort Monroe, North holds, 384.

Fort Pickens, North holds, 384.

Fort Pulaski, seized, 384.

Fort Sumter, attack on, unites North, 397.
Foss, Gov. E. N., presidential candidate, 532.
Foster, A. J., envoy from England, 116.
Foster, J. W., Secretary of State, 487.
Fourier, Ch., followers. 279.

Fox, Gustavus, assistant secretary of navy,
384.

Fox Indians, habitat, 191.

France, treaty with, 22, 79-81, 95, 96, 227;
relations with England, 62, 63, 66, 95, 97, 109,
125; colonial ambitions, 63, 65; loan to
United States, 63; West Indian possessions,
63, 65, 79, 95; sends Genêt to America, 64;
recalls, 65; policy toward neutrals, 66, 67,
104-106, 109; Jefferson favors, 71, 75; objects
to Jay treaty, 75; war with, 76-78; relations
with Spain, 78, 95, 111, 170; minister to, 79;
peace commissioners, 79; Jacobin clubs, 89;
acquires Louisiana, 95, 111; relations with
Austria, 97, 170; relations with America,
104-106, 109, 113, 114, 227, 258; foreign
minister, 112; trade, 131, 142; relations with
Russia, 170; with Prussia, 170; joins Holy
Alliance, 170; resents Jackson's message, 227,
228; bad harvests, 379; friendly attitude,
495; assents to open door policy, 498; arbi-
tration treaty, 529.

Franklin, Benjamin, drafts Articles of Confedera-
tion, 31; in Constitutional Convention, 34;
intellectual ability, 47; cited, 34.
Frayser's Farm (Va.), battle, 390.
Fredericksburg (Va.), battle, 390.
Free-Soil party, elements, 318, 319; platform
cited,.319; large vote, 319, 320; losses in
1852, 329; power in Massachusetts, 336.
Free trade, advocates, 308, 309; tariff of 1846,
309, 320; tendency checked, 382.

Freedmen's Bureau, functions, 410; Act of
1865, 410; 1866, 411.

Freedom of speech, endangered, 400.
Freemasonry, attacked, 216.

Frelinghuysen, Frederick T., Secretary of State,
462.

Frémont, John C., explorer, 320; presidential
candidate, 343, 405; electoral vote, 344;
Illinois vote, 349; embarrasses administration,
398.

French, canal schemes, 485; buy Spanish bonds,

494.

French Canadians, in New England, 440; im-
migrants, 511.

French Revolution, affects America, 62, 63, 71;
humanitarian influence, 290.

Fries, John, trial for treason. 82.
Frolic, Wasp defeats, 120.

Frontier, characteristics (1783), 10-12; area,
12; population, 12, 115, 146; transportation
problem, 56, 135, 147, 193, 264; relations
with Spanish settlements, 64; England holds
forts, 68; land sales, 114; advance of, 114,
115, 146, 268, 270, 276, 379, 438, 474, 501,
502; squatters, 115, 194, 195; political im-
portance, 117, 185, 231; characteristics of
settlers, 146, 151-153, 185; tariff views, 148,
185; leaders, 149, 151, 231; democracy, 151,
152, 185, 188; views on slavery, 165; love of
Union, 180; electoral vote, 185; Indians, 190-
192; internal improvements, 192; bank, 210-
213, 223; land speculation, 223; bank sus-
pension, 238, 239; Canada, 243, 502; isolation,
247; squatter sovereignty, 316; financial dis-
tress, 475, 478; disappearance, 502.
Fugitive Slave Law, in Compromise of 1850,
323; violated, 330; repealed, 402.
Fugitive slaves, surrender, 295.

Fuller, H. M., candidate for Speaker, 340.