trusted to advanced nations, who by reason of their resources and experience, etc., can best undertake this responsibility and who are willing to accept it. But we submit that some form of the principle of self-determination should apply even to these backward peoples of Africa, even if many of them are not prepared to signify what nation should become their trustee. Surely their more enlightened kindred in America, Haiti, Liberia, San Domingo, Brazil, and Abyssinia could and would assist them in securing a mandatory that would assist in the development of the country by the development of its peoples and not their exploitation.

We submit that a backward people can only gain actual knowledge of government by experience. The development of the Philippines and Cuba are shining examples of what might occur if America would consent to act as a trustee for these African colonies. The United States has the advantage of a large number of Americans of color, and this would make it easy for this Government, through sympathetic agencies, to aid the peoples of Africa to self-government on the highways of civilization.

If you feel that America can not act if selected, some way might be provided to induce France, that is noted for the full and equal opportunities that it gives to all under its domain. Ratify this treaty with the construction that you approve of the tutelage of such peoples by an advanced Nation which by resources and experience can best undertake the responsibility. Save the natives of the former German colonies from the supervision of the Union of South Africa, which Government, considering its attitude toward natives on their own soil, is not, in the opinion of our association, qualified by experience or resources to undertake this sacred trust of civilization. We beg you to consider, first, that Africa, the ancient home of the blacks, is now divided largely among other nations, and unless this treaty is ratified in a way that will give them some place besides the equatorial hotbeds to live and build for themselves and their descendants, while other continents may live free and independent, the world can not be safe for democracy. In our judgment, to award the German colony in Africa to any government as an integral part of them does not square with the view of self-determination, while to award it to the United States outrages the very principle of democracy for which so many of our sons died across the sea. This would put the responsibility for the maintenance of law and order and the suppression of riots and other forms of lawlessness directly upon the participating nations in the league.

Now, Mr. Chairman, one of the reasons why we ask so strongly that some safeguard be made is that we know that we are living now in an age when a spirit of anti-Americanism is sweeping the country. Many would have the Americans believe to-day that the people of America are moved not by an American spirit but by the spirit of greed and selfishness, and that is the cause of unrest; but I assure you that that is not the cause of it, because the unrest is from an un-American source and is a new imposition upon the race. When I was myself striving to get a passport I came to this city, and I was anxious to find the bureau of citizenship, and I inquired the way of a man at the depot, and he said to me, "What do you people hope for now that the war is over?" I said, "We hope for what all

Americans hope for." He said, "If there should come an altercation between you and me, or between any American Negro and a white foreign foe, to which side would the American white rally?" I said, "I presume that the American white would rally, like all true Americans, to the assistance of Americans." Now, I never thought until afterwards he could not have been an American white man, but he must have been an anti-American agent, and it is now the sincere belief of many intelligent leaders that there is to-day a strong antiAmerican propaganda to move the American prejudiced white man in this country to new impositions upon the Negro, and to heap humiliations upon him and to make his lot embarrassing and humiliating, and against this his very nature speaks out, not in terms of anarchy or violence but to the lawmakers, appealing that in justice his wrongs may be righted and that the tree of democracy might shelter and feed all of its children.

We have been informed that in this article 23 it is proposed that the members of the league of nations to be formed shall undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control. We wish that to include all reference to race or color. Lastly, we ask that race minorities in all the allied and associated nations be granted, by special provisions, equal rights and opportunities.

Mr. Chairman, we have come, after our loyalty to the flag and to the Government in every war in which this country has been plunged, from Bunker Hill to the last struggle on the plains of Flanders, we have come now, proud of the fact that we are Americans, and are seeking to participate in the democracy that our brawn and our brain have helped to found in this great land.

We wish that certain provisions shall be included in this treaty so that at least the American Negro will be as safe in America as a foreign foe who travels in our land. We come asking not for pity or mercy, in the language of Joseph Benson Foraker, of Ohio, we come not for pity nor mercy, in the language of that distinguished American, but come asking for just consideration and for the rights of American citizens, not because we are Negroes but because we are Americans through and through.

We thank you on behalf of the International Association for the Freedom of Africans, their kindred and descendants.

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. J. A. Lankford.

STATEMENT OF MR. J. A. LANKFORD, MEMBER OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL RACE CONGRESS, INDIANAPOLIS, IND.

Mr. LANKFORD. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I think enough has been said along this line. I do not think I care either to add or detract. I simply rise to ask you to make these petitions a part of the record, and we thank you for the same.

The CHAIRMAN. We shall make them a part of the record, of

course.

I want to put in, in connection with the Shantung evidence, two statements by Mr. William E. Macklin, who has been for 24 years in charge of the school at Nanking, China, in regard to the opinion and morphine traffic.

(The statements referred to are here printed in the record, as follows:)

SHANTUNG AND OPIUM.

Under the dominating influence of Japan in China the opium business that had been stopped by England and China is being fully reestablished.

In Asia magazine of March, 1919, Putnam Weale says that the Japanese imported 20 tons of morphine a year into China. The Shanghai North China Daily News, the most conservative and reliable British newspaper and the mouthpiece of the British Legation, quoted in the Literary Digest of April 12, "In South China morphine is sold by Chinese peddlers, each of whom carry a passport certifying that he is a native of Formosa and would be entitled to Japan's protection. There are Japanese post offices everywhere in China and they carry the drug throughout the country, and the Chinese authorities are neither able to investigate nor interfere. They are helpless under Japanese domination. Japanese drug stores throughout China carry large stocks of morphine, and Japanese medicine venders look to morphine for their large profits throughout Tairen. Morphine circulates through Manchuria and the Provinces adjoining. Through Tsingtau morphine is distributed over Shantung Province, Anhui and Kiangsu Provinces. From Formosa morphine is carried with opium and other contraband by motor-driven fish boats to some point on the mainland, from which it is distributed throughout the Province of Fukien and north of Kwangtung. Everywhere it is sold by Japanese under extraterritorial protection. While the morphine traffic is large, there is every reason to believe that the opium traffic upon which Japan is embarking with enthusiasm is likely to prove more lucrative (18 tons of morphine sold in one year by Japan to China).

"In the Calcutta opium sales Japan has become one of the considerable purchasers of Indian opium; she purchases for Formosa where the opium trade shows steady growth and where opium is required for the manufacture of morphine. Sold by the Government of India, this opium is exported under permits applied for by the Japanese Government for shipment to Kobea and is transshipped to Tsingtau. Large profits are made in this trade, in which are interested some of the leading firms of Japan. It must be emphasized that this opium is not imported into Japan, but is transshipped in Kobea Harbor, from which point assisted by the Japanese railroads to Tsinanfu and smuggled to Shantung into Shanghai and Yangtsz Valley. Two thousand chests of opium are smuggled valued at $20,000 per chest, or $40,000,000, and the Japanese authorities recently taxed $5,000 a chest, or $10,000,000, which does not appear in the estimates.

"The customs and post offices, where smuggling is done, are wholly under Japanese control. Moreover, Japanese military domination would forbid in both ports any interference with the traffic in which Japanese authorities are interested, either official or unofficial."

Under the 10-year arrangement with England in 1907 the Chinese cleared their Provinces of native opium in seven years, and then the Indian open trade was stopped, though British merchants were still allowed tacitly to smuggle. Lately the Chinese bought up the remaining fourteen million dollars' worth of opium and burned it, and now under Japan's domination China must submit again to this reestablishment of this vile trade.

Shall America indorse these Hunnish acts toward a sister friendly allied Republic by signing the treaty in its present form?

66

W. E. MACKLIN.

After many years of heroic efforts, the Chinese finally throw off the opium traffic, finally purchasing $14,000,000 worth of the drug and burning it. After all this sacrifice under Japanese domination, the opium trade is being fully reestablished. From the North China Daily News, the most conservative and reliable British newspapers in China, and the mouthpiece of the British legation, as quoted in the Literary Digest of April 12, says: Eighteen tons of morphine was smuggled into China in one year. Japanese post offices are in every part of China and carry the drug everywhere. No customs inspection by Chinese authorities allowed by the Japanese. In south China morphine is sold by Chinese peddlers, each of whom carries a passport certifying that he is a native of Formosa, and therefore entitled to Japanese protection. Japanese

drug stores throughout China carry large stores of morphine. Japanese medicine vendors look to morphine for their largest profit. Through Tarren morphine circulates throughout Manchuria and the Province adjoining. Through Tsingtan morphine is carried with opium and other contraband by motor driven fishing boats to some point on the mainland from whence it is distributed throughout the Province of Fukien and the north Kwangtwant. Everywhere it is sold by Japanese under extra territorial protection. While the morphine traffic is large there is every reason to believe that the opium traffic upon which Japan is embarking with enthusiasm is likely to prove more lucrative. In the Calcutta opium sale, Japan has become one of the considerable purchasers of Indian opium. She purchases for Formosa, where the opium trade shows a steady growth, and where opium is required for the manufacture of morphine. Sold by the Government of India, this opium is exported under permits applied for by the Japanese Government, is shipped to Kobe, and from Kobe is transshipped to Tsingtau. Large profits are made in this trade, in which are interested some of the leading firms of Japan. It must be emphasized that this opium is not imported into Japan. It is transhipped in Kobe harbor from which point, assisted by the Japanese-controlled railroad through Tsinanfu it is smuggled through Shantung into Shanghai into Yangtse Valley. Two thousand chests are smuggled, selling at $20,000-$40,000,000. The Japanese authorities levy a tax upon this which does not appear in the estimates, equivalent to $5,000 a chest, a total for 2,000 chest of $10,000,000. The customs where smuggling is done are wholly under Japanese control. Moreover, Japanese military domination would forbid in both ports any interference with the traffic in which the Japanese are interested, either officially or unofficially."

From the Missionary Review of the World, May 19, E. W. Thwing, of the Internation Reform Bureau, says: "Japan imports 20 tons of morphine a year into China."

Many quotations in Millards Review and the Far Eastern Magazine.

Under 10 year arrangement with England in 1907, the Chinese cleared all their Provinces of native opium in 7 years, and then the Indian opium trade was supposedly stopped, but tacitly smuggling still allowed, and now under Japanese domination, China must submit to the full reestablishment of the vile traffic. Shall America indorse such Hunnish acts toward a sister, friendly, allied republic by signing the treaty in its present form?

W. E. MACKLIN.

The CHAIRMAN. The hearing is now closed. There will be an executive session of the committee this afternoon at the Capitol room at 3 o'clock.

(Thereupon, at 11.30 o'clock a. m. the committee adjourned until to-morrow, Friday, August 29, 1919, at 10.30 o'clock a. m.)

FRIDAY, AUGUST 29, 1919.

UNITED STATES SENATE, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Washington, D. C.

The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at 10.30 o'clock a. m., in room 426 Senate Office Building, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge presiding.

Present: Senators Lodge (chairman), Brandegee, Harding, Johnson, New, and Moses.

The CHAIRMAN. The hour for the hearing having arrived, the committee are ready to hear the gentlemen who appear here in behalf of the mid-European peoples. The time is limited. The committee can not sit after 12 o'clock. I will call on Mr. R. T. Caldwell, of New York, representing the League of Four Nations in the American Mid-European Association.

STATEMENT OF MR. R. T. CALDWELL.

Mr. CALDWELL. Gentlemen of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate, it is always a pleasure for an American citizen to appear before any American tribunal or governmental body of any kind on behalf of an oppressed nationality.

During the Great War, I had the privilege of knowing Dr. Thomas G. Masaryk, the first President of the new Czecho-Slovak Republic. Through him I first became interested in the struggling nations of Europe who have been so long in subjugation. His sincere sympathy with all aspirations for freedom deeply moved me. I esteemed and admired his lofty and simple character and his great intellect. With his approval I participated in the formation of the Mid-European Association with the object of fostering relations between the United States and these suffering nations.

Later on I went overseas as the representative of the United States Department of Labor to attempt to aid in establishing closer relations between America and the European countries. I spent many weeks in Paris. I came to know very well many of the prime ministers and cabinets of these nations of Europe. My interest and my sympathy grew with my knowledge.

And so I am to-day, on behalf of the American Mid-European Association, and also on my own behalf as a citizen of the United States, presenting to your committee the cause of these four countries-Lithuania, Latvia, Esthonia, and Ukraine.

To me, gentlemen, it is a matter of great satisfaction that these peoples from remote places should turn by common consent to the American Senate for sympathy and aid in the hour of their perplexity, feeling as they do that here a friendly ear shall receive their petition. If it is natural for these aspiring people to turn to the United States Senate for strength and guidance, it is no less natural for our Senate to extend them the hand of encouragement and friendship, for they seek the path our fathers trod.